CN105849359B - 优化水力压裂操作中的导流能力的方法 - Google Patents
优化水力压裂操作中的导流能力的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105849359B CN105849359B CN201480052511.6A CN201480052511A CN105849359B CN 105849359 B CN105849359 B CN 105849359B CN 201480052511 A CN201480052511 A CN 201480052511A CN 105849359 B CN105849359 B CN 105849359B
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Images
Classifications
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Abstract
贯穿形成或扩大的裂缝以空间布置分布支撑剂的方法,所述方法通过如下进行:在被井穿透的地层中泵入多阶段的压裂流体,其中在井中泵入载有支撑剂的流体然后在井中泵入基本上不含支撑剂的流体;载有支撑剂的流体的流体和基本上不含支撑剂的流体相同。在地层内形成垂直延伸的柱。然后使从含烃储层中产出的流体至少部分地流动通过垂直延伸的柱之间的通道。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及压裂方法,其中形成支撑剂柱并且在柱之间形成流动通道,造成导流能力的增加。
背景技术
在地下储层的增产处理中,例如在水力压裂的过程中,在足以在储层内形成或扩大裂缝的压力下在穿透储层的井中泵入流体。在压裂的过程中,通过由压裂流体的流动形成的摩擦压力使垂直的裂缝面隔开。然而,当处理结束并且该摩擦压力不再存在时,裂缝开口在构造应力的影响下闭合。
水力压裂处理操作的生产率取决于压裂流体中存在的支撑剂的有效性。支撑剂用于在泵送处理完成之后防止裂缝闭合并且使储层的表面隔开。防止裂缝闭合成功与否取决于支撑剂的强度和分布。通常地,填充裂缝的支撑剂床具有比地层大数百倍的流体导流能力。因此,支撑剂填充的通道增加了井眼的有效泄油半径并且增加了井的产出速率。
然而,由常规支撑剂(例如砂)组成的床即使提供支撑使得裂缝面隔开从而在床之间产生流动,其通常具有低的产能系数(flow capacity)。
当以大的间隔对压裂低渗透性储层进行钻孔时,有利的是形成长的已支撑的裂缝。通常地,使用粘性流体进行所述处理,所述粘性流体能够将支撑剂输送远至裂缝中同时具有最小的沉降。然而,为了形成所述长的裂缝长度,需要大量的支撑剂和大体积的粘性流体。
替代性方法包括使用粘性更低的流体和具有小粒度的支撑剂。由于细支撑剂倾向于从其输送流体中缓慢沉降,流体可以在长的距离上运送。然而,小粒度的支撑剂具有极低的产能系数并且合适的C/ki比例(裂缝导流能力与地层渗透性的比例)通常不太可能。因此,该方法通常是不令人满意的。
应理解上述讨论仅用于说明的目的并且不旨在限制所附权利要求或任何相关专利申请或专利的权利要求的范围或主题。因此,所附权利要求或任何相关申请或专利的权利要求均不应受上述讨论的限制,也不被解释为仅由于本文提到而克服、包括或排除每个或任何上述特征或缺点。
因此,需要用于有效支撑低渗透性储层(其中需要长的已支撑的裂缝)的方法,所述方法具有本发明的其它部分中描述或显示的或者通过本发明的其它部分而明显的一个或多个属性或性能。
发明内容
在本公开的一个实施方案中,提供了水力压裂含烃储层的方法,其中在穿透含烃储层的井中泵入载有支撑剂的流体。然后在储层中泵入基本上不含支撑剂的流体;载有支撑剂的流体的流体和基本上不含支撑剂的流体相同。可以依次重复添加载有支撑剂的流体和基本上不含支撑剂的流体的步骤。添加载有支撑剂的流体和基本上不含支撑剂的流体在地层内形成垂直延伸的柱。然后使从含烃储层中产出的流体至少部分地流动通过垂直延伸的柱之间的通道。
在本公开的另一个实施方案中,提供了增强储层内的裂缝的导流能力的方法,其中储层的相对渗透率为约1nD至约1mD。在所述方法中,在被储层穿透的井中依次泵入载有支撑剂的流体和基本上不含支撑剂的流体。形成裂缝,所述裂缝具有垂直延伸的地层柱和地层柱之间的导流通道。形成的垂直柱可以在裂缝内连续或非连续地延伸。载有支撑剂的流体的流体和基本上不含支撑剂的流体优选相同。
在本公开的又一个实施方案中,提供了水力压裂具有小于1mD的相对渗透率的含烃储层的方法,其中在储层中泵入交替流体阶段,其中阶段之一为载有支撑剂的流体和另一个阶段为基本上不含支撑剂的流体。在地层内形成周期性隔开的支撑剂柱。在支撑剂柱之间形成导流流动通道。然后可以使从储层中产出的流体流动通过导流流动通道。
在本公开的另一个实施方案中,提供了增强储层内的裂缝的导流能力的方法,其中储层的相对渗透率为约1nD至约1mD。在所述方法中,在被储层穿透的井中依次泵入载有具有不同密度的支撑剂的混合物的流体和基本上不含支撑剂的流体。形成裂缝,所述裂缝具有垂直延伸的地层柱和地层柱之间的导流通道。形成的垂直柱可以在裂缝内连续或非连续地延伸。载有支撑剂的流体的流体和基本上不含支撑剂的流体优选相同。
在本公开的又一个实施方案中,提供了水力压裂具有小于1mD的相对渗透率的含烃储层的方法,其中在储层中泵入交替流体阶段,其中阶段之一为载有具有混合密度的支撑剂的混合物的流体和另一个阶段为基本上不含支撑剂或具有极低支撑剂浓度的流体。在地层内形成周期性隔开的支撑剂柱。在支撑剂柱之间形成导流流动通道。然后使从储层中产出的流体流动通过导流流动通道。
因此,本公开包括据信能够促进低渗透性地层增产的特征和优点。通过考虑各个实施方案的如下详细描述并且参考附图,本领域技术人员容易理解本公开的上述特征和优点以及另外的特征和益处。
附图说明
如下附图为本说明书的一部分,用于展示本公开的各个实施方案的某些方面并且在本文的详细描述中进行参考。
图1a和图1b显示了闭合之后的裂缝的侧视图和俯视图,显示了通过本文公开的方法形成的柱之间的导流流动通道。
图2显示了使用常规压裂方法的闭合之后的裂缝,其中在地下地层中泵入连续的支撑剂阶段的压裂流体,所述压裂流体包含硼酸盐交联的衍生化的瓜尔豆胶。
图3显示了使用本文公开的方法的闭合之后的裂缝,其中压裂流体包含硼酸盐交联的衍生化的瓜尔豆胶。
图4显示了使用本文公开的方法的闭合之后的裂缝,其中压裂流体为包含甜菜碱的两性离子聚合物和表面活性剂的交联流体。
图5显示了使用本文公开的方法的闭合之后的裂缝,其中压裂流体包含阴离子表面活性剂和阳离子表面活性剂。
图6显示了使用本文公开的方法的闭合之后的裂缝,其中压裂流体包含用锆交联剂交联的羧甲基纤维素。
图7显示了使用本文公开的方法的闭合之后的裂缝,其中压裂流体包含硼酸盐交联的未衍生化的瓜尔豆胶。
具体实施方式
下文描述本发明的说明性实施方案,其可以用于压力操作的操作和处理。为了清楚起见,本说明书中没有描述实际实施的所有特征。当然将理解在研发任何所述实际实施方案时,必须进行大量实施和/或特定决定从而实现操作者的随实施变化的特定目标。此外,将理解所述研发努力可能复杂并且费时,然而却是得益于本公开的本领域技术人员所从事的例行程序。通过考虑如下描述,本发明的各个实施方案的其它方面和优点将变得明显。
本文和所附权利要求中使用某些术语从而表示特定阶段。正如本领域技术人员将理解的,不同人员可能用不同名称表示阶段和阶段的组分。本文献不旨在在名称不同但是功能相同的组分或阶段之间进行区分。同样地,术语“包括”和“包含”在本文和所附权利要求中以开放式的方式使用,因此应当被解释为意指“包括但是不限于……”。此外,本文和所附权利要求中提到的单数的方面不一定将本公开或所附权利要求限制于仅一个所述方面,而是应当被广义地解释为意指一个或多个方面,正如每种特定情况下合适并且希望的。
本公开涉及通过在被井穿透的地下地层中泵入多阶段的压裂流体从而贯穿形成或扩大的裂缝以空间布置分布支撑剂的方法。在第一阶段中,在地层中泵入载有支撑剂的流体。在第二阶段中,在地层中泵入基本上不含支撑剂的流体(吹扫流体)。术语“基本上不含支撑剂”表示不包含支撑剂或者包含的支撑剂不多于在裂缝内建立空间单层所需那些的流体。在一些情况下,流体中的支撑剂的量所处的浓度可能使得材料不足以充当支撑剂并且保持裂缝打开。例如,流体中的支撑剂的量可以小于或等于0.1磅/加仑(ppg)。
在一个优选的实施方案中,可以在地层中泵入第一阶段然后依次泵入第二阶段。在另一个实施方案中,可以在地层中连续泵入多个第一阶段然后泵入第二阶段;可以泵入第一阶段然后连续泵入多个第二阶段;或者可以在地层中连续泵入多个第一阶段然后连续泵入多个第二阶段。(应理解第一阶段的泵送可以在第二阶段的泵送之前或之后,当提到“第一阶段”和“第二阶段”时,不限制于在第二阶段之前泵送第一阶段,也不限制于在第一阶段之前泵送第二阶段。因此,包含载有支撑剂的流体的阶段的泵送可以在吹扫流体的泵送之前或之后进行。)因此,载有支撑剂的流体的多个泵送阶段可以在一个或多个包含吹扫流体的阶段的泵送之前或之后进行。
本公开提供了用于在周期性支撑点处形成多个支撑剂床的方法。所述床使地层的裂缝面隔开。这些在裂缝表面上分布的周期性床能够支撑闭合载荷并且可以是不规则形状的柱。
因此,通过使用本文公开的方法,大部分裂缝保持打开而无支撑剂。使用本公开的方法,由于由床提供的支撑,裂缝面远离床的边缘一定距离而不接触。在一个优选的实施方案中,支撑剂的阶段或柱隔开使得裂缝面仅在中间接触。该床的型式可以跨越裂缝高度重复。在原位条件下,可以贯穿裂缝分布不规则形状的支撑段。支撑剂床是可渗透的,正如以常规的支撑剂分布,但是,此外,床之间的开口裂缝具有比床大数倍的产能系数。
图1a(俯视图)和图1b(横截面图)中显示了使裂缝表面隔开的支撑剂柱1的形成。如图所示,支撑剂颗粒以垂直延伸的支撑剂柱1的方式限定支撑剂床。支撑剂柱之间的导流流动通道3允许产出的流体在周期性隔开的支撑剂柱之间流动。此外,特别是当包含颗粒的支撑剂柱1未紧密填充时,产出的流体可以流动通过支撑剂柱1。当柱1不能提供支撑从而保持裂缝开口时,地层面5彼此接触。即使支撑剂柱的一部分压碎并且支撑剂床的产能系数降低至低值,通过导流流动通道3限定的裂缝的开口部分仍然可以引导流体。
所述方法特别适用于高应力深井,在高应力深井中支撑剂的强度不足以承受载荷而不压碎。此外,本文公开的方法可以提供需要的导流能力从而使低渗透性地层(包括致密气页岩储层)中的高渗透性区域有效增产。所述储层包括用于产出甲烷的煤层井和页岩地层。所述储层的相对渗透率通常小于10mD。在多数情况下,所述储层的相对渗透率在约1nD至约1mD之间。在一个实施方案中,储层的渗透性更通常地小于0.1mD。因此,通过使用本文描述的压裂操作增强了低渗透性地层的生产率。
可以首先通过在足以使裂缝扩展的压力下在地层中引入流体从而使地层扩展。引发裂缝的阶段可以包括本公开中限定的任何支撑剂。在处理低渗透性地层时,可以通过在地层中泵入滑溜水从而使裂缝扩展。
在一些情况下,希望在地层中泵入酸从而在泵入包含载有支撑剂的流体的阶段之前时蚀刻地层表面。
吹扫流体和支撑剂阶段的流体的物理性质通常大致相同。例如,吹扫流体和包含支撑剂的压裂流体具有大致相同的密度。吹扫流体和压裂流体的粘度大致相同。例如,当载有支撑剂的流体和吹扫流体在0.01s-1的剪切速率下均具有大于约10,000cP的粘度时,两种流体的粘度可基本上相同。此外,载有支撑剂的流体和吹扫流体的泵送速率基本上相同。同样地,载有支撑剂的流体的重量和吹扫流体的重量可以基本上相同。
对于在地层中泵入载有支撑剂的流体的每个阶段,载有支撑剂的流体中的支撑剂浓度优选相同。因此,当在地层中泵入载有支撑剂的流体的阶段时,每个阶段的流体中的支撑剂的量优选相同。
此外,在交替阶段中,在地层中泵入的载有支撑剂的流体和吹扫流体的流体量通常相同。尽管在泵送操作的过程中在地层中泵入的流体量可以增加或减少,通常在至少两个或更多个连续的泵送阶段中流体量相同。在一个实施方案中,可以在地层中泵入交替阶段的载有支撑剂的流体和吹扫流体,其中每个阶段的体积保持相同。在载有支撑剂的流体和之后的吹扫流体的两次或更多次连续重复之后,泵入地层的流体的体积可以增加或减少并且进行该过程。下表I中列出了一个示例性程序。
表1
阶段 | 流体 | 支撑剂 | 流体体积,加仑 |
1 | 滑溜水 | 无 | 9,000 |
2 | FF | 有 | 4000 |
3 | FF | 无 | 4000 |
4 | FF | 有 | 4000 |
5 | FF | 无 | 4000 |
6 | FF | 有 | 4000 |
7 | FF | 无 | 4000 |
8 | FF | 有 | 4000 |
9 | FF | 无 | 4000 |
10 | FF | 有 | 8500 |
11 | FF | 无 | 8500 |
12 | FF | 有 | 8500 |
13 | FF | 无 | 8500 |
14 | FF | 有 | 8500 |
15 | FF | 无 | 8500 |
16 | 滑溜水 | 无 |
柱之间的开口通道的产能系数比源自常规压裂操作的支撑剂床提供的产能系数大几个数量级。因此,相比于源自常规压裂操作的已支撑的裂缝,柱之间的开口通道提供高得多的产能系数。
通常地,在泵入任何阶段之前,允许前一阶段发生一定的停留时间。所述停留时间允许前一阶段与前一阶段所暴露的地层中的环境相互作用。通常地,阶段之间的停留时间的量在约1小时至5小时之间。
可以通过使用变化密度的支撑剂以及限定压裂流体的增粘剂稳定柱。希望限定用于压裂操作的完美的输送流体,所述输送流体在静态条件下抑制支撑剂在载有支撑剂的流体内沉降。也可以使用提供不同密度的其它添加剂从而在静态条件下在更长的时间段内维持支撑剂在输送流体中的悬浮。
在一个优选的实施方案中,载有支撑剂的流体的流体和吹扫流体的流体是相同的流体并且被选择使得支撑剂可以悬浮并且输送至地层的目标位置。
流体为增粘剂,所述增粘剂可以是增粘聚合物或粘弹性材料。流体可以发泡。即使裂缝的闭合时间很长,所述流体仍然能够维持柱。特别地,致密气地层或超低渗透性页岩地层也是这种情况。
合适的增粘聚合物为水合性聚合物,例如一种或多种能够形成线型凝胶或交联凝胶的多糖。其包括半乳甘露聚糖胶、瓜尔豆胶、衍生化的瓜尔豆胶、纤维素和纤维素衍生物、淀粉、淀粉衍生物、黄原胶、衍生化的黄原胶及其混合物。
特定示例包括但不限于瓜尔豆胶、瓜尔豆胶衍生物、洋槐豆胶、文莱胶、刺梧桐胶、黄原胶、硬葡聚糖、diutan、纤维素和纤维素衍生物等。更通常的聚合物或凝胶剂包括瓜尔豆胶、羟丙基瓜尔豆胶(HPG)、羧甲基羟丙基瓜尔豆胶(CMHPG)、羟乙基纤维素(HEC)、羧甲基羟乙基纤维素(CMHEC)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、二烷基羧甲基纤维素等。聚合物的其它示例包括但不限于磷酸甘露聚糖、硬葡聚糖(scerolglucan)和葡聚糖。在一个优选的实施方案中,使用羧甲基羟丙基瓜尔豆胶。
包含增粘聚合物的流体可以进一步包含交联剂。就此而言,可以使用任何适合使水合性聚合物交联的交联剂。合适交联剂的示例包括金属离子例如含铝、锑、锆和钛的化合物,包括有机钛酸盐。合适交联剂的示例还可以参见美国专利No.5,201,370,美国专利No.5,514,309,美国专利No.5,247,995,美国专利No.5,562,160和美国专利No.6,110,875,所述美国专利以引用的方式并入本文。
在一个优选的实施方案中,增粘聚合物为瓜尔豆胶或衍生化的瓜尔豆胶。基于瓜尔豆胶的聚合物的合适的交联剂包括提供硼酸根离子的材料。基于硼酸盐的交联剂的示例包括但不限于有机硼酸盐、单硼酸盐、聚硼酸盐、矿物硼酸盐等。
特别优选的衍生化的瓜尔豆胶为与基于锆的交联剂合用的CMHPG。所述聚合物压裂流体能够从Baker Hughes Incorporated作为MEDALLION FRAC 4000HT获得。可以使用的合适的聚合物压裂流体的其它示例包括非交联瓜尔豆胶凝胶的水(例如AQUA FRAC)、甲醇交联的HPG(例如METHOFRAC)、硼酸盐交联的瓜尔豆胶(例如VIKING、VIKING D和SPECTRAFRAC G)、交联的基于盐酸的丙烯酸系聚合物(例如XL ACID II),所有指定产品可以从Baker Hughes Incorporated获得。
本文提到的粘弹性材料可以为胶束,例如蠕虫状胶束,表面活性剂聚集体或囊泡,层状胶束等。所述胶束包括美国专利No.6,491,099;6,435,277;6,410,489和7,115,546中列出的那些。
合适的粘弹性表面活性剂包括阳离子型、两性和阴离子型表面活性剂。合适的阳离子型表面活性剂包括仅具有单个阳离子基团的那些,所述阳离子基团可以具有任何电荷态(例如阳离子基团可以具有单个正电荷或两个正电荷)。阳离子基团优选为季铵结构部分(例如线型季胺、苯甲基季胺或季铵卤化物)、季锍结构部分或季结构部分或其混合物。优选地,季基为季铵卤化物或季胺,最优选地,阳离子基团为季铵氯化物或季铵溴化物。
两性表面活性剂优选包含单个阳离子基团。两性表面活性剂的阳离子基团优选与上文列出的相同。两性表面活性剂可以为甘氨酸盐、两性乙酸盐、丙酸盐、甜菜碱的一种或多种及其混合物。优选地,两性表面活性剂为甘氨酸盐或甜菜碱,最优选地,两性表面活性剂为线型甘氨酸盐或线型甜菜碱。
阳离子型或两性表面活性剂具有疏水尾部(所述疏水尾部可以为饱和或不饱和的)。优选地,尾部具有约C12-C18的碳链长度。优选地,通过来自植物的天然油(例如椰子油、菜籽油和棕榈油的一种或多种)获得疏水尾部。优选表面活性剂的示例包括N,N,N三甲基-1-十八烷基氯化铵;N,N,N三甲基-1-十六烷基氯化铵和N,N,N三甲基-1-大豆氯化铵及其混合物。
阴离子型表面活性剂的示例为磺酸盐、膦酸盐、乙氧基硫酸盐及其混合物。优选地,阴离子型表面活性剂为磺酸盐。最优选地,阴离子型表面活性剂为磺酸盐例如二甲苯磺酸钠和萘磺酸钠。
在一个优选的实施方案中,使用表面活性剂的混合物从而产生(1)第一表面活性剂和(2)至少一种上文列出的阴离子型表面活性剂的混合物,所述第一表面活性剂为上文列出的一种或多种阳离子型和/或两性表面活性剂。
优选地,当粘弹性材料为由材料混合物组成的粘弹性材料(例如美国专利No.6,875,728或6,410,489中公开的那些,所述美国专利以引用的方式并入本文)时,使用的阳离子型/两性材料的量和阴离子型材料的量优选足以中和或至少基本上中和流体的电荷密度。因此,如果阳离子型表面活性剂为N,N,N三甲基-1-十八烷基氯化铵并且阴离子型表面活性剂为二甲苯磺酸钠,则所述表面活性剂可以以约1:4至约4:1的体积比组合从而获得能够输送支撑剂的澄清的粘弹性凝胶。所述粘弹性材料的代表是Baker HughesIncorporated的产品AquaStar。
可以基于希望的流体粘度确定包含载有支撑剂的流体的流体和吹扫流体内的增粘剂的相对量。根据本公开设置支撑剂床通常需要在井中泵入较少量的粘性流体,因为所述处理使用吹扫流体作为未载有支撑剂的隔离剂。获得预定粘度所需的表面活性剂的量然后可以与产出流体所需的水量组合。通常地,载有支撑剂的流体和吹扫流体中的增粘材料的量在约5gpt(加仑/1000加仑)至约100gpt之间。
在一个优选的实施方案中,当向井底泵送(即当泵入管线、工作管柱、套管、连续油管、钻管等下方时)时,流体的粘度使得实现摩擦降低并且将支撑剂输送至地层内的目标位置。当床之间的产能系数较低时,可以以中等体积使用相对低粘度的流体从而将小的支撑剂颗粒输送至裂缝深处并且使支撑剂颗粒以一系列隔开床的形式分布。
通常地,在泵入地层的每个阶段的载有支撑剂的流体的流体和吹扫流体相同,并且泵入地层的每个阶段的载有支撑剂的流体的支撑剂相同。
同样地,相比于常规压裂操作中使用的支撑剂,本文公开的方法需要更少量的支撑剂,因为仅一部分裂缝包含支撑剂床。通常地,相比于常规压裂操作中使用的支撑剂的量,压裂流体中的支撑剂的量减少5至75%。
在一个优选的实施方案中,通过本文公开的方法实现的周期性设置的支撑剂柱使用极细粒的支撑剂来形成床并且已支撑的裂缝。所述支撑剂具有约8/12US目至约325US目的粒度。通常地,具有支撑剂的流体的支撑剂的粒度为8/12US目至约100US目。最通常地,本发明中使用的支撑剂体系的支撑剂的粒度为约12/20US目至约40/70US目。在一个优选的实施方案中,使用约100US目的细支撑剂。
用在本公开中的示例性支撑剂包括陶瓷、砂、矾土、氧化铝、矿物、坚果壳、砾石、玻璃、树脂颗粒、聚合物颗粒及其组合。
陶瓷的示例包括基于氧化物的陶瓷、基于氮化物的陶瓷、基于碳化物的陶瓷、基于硼化物的陶瓷、基于硅化物的陶瓷或其组合。在一个实施方案中,基于氧化物的陶瓷为二氧化硅(SiO2)、二氧化钛(TiO2)、氧化铝、氧化硼、氧化钾、氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化锂、氧化磷,和/或氧化钛或其组合。基于氧化物的陶瓷、基于氮化物的陶瓷、基于碳化物的陶瓷、基于硼化物的陶瓷,或基于硅化物的陶瓷包含非金属(例如氧、氮、硼、碳或硅等)、金属(例如铝、铅、铋等)、过渡金属(例如铌、钨、钛、锆、铪、钇等)、碱金属(例如锂、钾等)、碱土金属(例如钙、镁、锶等)、稀土元素(例如镧、铈等)或卤素(例如氟、氯等)。示例性陶瓷包括氧化锆、经稳定的氧化锆、莫来石、氧化锆增韧的氧化铝、尖晶石、铝硅酸盐(例如莫来石、堇青石)、钙钛矿、碳化硅、氮化硅、碳化钛、氮化钛、碳化铝、氮化铝、碳化锆、氮化锆、碳化铁、氮氧化铝、氮氧化硅铝、钛酸铝、碳化钨、氮化钨、滑石等或其组合。
用于支撑剂颗粒的合适的砂的示例包括但不限于亚利桑那州砂、威斯康星州砂、獾州砂、布雷迪砂和渥太华砂。在一个实施方案中,烧结由矿物例如矾土制成的支撑剂颗粒从而获得硬质材料。在一个实施方案中,矾土或烧结的矾土具有相对高的渗透性,例如美国专利No.4,713,203中公开的矾土材料,所述专利的内容以引用的方式全部并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,支撑剂为相对轻质的颗粒材料或基本上中性浮力的颗粒材料或其混合物。所述支撑剂可以被切削、研磨、压碎或以其它方式加工。“相对轻质”意指支撑剂具有小于或等于2.45的表观比重(ASG),包括ASG小于或等于2.25,更优选小于或等于2.0,甚至更优选小于或等于1.75,最优选小于或等于1.25,通常小于或等于1.05的那些超轻质支撑剂。
天然产生的支撑剂颗粒包括坚果壳例如胡桃、椰子、山核桃、杏仁、象牙坚果、巴西坚果等;水果的种壳例如李子、橄榄、桃子、樱桃、杏子等;其它植物的种壳例如玉米(例如玉米穗或玉米粒);木质材料例如源自橡木、山核桃木、胡桃木、白杨木、红木等的那些。所述材料为通过压碎、研磨、切割、切削等形成的颗粒。
合适的相对轻质的支撑剂为美国专利No.6,364,018、6,330,916和6,059,034中公开的那些颗粒,所述美国专利以引用的方式全部并入本文。
此外,用于本文限定的方法的相对轻质的支撑剂可以为经涂覆的多孔陶瓷选择性构造的多孔颗粒,例如美国专利No.7,426,961中列出的那些,所述美国专利以引用的方式并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,支撑剂颗粒例如使用树脂涂覆,所述树脂抗耐固结支撑剂在压缩过程中的碎片整理(defragmentation)。支撑剂颗粒的涂层包括例如热固性或热塑性树脂的固化、部分固化或未固化的涂层。
在另一个实施方案中,涂层可以为有机化合物,包括环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯、聚碳化二亚胺、聚酰胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺、呋喃树脂或其组合。酚醛树脂为例如通过苯酚、双酚或其衍生物与甲醛的反应获得的苯酚甲醛树脂。示例性热塑性塑料包括聚乙烯、丙烯腈-丁二烯苯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、氟塑料、聚硫化物、聚丙烯、苯乙烯丙烯腈、尼龙,和苯醚。示例性热固性塑料包括环氧树脂、酚醛树脂(真实热固性树脂,例如通过硬化剂赋予热固性的可溶酚醛树脂或热塑性树脂)、聚酯树脂、聚氨酯、环氧树脂改性的酚醛树脂及其衍生物。
在一个实施方案中,用于涂层的固化剂为含氮化合物例如胺及其衍生物;含氧化合物例如羧酸封端的聚酯,酸酐,苯酚甲醛树脂,氨基甲醛树脂,苯酚,双酚A和甲酚酚醛清漆,酚封端的环氧树脂;含硫化合物例如聚硫化物,聚硫醇;和催化固化剂例如叔胺,路易斯酸,路易斯碱;或其组合。
在一个优选的实施方案中,可固化树脂涂层为酚醛树脂、环氧树脂、呋喃树脂、酚甲醛树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂以及酚醛树脂和呋喃树脂混合物。
可固化涂层在地下储层中的高压和高温条件下固化。因此,具有可固化涂层的支撑剂颗粒特别可用于高压和高温的井。
在另一个实施方案中,支撑剂为树脂涂覆的塑料、树脂涂覆的陶瓷支撑剂或合成有机颗粒例如尼龙丸粒、陶瓷。示例为可固化树脂涂覆的塑料珠,例如包括用二乙烯基苯交联的聚苯乙烯珠(PSDVB)以及聚酰胺珠,例如美国专利No.7,494,711中公开的那些,所述美国专利以引用的方式并入本文。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述可固化树脂涂覆的珠具有小于约2.0,更优选小于或等于1.5的ASG,并且具有高的耐酸性和耐化学性。
在另一个实施方案中,支撑剂可以为轻质聚酰胺,例如美国专利No.7,931,087中列出的那些。
在一个实施方案中,支撑剂颗粒还可以包含交联的涂层。交联的涂层通常为支撑剂颗粒提供压碎强度或抗压碎性并且即使在高压和高温条件下仍然防止支撑剂颗粒附聚。在一些实施方案中,支撑剂颗粒具有在地下例如井底或裂缝中固化的可固化涂层。
此外,构成柱的支撑剂可以置于超吸收性聚合物(例如多种超吸收性聚合物颗粒)中。在原位条件下,超吸收性聚合物可以膨胀从而处于其膨胀状态,其构造以响应破碎条件而破碎。在原位条件下,在超吸收性聚合物破碎时释放多种支撑剂颗粒。所述超吸收性聚合物颗粒的非限制性示例为多糖材料(所述多糖材料例如在干燥状态下吸收和保持的水量重量等于或大于其自身重量),丙烯酸酯例如聚2-羟乙基丙烯酸酯和聚烷基丙烯酸酯,丙烯酰胺例如聚丙烯酰胺,聚甲基丙烯酰胺,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,和聚乙酸乙烯酯。在一个实施方案中,超吸收性聚合物颗粒为丙烯酰胺与例如马来酸酐、乙酸乙烯酯、环氧乙烷、乙二醇、丙烯腈或其组合的共聚物。超吸收性聚合物颗粒例如通过丙烯酰胺(AM)或丙烯酸及其盐制得。在一个实施方案中,超吸收性聚合物颗粒为聚合形式的非离子型、阴离子型、阳离子型单体或其组合。形成超吸收性聚合物颗粒的聚合可以通过自由基聚合、溶液聚合、凝胶聚合、乳液聚合、分散聚合或悬浮聚合而进行。此外,聚合可以在水相、反相乳液或反相悬浮液中进行。用于制备超吸收性聚合物颗粒的非离子型单体的示例包括例如如下的非离子型单体:丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二(C1-C8烷基)丙烯酰胺例如N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺、乙烯醇、乙酸乙烯酯、烯丙醇、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯腈及其衍生物。所述衍生物包括例如丙烯酰胺衍生物,特别是烷基取代的丙烯酰胺或丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺的氨基烷基取代的衍生物,更特别是丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N-甲基丙烯酰胺、N-甲基甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺、N-乙基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺、N-环己基丙烯酰胺、N-苯甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基氨基丙基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基氨基乙基丙烯酰胺、N-叔丁基丙烯酰胺、N-乙烯基甲酰胺、N-乙烯基乙酰胺、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈或其组合。用于制备超吸收性聚合物颗粒的阴离子型单体的示例包括具有酸性基团的烯属不饱和阴离子型单体,所述酸性基团包括羧酸基、磺酸基、膦酸基、其盐、其衍生物或其组合。在一个实施方案中,阴离子型单体为丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、马来酸、马来酸酐、富马酸、衣康酸、α-氯丙烯酸、β-氰基丙烯酸、β-甲基丙烯酸(巴豆酸)、α-苯基丙烯酸、β-丙烯酰氧基丙酸、山梨酸、α-氯山梨酸、2’-甲基异巴豆酸、肉桂酸、对氯肉桂酸、β-硬脂酸、柠康酸、中康酸、戊烯二酸、乌头酸、2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸、烯丙基磺酸、乙烯基磺酸、烯丙基膦酸、乙烯基膦酸或其组合。用于制备超吸收性聚合物颗粒的阳离子型单体的示例包括N,N-二-C1-C8烷基氨基-C1-C8烷基丙烯酸酯(例如N,N-二甲基氨基乙基丙烯酸酯)、N,N-二-C1-C8烷基氨基-C1-C8烷基甲基丙烯酸酯(例如N,N-二甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯),包括季化形式(例如氯甲烷的季化形式)、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵、N,N-二-C1-C8烷基氨基-C1-C8烷基丙烯酰胺,及其季盐形式例如丙烯酰氨基丙基三甲基氯化铵。
在一个实施方案中,超吸收性聚合物颗粒为包含阳离子型取代基和阴离子型取代基两者的两性超吸收性聚合物颗粒。阳离子型取代基和阴离子型取代基以各种化学计量比例出现,包括一比一,或者一种取代基以比另一种取代基更大的化学计量存在。代表性两性超吸收性聚合物颗粒包括非离子型单体、阴离子型单体和阳离子型单体的三元共聚物。
在一个优选的实施方案中,超吸收性聚合物包括重复单元,所述重复单元包括丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯醇、糖类、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、其衍生物或其组合。
在一个实施方案中,超吸收性聚合物颗粒为瓜尔豆胶或角叉菜胶。合适的材料包括日本专利申请No.P2003-154262A中公开的那些,所述日本专利申请的内容以引用的方式全部并入本文。
所述超吸收性聚合物和置于其中的支撑剂描述于2013年5月7日提交的美国专利申请序列号13/888,457,所述美国专利申请以引用的方式并入本文。
在本公开的一个实施方案中,可以在载有支撑剂的流体中使用变化密度的支撑剂的混合物。例如,可以使用本文提到的任何支撑剂的混合物。例如,可以使用超轻质支撑剂和ASG超过2.65的支撑剂(例如砂)的混合物。
通过本文公开的方法形成的垂直柱可以在裂缝内连续或非连续地延伸。例如,垂直柱可以从接近裂缝的顶部连续延伸至底部,因此产生使产出流体前进至井眼的迂回路径。
通常希望使用载有混合密度的支撑剂的流体,因为支撑剂将在流体内分离并且留下开口管线使得流体向下流动至非连续柱之间的裂缝的中心。
载有支撑剂的流体可以包含变化密度的支撑剂的混合物,并且基本上不含支撑剂的流体可以仅包含一定量的支撑剂从而在地层内建立支撑剂的部分单层。基本上不含支撑剂的流体中的支撑剂可以是本文讨论的支撑剂的混合物或者可以包含ASG大于或等于2.65的常规支撑剂或ASG小于2.65的支撑剂,例如超轻质支撑剂。
通过使用超轻质支撑剂以及可变形支撑剂和可变形支撑剂与常规支撑剂(ASG大于2.45的支撑剂)的组合、非球状支撑剂(例如美国专利No.7,950,455中公开的那些,所述美国专利以引用的方式并入本文)、迅速凝固的树脂涂覆的支撑剂以及非球状支撑剂与球状支撑剂的组合,可以维持裂缝闭合时间漫长的低或超低渗透性地层中的柱的稳定性。也可以使用本文公开的任何支撑剂的组合。
支撑剂可以进一步置于柱稳定剂中。所述柱稳定剂是可降解的。所述稳定剂通常包含阳离子物质,特别是水合半径小于地层粘土的钠离子的水合半径的那些。所述稳定剂减少地层粘土的分解并且抑制粘土的溶胀。所述稳定剂可以包括氯化钾、季胺聚合电解质以及离子液体,例如美国专利No.8,084,402中列出的那些,所述美国专利以引用的方式并入本文。接纳高温的稳定剂为例如吩噻嗪,选自镁、钙、锶、钡及其混合物的碱土金属,和选自锂、钠、钾及其混合物的碱金属。优选的稳定剂包括MgO、TiO2、Al2O3及其混合物以及水杨酸钠和硅烷。
载有支撑剂的流体以及吹扫流体还可以包含井服务工业中常见的其它常规添加剂,例如表面活性剂、杀虫剂、凝胶剂、溶剂、发泡剂、反乳化剂、缓冲剂、酸或其混合物。
除非另有声明,实施例中列出的所有百分比以重量单位计。
实施例
对比实施例1.对中孔深度为14,973ft的Marcellus页岩地层进行压裂处理;井底静态温度为约222°F,井底裂缝压力为约8,580psi;平均表面处理压力为约7,700psi;裂缝梯度为约0.70psi/ft。套管具有5.5’的外径和4.8英寸的内径。
使用30lb.硼酸盐交联的瓜尔豆胶流体(BCGF)作为压裂流体。流体可以包含100%的30/50目白砂。希望的结果是在裂缝闭合时实现支撑剂的部分单层分布。估算的液体支撑剂浓度为每加仑液体添加约4磅支撑剂(ppa)。这表示适应泵流速所需的估算的支撑剂浓度。压裂处理需要约437,500磅支撑剂。
在第一阶段中,流体为滑溜水、酸性流体或线型凝胶。在地层中以约72桶/分钟(bpm)的浆料速率泵入流体。泵入地层的支撑剂的速率平均约6,540lbs/min。支撑剂流体近似于实现希望的井底支撑剂浓度所需的支撑剂磅数。进行每个阶段约1分钟,然后停工约5分钟。操作过程中的平均浆料液压马力为约13,600psi。各个阶段之间的支撑剂的量的变化为每阶段至多1lb。表II中显示了处理阶段:
表II
图2的导流能力分布中显示了裂缝闭合之后在支撑剂填充的裂缝和原生储层之间的裂缝导流能力,所述裂缝导流能力在数学上定义为:
(支撑剂填充物的渗透性x裂缝宽度)/(地层渗透性x已支撑的裂缝的一半长度)
用10表示的“形成的裂缝面积”是被扩展压裂前置流体横穿的储层面积。“已支撑的裂缝面积”20有助于井增产,并且表示储层“被支撑开口”从而提供改进的裂缝导流能力的面积。产生但是未被支撑的面积30在裂缝闭合时“愈合”并且因此不被视为是增产的。
实施例2-6.对Marcellus页岩地层进行使用对比实施例1的储层性质的压裂处理。在该实施例和对比实施例1中,吹扫流体和包含支撑剂的流体的密度和浓度相同。使用Meyer&Associates,Inc的Mfrac三维水力压裂模拟器使用单一3层各向同性均质0.1mD渗透性气体储层模型(40英亩间距)模拟裂缝。裂缝设计以置于理论深度为15,000英尺的区域中并且模型以全3-D模式运转。希望的结果是在裂缝闭合时形成支撑剂柱和支撑剂柱之间的导流通道。经确定,压裂处理需要约179,830磅的支撑剂。泵送的浆料速率为约72桶/分钟(bpm)。泵入地层的支撑剂的速率平均约6,540lbs/min。进行每个阶段约1分钟,然后停工约5分钟。压裂流体(FF)为BCGF(实施例2),由甜菜碱的两性离子聚合物和表面活性剂组成的流体,如美国专利No.8,183,181中列出(实施例3),包含阳离子型表面活性剂和阴离子型表面活性剂的流体,如美国专利No.6,468,945中列出(实施例4),包含用锆交联剂交联的羧甲基纤维素的流体(实施例5)和包含硼酸盐交联的未衍生化的瓜尔豆胶的流体(实施例6)。操作过程中的平均浆料液压马力为约13,600psi。表III显示了泵送安排:
表III
吹扫流体为包含最少的支撑剂的FF
表IV中列出了裂缝网络的导流能力的数据,其显示了通过常规压裂实现的平均裂缝渗透率为约29达西,通过本文公开的方法(相比于常规压裂,使用更少的水和更少的支撑剂)实现的平均裂缝渗透率为29达西至大于52达西。
图3、4、5、6和7的导流能力分布分别显示了对于实施例2、3、4、5和6的压裂流体在裂缝闭合之后在支撑剂填充的裂缝和原生储层之间的裂缝导流能力。用10表示的“形成的裂缝面积”是被扩展压裂前置流体横穿的储层面积。“已支撑的裂缝面积”20有助于井增产,并且表示储层“被支撑开口”从而提供改进的裂缝导流能力的面积。产生但是未被支撑的面积30在裂缝闭合时“愈合”并且因此不被视为是增产的。柱通过条纹40表示。不同于图2(其显示了已支撑的裂缝面积的中部导流能力最大),图3-7显示了形成的柱周围的导流面积扩大。
通过本文公开的泵送方法造成的柱的形成提供了复杂裂缝网络中的更大的导流能力,同时相比与常规压裂使用更少的水和更少的支撑剂。例如,在对比实施例1中,使用437,500lbs的支撑剂相比于实施例2-6中179,830lbs的支撑剂,表示支撑剂几乎少69%。实施例2-6中使用的压裂流体的量(207,550加仑)比对比实施例1中使用的压裂流体的量(285,450加仑)少约27%。
上文描述的或本文要求保护的方法以及可能落入所附权利要求的范围内的其它方法可以以任何希望的合适依次实施并且不必限制于本文描述的任何依次或者如所附权利要求中所列出。此外,本公开的方法不一定要求使用本文显示和描述的具体实施方案,但是同样适用于任何其它合适的结构、形式和组分构造。
尽管已经显示和描述了本公开的示例性实施方案,专利申请人预期的本公开的系统、装置和方法(例如组分、构造和操作细节、部件设置和/或使用方法)的许多变体形式、修改形式和/或改变是可能的,落入所附权利要求的范围内,并且可以被本领域技术人员实施和使用而不偏离本公开的精神或教导和所附权利要求的范围。因此,本文列出的或附图中显示的所有主题应当被解释为说明性的,并且本公开和所附权利要求的范围不应限制于本文描述和显示的实施方案。
Claims (5)
1.水力压裂含烃储层的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)在穿透含烃储层的井中泵入载有支撑剂的流体;
(b)在井中泵入基本上不含支撑剂的流体,其中步骤(a)的流体和步骤(b)的流体相同;
(c)依次重复步骤(a)和(b);
(d)在地层内形成垂直延伸的柱;和
(e)使从含烃储层中产出的流体至少部分地流动通过垂直延伸的柱之间的通道;
其中支撑剂载有阶段的流体进一步包含柱稳定剂,和
其中所述垂直延伸的柱置于超吸收性聚合物中,并且进一步其中超吸收性聚合物处于膨胀状态并且构造以响应破碎条件而破碎;和其中满足如下条件的至少一个:
(i)在步骤(a)的每次重复中载有支撑剂的流体的支撑剂为砂;或
(ii)载有支撑剂的流体的支撑剂为具有小于2.25的表观比重的超轻质支撑剂和所述超轻质支撑剂涂覆有树脂;或
(iii)载有支撑剂的流体的支撑剂为涂覆有可固化树脂的塑料珠和所述塑料珠的表观比重小于或等于1.5;或
(iv)所述超吸收性聚合物包括重复单元,所述重复单元包括丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯醇、糖类、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、其衍生物或其组合;或
(v)所述超吸收性聚合物包括多个交联。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中满足如下条件的至少一个:
(i)含烃储层为页岩储层;或
(ii)含烃储层为甲烷煤层;或
(iii)经涂覆的塑料珠包括聚苯乙烯二乙烯基苯或聚酰胺或其衍生物;或
(iv)用于涂覆的可固化树脂选自酚醛树脂、环氧树脂、呋喃树脂、酚甲醛树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂以及酚醛树脂和呋喃树脂的混合物。
3.用流体水力压裂被井穿透的含烃储层的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)在井中泵入载有支撑剂的流体和进一步包括含有水合半径小于地层粘土的钠离子的水合半径的阳离子物质的柱稳定剂以减少地层粘土的分解并且抑制所述粘土的溶胀,所述阳离子物质选自镁、钙、锶、钡及其混合物;
(b)在井中泵入基本上不含支撑剂的流体;
(c)依次重复步骤(a)和(b);
(d)在地层内形成垂直延伸的柱;
(e)使从含烃储层中产出的流体至少部分地流动通过垂直延伸的柱之间的通道;和
(f)抑制所述储层内的地层粘土的溶胀。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述储层的相对渗透率小于约0.1mD。
5.水力压裂具有小于1mD的相对渗透率的含烃储层的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)在储层中泵入交替流体阶段,其中流体阶段之一载有有混合密度的支撑剂的混合物和另一个流体阶段为基本上不含支撑剂的流体;
(b)在地层内形成周期性隔开的支撑剂柱;
(c)在支撑剂柱之间形成导流流动通道;和
(d)使从所述储层中产出的流体流动通过导流流动通道;
其中支撑剂载有阶段的流体进一步包含柱稳定剂,其选自(1)接纳高温且选自镁、钙、锶、钡及其混合物的阳离子物质, (2)吩噻嗪, (3)TiO2, (4)Al2O3, (5)KCl和(6)水杨酸钠,用于抑制所述储层内的地层粘土的溶胀。
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