CN105863478B - 一种防微尘雾霾透明窗纱及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种防微尘雾霾透明窗纱及其制备方法，其特征是以纳米粒子作为静电排斥剂，由丝网骨架、涂布在其上的中间层和涂布在中间层上的功能层组成，所述丝网骨架是商品化的丝网印刷工艺用或过滤分离工艺用100‑500目的金属丝网、合成高分子材料丝网或天然高分子丝网；所述中间层是聚氨酯树脂膜或有机硅树脂膜，中间层厚度为200‑2000nm；所述功能层厚度为200‑2000nm，表面电阻107‑108Ω，由棒状纳米SiO2、掺锑纳米SnO2、锐钛型纳米TiO2和有机硅树脂组成。本发明防微尘雾霾透明窗纱原料价廉易得，制备工艺简便和成本低，容易产业化和应用推广。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种防微尘雾霾透明窗纱及其制备方法，特别是以纳米粒子作为静电排斥剂的低成本防微尘雾霾透明窗纱及其制备方法，属于节能环保和新材料领域。
背景技术
雾是由大量悬浮在近地面空气中的微小水滴或冰晶组成的气溶胶。霾是悬浮在空气中的微小颗粒物质形成的固体气溶胶。霾主要是人为的环境污染，再加上气温低、风小等自然条件导致污染物不易扩散形成的。PM2.5的霾粒径小于 2.5μm，能直接进入并粘附在人的下呼吸道和肺叶，同时微粒中的化学成分会对人体造成危害，因此PM2.5引起人们的广泛关注。
研究分析发现PM2.5的主要来源是工业和民用煤的燃烧、汽车尾气排放、建筑行扬尘和城市废弃物燃烧等。面对频繁的雾霾天气，人们不再只满足于防蚊防盗的门窗，更加渴望能有一种高科技门窗阻隔这些污染因子，谋求一个绿色舒适的室内环境。于是，防雾霾纱窗和空气净化器吸引了社会的广泛关注。
最近德国Trittec公司推出一种防微尘雾霾纱窗，采用先进技术，遵循空气动力学原理，不仅防风挡水，而且能有效阻止室外污染物进入，保证室内污染物排出，保持室内空气清新。与普通纱网相比，防微尘雾霾纱窗纱网密度高出 160 倍以上，透光透气还耐强风冲击，经过防微尘雨水试验测试，能有效过滤 80%以上微尘和雨水，但其专利尚未公开，人们还无法了解其技术细节。在其公司官网上详细介绍了这款窗纱的主要材料以及特殊之处：它通过空气摩擦产生并且强化静电作用，能有效减少微尘颗粒物的入侵。由Trittec开发并申请了专利的双组分技术， 在质地优良的丝线外表固溶了一层不溶于水、 耐气候的特殊覆盖膜。除此以外， 这种纤维线超细， 而且抗拉伸， 由此提供了最佳的透光、 透气性能。人们几乎看不到这种纱网的存在， 在有效防微尘的同时也大幅度提升了人们的生活质量。缺点是其高昂的生产成本和价格，很大程度上限制了产品市场推广。
中北大学发明专利公开一种防雾霾通风透明窗纱及其制作方法CN104153701(2014-11-19),采用了“核孔膜”滤网，对PM2.5的过滤效果好，但同样存在生产工艺复杂和成本高昂的问题。中国专利CN104847246(2015-08-19)公开一种纳米光触媒窗纱，提出将窗纱和光触媒混纺编制的设想，却没有提供将光触媒固定的具体方法，光触媒在窗纱上的附着力有限，将作为PM2.5飘散和产生污染，无法确定其实用性。中国专利CN105298368(2016-02-03)公开一种负离子窗纱，提出在在窗纱上涂覆负离子粉，也没有提供负离子粉在窗纱上的固定方法，存在作为PM2.5飘散和产生污染的风险，也没有说明所述负离子粉能提供负离子的依据，无法确定其实用性。
发明内容
本发明目的是提供一种防微尘雾霾透明窗纱，特别是以纳米粒子作为静电排斥剂阻滞微尘雾霾进入室内的低成本防微尘雾霾透明窗纱，克服现有产品制备工艺复杂和生产成本高的不足。
本发明防微尘雾霾透明窗纱由丝网骨架、涂布在其上的中间层和涂布在中间层上的功能层组成，所述丝网骨架是商品化的丝网印刷工艺用或过滤分离工艺用100-500目的金属丝网、合成高分子材料丝网或天然高分子丝网，骨架丝网的丝径为0.01-0.1mm；所述中间层是聚氨酯树脂膜或有机硅树脂膜，以提高功能层在丝网骨架上的附着力，中间层厚度为200-2000nm；所述功能层厚度为200-2000nm，表面电阻107-108Ω，由直径为20-30nm和长度为40-100nm的棒状纳米SiO2、粒径为10-20nm的掺锑纳米SnO2、粒径为5-20nm的锐钛型纳米TiO2和有机硅树脂组成。
本发明功能层中各组分的质量百分比组成为：
棒状纳米SiO2 20%-40%
锐钛型纳米TiO2 10%-20%
掺锑纳米SnO2 5%-10%
有机硅树脂 余量。
本发明是发明人受太阳能电池自清洁减反射光转换多功能涂料启发而发明的，其作用原理是防微尘雾霾透明窗纱功能层表面带负电荷和产生了一个弱的静电场，能对同样带负电荷的微尘雾霾产生静电排斥和吸引带正电荷的粒子，即使窗纱孔径大于2.5μm，也能阻滞PM2.5微尘雾霾顺利通过窗纱，静电场干扰导致微尘雾霾漂浮速度减缓，在已吸附的带正电荷的粒子影响下，窗纱表面很快会形成一个孔径小于2.5μm的架桥层或过滤层，对污染空气产生过滤作用；功能层中的锐钛型纳米TiO2对粘附在窗纱上的微尘雾霾有机粒子具有光催化分解作用，逐步减弱了其附着力，从而可以为自然风力吹脱；功能层中的掺锑纳米SnO2使窗纱的表面电阻维持在107-108Ω，减弱其对微尘雾霾的吸引力，容易为自然风力带走，从而减少了微尘雾霾在窗纱表面的积累和人工清理次数。
本发明所用棒状纳米SiO2具有附着力强和成膜层内应力小的特点，参照中国专利CN 104925819(2015-09-23)公开的方法制备；所用掺锑纳米SnO2的透光率和导电性好，参照中国专利CN 104925853 (2015-09-23)公开的方法制备；所用锐钛型纳米TiO2光催化性能好，参照中国专利CN104909404(2015-09-16) 公开的方法制备；所用有机硅树脂是分子中含有环氧基或氨基的，溶剂挥发后能够常温自固化的有机硅树脂。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种防微尘雾霾透明窗纱的制备方法，采取的技术方案和步骤为：
（1）选择100-500目的金属丝网、合成高分子材料丝网或天然高分子丝网作为骨架材料，分别用表面活性剂水溶液和清水清洗干净，用90-120℃热风烘干；
（2）在丝网骨架材料表面涂布聚氨酯或有机硅涂料，使其表面形成中间层膜，调节涂料粘度和涂布工艺条件，使涂层均匀涂覆在骨架上而不堵塞网孔，用90-120℃热风干燥中间层膜，涂布1-3遍，使中间层厚度为200-2000nm；
（3）将棒状纳米SiO2、锐钛型纳米TiO2、掺锑纳米SnO2、有机硅树脂和溶剂按质量百分比2：1：0.5：1.5:95混合均匀，放置陈化12-24h，得到质量百分浓度为5%的功能层镀膜液；
（4）将功能层镀膜液涂布在丝网骨架中间层上，调节镀膜液粘度和涂布工艺条件，使涂层均匀涂覆在中间层上而不堵塞网孔，用90-120℃热风干燥功能层膜，涂布1-3遍，使功能层厚度为200-2000nm，网孔直径5-50μm；
（5）对窗纱进行检查应平整和没有盲孔，可见光的透光率大于75%，卷曲120度20次没有膜层的开裂和脱落，表面电阻107-108Ω。
本发明防微尘雾霾透明窗纱的中间层和功能层涂布可以采用浸涂、喷涂、刷涂或双面印刷方式等涂布方式。
本发明所用溶剂是乙醇、丙醇、乙二醇醚、二甲基甲酰胺和乙酰丙酮可与水混溶的有机溶剂。
本发明的优点和有益效果为：
（1）本发明防微尘雾霾透明窗纱原料价廉易得，制备工艺简便和成本低，容易产业化和应用推广；
（2）本发明防微尘雾霾透明窗纱不容易粘附和积累灰尘，具有自清洁功能，可长期有效发挥作用；
（3）本发明防微尘雾霾透明窗纱表面具有超亲水功能层，积尘仅通过水冲洗就可以完全去除干净。
具体实施方式
实施例1
将一块400mm╳600mm的350目不锈钢丝网作为骨架材料，其丝径0.035mm，孔径0.038 mm，分别用表面活性剂水溶液和清水清洗干净，用90-120℃热风烘干；喷涂有机硅涂料，在其表面形成中间层膜，用90-120℃热风干燥中间层膜，中间层厚度800-1000nm；在丝网骨架中间层上再刷涂质量百分浓度为5%的功能层镀膜液2遍，用90-120℃热风干燥功能层膜，功能层厚度为800-1000nm，网孔直径35μm。
将其制作成一个300mm╳500mm的纱窗，并安装在一个15平方米待装修住宅楼房间的窗户上进行测试，并用未安装纱窗的相邻住宅楼房间进行比较。在某一雾霾天检测得到如下结果：室外PM2.5浓度为324μg/m3，检测室在未开窗前PM2.5浓度为73μg/m3，对照室在未开窗前PM2.5浓度为70μg/m3；检测室开窗通风1h后PM2.5浓度为115μg/m3，对照室在开窗通风1h后PM2.5浓度为310μg/m3，对室内空气中PM2.5净化率62.9%。
实施例2
将一块400mm╳600mm的250目尼龙丝网作为骨架材料，其丝径0.058mm，孔径0.062mm，分别用表面活性剂水溶液和清水清洗干净，用90-120℃热风烘干；喷涂有机硅涂料，在其表面形成中间层膜，用90-120℃热风干燥中间层膜，中间层厚度1000-1200nm；在丝网骨架中间层上再刷涂质量百分浓度为5%的功能层镀膜液2遍，用90-120℃热风干燥功能层膜，功能层厚度为1000-1200nm，网孔直径58μm。
将其制作成一个300mm╳500mm的纱窗，并安装在一个15平方米待装修住宅楼房间的窗户上进行测试，并用未安装纱窗的相邻住宅楼房间进行比较。在某一雾霾天检测得到如下结果：室外PM2.5浓度为284μg/m3，检测室在未开窗前PM2.5浓度为63μg/m3，对照室在未开窗前PM2.5浓度为61μg/m3；检测室开窗通风1h后PM2.5浓度为134μg/m3，对照室在开窗通风1h后PM2.5浓度为280μg/m3，对室内空气中PM2.5净化率52.1%。
Claims (3)
1.一种防微尘雾霾透明窗纱，其特征在于以带负电荷的纳米粒子作为静电排斥剂阻滞微尘雾霾进入室内，由丝网骨架、涂布在其上的中间层和涂布在中间层上的功能层组成，所述丝网骨架是商品化的丝网印刷工艺用或过滤分离工艺用100-500目的金属丝网、合成高分子材料丝网或天然高分子材料丝网，骨架丝网的丝径为0.01-0.1mm；所述中间层是聚氨酯树脂膜或有机硅树脂膜，以提高功能层在丝网骨架上的附着力，中间层厚度为200-2000nm；所述功能层厚度为200-2000nm，表面电阻107-108Ω，由直径为20-30nm和长度为40-100nm的棒状纳米SiO2、粒径为10-20nm的掺锑纳米SnO2、粒径为5-20nm的锐钛型纳米TiO2和有机硅树脂组成。
2.按权利要求1所述防微尘雾霾透明窗纱，其特征在于所述功能层中各组分的质量百分比组成为：
棒状纳米SiO2 20%-40%
锐钛型纳米TiO2 10%-20%
掺锑纳米SnO2 5%-10%
有机硅树脂 余量。
3.一种防微尘雾霾透明窗纱的制备方法，其特征在于制备过程的技术方案和实施步骤为：
（1）选择100-500目的金属丝网、合成高分子材料丝网或天然高分子丝网作为骨架材料，分别用表面活性剂水溶液和清水清洗干净，用90-120℃热风烘干；
（2）在丝网骨架材料表面涂布聚氨酯或有机硅涂料，使其表面形成中间层膜，调节涂料粘度和涂布工艺条件，使涂层均匀涂覆在骨架上而不堵塞网孔，用90-120℃热风干燥中间层膜，涂布1-3遍，使中间层厚度为200-2000nm；
（3）将棒状纳米SiO2、锐钛型纳米TiO2、掺锑纳米SnO2、有机硅树脂和溶剂按质量百分比2：1：0.5：1.5:95混合均匀，放置陈化12-24h，得到质量百分浓度为5%的功能层镀膜液；
（4）将功能层镀膜液涂布在丝网骨架中间层上，调节镀膜液粘度和涂布工艺条件，使涂层均匀涂覆在中间层上而不堵塞网孔，用90-120℃热风干燥功能层膜，涂布1-3遍，使功能层厚度为200-2000nm，网孔直径5-50μm；
（5）对窗纱进行检查应平整和没有盲孔，可见光的透光率大于75%，卷曲120度20次没有膜层的开裂和脱落，表面电阻107-108Ω，对室内空气中PM2.5净化率50%-70%。
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