CN105842079A - Action-logy method of material property measurement and measurement instrument therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an action-logy method of material property measurement and a measurement instrument therefor and belongs to the fields of theoretical mechanics, applied mechanics and experimental mechanics. According to the action-logy, deformation is not only related to value of force but also related to the value of actuating quantity. A basic regulation equation of deformation is represented as the specification, wherein through measurement of parameters, the following researching results can be obtained: a general relationship rule between stress and strain, a uniform relationship principle of extreme stress, stress, real degree and imaginary degree, maximum actuating quantity against which the material can resist without deformation within certain time, the real degree and imaginary degree, and a change principle thereof, of the material, and values of the real degree and imaginary degree. On the basis of action-logy, a novel theory and a novel formula of researching the anti-strain strength, and the real degree and imaginary degree of the material are provided. Through the novel theory and novel formula of the relationship among material strength, actuating stress, and the real degree of the material, the method can solve evaluation problems on strength detection and calculation of various materials and properties of the various materials.

Description

The effect method of material character measurement and measuring instrument thereof

Technical field

The present invention relates to effect method and measuring instrument thereof that a kind of material character is measured, it belongs to theoretical power , applied mechanics and Experimental Mechanics research field.

Background technology

Obscure understanding is there is in traditional theory mechanics, applied mechanics and Experimental Mechanics to material character implication, So, for a long time, select the most not accurate enough for characterizing the scale value of mechanical property feature.In theory In mechanics, applied mechanics and Experimental Mechanics, mainly fixed according to Hooke for characterizing the scale value of material character The various coefficients of rule development and modulus.These coefficients or modulus are the most inaccurate, do not represent material The objective implication of character.Over more than 200 year, to material property parameters, there are some wrong understandings in people all the time. This wrong understanding includes following several respects: 1), think that the parameter characterizing material character is constant.It practice, Material property parameters is not the most constant, is all parameter.Along with actuating quantity size and environment change, material Character all can change accordingly.2), make being used in the mechanics equation of relation between power and deflection of setting up The regulation coefficient used such as Hooke coefficient, elastic modelling quantity etc. regard the parameter characterizing material character as, and think These parameters are constants.And it practice, this parameter is not the parameter characterizing material character, be less Constant, but contain a kind of implicit function of some irrelevant concepts and relation.3) understanding material, is distorted The objective implication of matter.Think that the resistance character of material is exactly the character of material resistance.This idea continue for The longest phase of history period, people still adhere to this understanding up to now.The correct definition of material character is: Variable properties that material shows under arbitrarily effect or immutable character.Power and effect be two different generally Read.Effect refers to various interaction phenomenons present in nature, and the amount of effect phenomenon is called consumption.And Power is only equal to unit interval or the actuating quantity of moment formation.Therefore, power can not role of delegate completely.Typically For, commaterial, accept not same-action, its variable properties showed is the most different.The property of material Matter refer to alterable character that material shows under accepting action condition or can not qualitative change, alterable Rate is big or little or immutable rate is big or little, is not the adjustment of relation between connecting forces and deformation displacement Coefficient.Furthermore, material can the size of resistant function amount be not equal to material at long duration of action bar in moment Can the size of resistant function amount under part.The ability of moment resistant function is resistant to the ability of power, supports for a long time The ability of anti-effect is resistant to the ability of actuating quantity.Therefore, the scale value of tolerance material character is necessary to distinguish For accepting the metric of momentary action and accepting the metric of long duration of action.Research, tolerance is learned according to effect The scale value of the character of the material character under the conditions of momentary action and tolerance a period of time material can be with same Individual parameter (wasting time or solidity) is stated, but, this parameter is change.That is, momentary action condition Lower material waste time or solidity is a kind of number determined, and under a period of time action condition material waste time or Solidity is to have the parameter of certain excursion.Visible, the scale value of material character has uniformity rule, with Time also there is changeability rule.

Due to above-mentioned theory mechanics and the existence of applied mechanics problem so that traditional material character research and experiment There is inaccuracy in test result, and exist retest, cost is big, workload is big, test equipment not The problems such as science.Traditional material property experiment method of testing sets up, tracing analysis method theoretical at stress-strain On the basis of empirical equation, not in accordance with theoretical formula and the method for objective law, not only make experiment test work Complicate, and give test result data out incorrect.When researching and solving problem, frequently involve Irrelevant conceptual issues is studied, and introduces independent parameter, adds workload and reasearch funds.With regard to present material For dynamics experimental device and process of experimental, also show it the most scientific.Dynamics experimental device, A kind of test instrunment.Test instrunment first should easy to use, reliable test result.Just as claiming As the title of quantity of material weight, can use easily, measured result data has universal rule Property and universal comparability, be the most reliable.And mechanics experimental equipment in-convenience in use, and, surveyed The result data obtained the most does not has ubiquity meaning, and comparability is poor, is insecure, it is impossible to meeting should With requiring.Experiments of Machanics data cannot be used for scientific forecasting such as earthquake disaster prediction, because its test result obtains To parameter be various modulus rather than embody that material is variable or the nature parameters of immutable feature.

Over nearest more than 30 years, create effect in China and learn.Effect gives expression organic growth evolution one As the equation group of rule, be called and use unity of opposites equation group.I.e.

$\left\{\begin{array}{c}{A}_F+A_T=A\\ A_F=EA\\ A_T=TA\\ E+T=1\\ \mathrm{\α}=\frac{T_t-T_0}{t}\\ \mathrm{\β}=\frac{E_t-E_0}{t}\\ \mathrm{\α}+\mathrm{\β}=0\end{array}\right.,$

In formula, A is called consumption, and A=Ft, F are active force, and t is action time；A_FIt is empty actuating quantity, A_F=F_FT, F_FIt is empty active force；A_TIt is implementation consumption, A_T=F_TT, F_TImplementation is made to exert oneself；E is for wasting time；T is solidity； T₀And T_tIt is called initial solidity respectively and terminates solidity；E₀And E_tIt is called respectively and initially wastes time and termination is wasted time； α and β is called solidity rate of change respectively and wastes time rate of change.Equation group is widely applied in every field.

Learning according to effect, material character concept is redefined, and the parameter characterizing material character obtains Redefining, the experimental test procedures of material character is re-established.Effect is learned and is determined to material character Basic definition: under any action condition, the variable pitch that material shows is the variable properties of material, It is referred to as wasting time, is designated as E；Under any action condition, the immutable degree that material shows be material not Variable properties or resistance character, referred to as solidity, be designated as T.

Summary of the invention

The present invention is directed to people be difficult to recognize material character essence, be difficult to determine and accurately measure material character and refer to Target is not enough, it is provided that the effect method of a kind of material character measurement and measuring instrument thereof.

The technical scheme is that

According to effect learn, in material metaboly exist two fundamental equations, be called respectively deformation equation and Resistance to deformation equation.Wherein,

Deformation equation is

$x={\∫}_0^t({\∫}_0^t\frac{EFdt}{m})dt;$

In formula, x is deflection, i.e. by the deformation displacement of acting surface；F represents active force；E represents by acting surface Variable pitch or claim movable degree；M represents service quality；T expression effect and deformation time.

Resistance equation, also known as hysteresis equation, its mathematic(al) representation is

$x={\∫}_0^t({\∫}_0^t\frac{TFdt}{m})dt;$

In formula, x is hysteresis amount, i.e. not responding displacement, do not generate displacement by acting surface；T represents by acting surface Immutable degree or claim immovable degree；The implication of other amount is ibid.

Owing to deflection and hysteresis amount are formed at the same time, so, describe the integrated equation changed by acting surface and answer This is the conjunction of the two equation, i.e.

Learn according to effect, deform not only relevant with the size of power, and relevant with the size of actuating quantity.Effect Relational expression between amount A and power F is that A=Ft, t represent action time.So, in experiment test, no Relation between stress and strain to be measured, and want actuating quantity that units of measurement accepted by acting surface with should Relation between change.

Assuming that active area is S, active force is F, and stress isThe effect that unit is accepted by acting surface Amount(or).Relational expression between strain stress and stress σ, unit plane actuating quantity δ is

$\mathrm{\ϵ}={\∫}_0^t\[{\∫}_0^t\frac{(E_0+\mathrm{\β}t)\mathrm{\σ}dt}{\mathrm{\ρ}}\]dt+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_0={\∫}_0^t\{{\∫}_0^t\frac{\[1-(T_0+\mathrm{\α}t)\]\mathrm{\σ}dt}{\mathrm{\ρ}}\}dt+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_0.$

In formula, the dimension of strain stress is: rice/rice²；The dimension of stress σ is: Newton/meter²；Unit plane actuating quantity δ Dimension be: Newton-second/rice², δ=σ t；ρ representation unit service quality, its dimension is: kg/m²； (ρ=m/S, m represent service quality；)E₀Represent in experiment test that under effect control material shows The initial value of variable pitch, the initial value i.e. wasted time；β represents the rate of change wasted time；T₀Represent in experiment test The initial value of the immutable degree that material shows, the i.e. initial value of solidity under effect control；α represents real Degree rate of change；T represents action time, is also the strain time；ε₀Represent initial strain amount.This relational expression is used Basic law in research deformation.By an integration, the rate of straining obtaining material (or test specimen) is

$v={\∫}_0^t\frac{(E_0+\mathrm{\β}t)\mathrm{\σ}}{\mathrm{\ρ}}dt={\∫}_0^t\frac{\[1-(T_0+\mathrm{\α}t)\]\mathrm{\σ}}{\mathrm{\ρ}}dt;$

By quadratic integral, the fluctuating acceleration of answering obtaining material (or test specimen) is

$a=\frac{(E_0+\mathrm{\β}t)\mathrm{\σ}}{\mathrm{\ρ}}=\frac{\[1-(T_0+\mathrm{\α}t)\]\mathrm{\σ}}{\mathrm{\ρ}}.$

The material used in engineering or equipment or utensil or instrument, existing owing to be there will be deformation failure by effect As.Just it is no longer able to when material is deformed to a certain degree undertake use task.Do not affect in range Maximum deformation quantity be called ultimate deformation amount.The suitable material of needs or full is used in order to be selected to meet Foot scientific forecasting needs, and people must obtain character and the intensive parameter of material by experiment test means.

Learn according to effect, effect, implementation with, empty effect, material deformation, the solidity of material, waste time between There is following relationship schedule:

A, limit stress and stress, solidity, waste time between unified relationship can express by below equation:

σ_max=T σ=(1-E) σ；

In formula, σ_maxRepresenting the limit stress that material accepts, its dimension is: Newton/meter²；σ represents in experimental test Test specimen accepts applied stress；T represents solidity；E represents and wastes time.This unified form is used for testing, calculating Limit stress.

B, ultimate value δ of accumulation (unit plane accept actuating quantity) of stress_max, stress, solidity, void Unified relationship between degree can be expressed by following equation:

δ_max=T δ=T σ t=(1-E) σ t；

In formula, δ_maxCry again the limit anti-action intensity；T represents by action time (using the time, be also deformation time). This unified form is used for testing, the anti-action intensity of calculating limit.

Unified relationship between c, solidity and stress, real stress can be expressed by below equation:

$T=\frac{{\mathrm{\σ}}_T}{\mathrm{\σ}};$

In formula, σ_TRepresent real applied stress.Real applied stress refers in applied stress for constituting the material of test specimen The stress of effect.This unified form is used for testing, calculating solidity.

D, the unified relationship wasted time between stress, virtual stress can be expressed by below equation:

$E=\frac{{\mathrm{\σ}}_F}{\mathrm{\σ}};$

In formula, σ_FRepresent empty applied stress.Empty applied stress refers in stress for the space composition effect to test specimen Stress.This unified form is used for testing, calculating and waste time.

E, the unity of opposites relational expression wasted time between solidity:

T+E=1；

This formula for research waste time the relationship schedule between solidity and derive research, test, calculate waste time and reality Other method of degree.

F, solidity varying type:

If the initial and stop value of solidity is respectively T₀And T_t, the transformation period of solidity is Δ t=t_t-t₀=t, then There is the rate of change of solidity

$\mathrm{\α}=\frac{T_t-T_0}{t};$

This formula is for studying the Changing Pattern of solidity.

G, waste time varying type:

If the initial and stop value wasted time is respectively E₀And E_t, the transformation period wasted time is Δ t=t_t-t₀=t, then There is the rate of change wasted time

$\mathrm{\β}=\frac{E_t-E_0}{t};$

The Changing Pattern that this formula is wasted time for research.

Solidity and the rate of change sum wasted time are equal to 0.

And the measuring instrument that the method is used, including base, base is provided with timer and two Strut, is provided with pallet between two support bars, and described pallet is constrained on two support bars and can up and down certainly By sliding；Being arranged over loading stone roller at pallet, lower section is provided with dismountable cutter.

Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows: based on effect, implementation is used, void acts on, material Material deformation, the solidity of material, waste time between unified relationship theoretical, give about material resistance intensity with Material is wasted time or the new theory of solidity Study on Problems and new formula, and then solves Experimental Mechanics and can not obtain correctly Material property parameters and resistance intensive parameter, frequently involve irrelevant concept, introduce independent parameter, do nothing Hard, the problems such as reasearch funds are wasted；Utilize relation between the solidity of the strength of materials and applied stress, material New theory and new method, it is adaptable to solve the test of the various strength of materials, calculate and the evaluation of various material character Problem, has filled up the century problem in science that material character science does not the most improve；Measuring instrument is given Be convenient to the measurement of the material property parameters of application, solve traditional mechanics experimental facilities in-convenience in use, The incorrect problem of traditional mechanics nature parameters.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 is to squeezing-deformation experiment schematic diagram；

Fig. 2 is that the internal particle of test specimen connects stress state schematic diagram the affected；

Fig. 3 is environment conceptual schematic view；

Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the measuring instrument of the present invention；

Fig. 5 is the pressure test state diagram of measuring instrument；

Fig. 6 is the cutting test state diagram of measuring instrument.

In the drawings, 1, base；2, timer；3, support bar；4, pallet；5, cutter；6, add Carry stone roller；7, material test specimen.

Detailed description of the invention

Being described principle and the feature of the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, example is served only for explaining this Bright, it is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

One, the effect method that material character is measured

1, the measurement of strain-stress relation universal relation rule

According to the universal relation equation between stress and strain

$\mathrm{\ϵ}={\∫}_0^t\[{\∫}_0^t\frac{(E_0+\mathrm{\β}t)\mathrm{\σ}}{\mathrm{\ρ}}dt\]dt+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_0={\∫}_0^t\{{\∫}_0^t\frac{\[1-(T_0+\mathrm{\α}t)\]\mathrm{\σ}}{\mathrm{\ρ}}dt\}dt+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_0,$

Actual observation or experimental test are measured in equation can measured amount, this tittle is strain stress, working substance Surface density ρ, strain time t, stress σ, some other amount cannot directly be measured, and needs by dividing Analysis calculating obtains.If initially wasted time equal to zero, if i.e. E₀=0, then, relational expression can be reduced to

$\mathrm{\ϵ}={\∫}_0^t\left({\∫}_0^t\frac{\mathrm{\β}\mathrm{\σ}t}{\mathrm{\ρ}}dt\right)dt+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_0.$

If before the initial action moment, material does not accept effect, the most indeformable yet, so, ε₀=0. in this feelings Under condition,

$\mathrm{\ϵ}={\∫}_0^t({\∫}_0^t\frac{\mathrm{\β}\mathrm{\σ}t}{\mathrm{\ρ}}dt)dt.$

By observation or experiment test, and then by analytical calculation, can obtain a series of about material strain, stress, Material character rate of change data, can close in the unification between grasp effect completely, deformation, material character change It it is rule.

2, limit stress and stress, solidity, waste time between the measurement of unified relationship rule

Relation between limit stress and stress and material character needs to take special measuring method to survey Amount.Owing to limit stress is to instigate material in moment or to produce destructive change to a certain degree within a very short time The stress of shape amount, it is desirable to test job first passes through test and determines the size of this limit stress.This is surveyed Examination process is usually to use and gradually loads, until reaching capacity deformation failure, so that it is determined that limit stress Value.

Learn according to effect, if limit stress to be defined as the indeformable maximum effect stress that can bear of material, So, existence function equation between limit stress and stress

σ_max=T σ=(1-E) σ

Determined by unified relationship rule.According to this equation, the overload effect that intensity can be used bigger should Power is tested, and determines solidity T value the most again or wastes time E value, finally by stress value and solidity or waste time substitution Equation σ_max=T σ=(1-E) σ calculates, thus obtains limit stress value.

Waste time with solidity is all with extended durations of action, the increase of actuating quantity and by working substance surrounding Change and the parameter that changes, but certain material its limit stress value under the conditions of specific environment is special Fixed, the size of stress does not changes and changes.Most important in engineer applied often determine limit stress It is worth size.Certainly, the determination of material character Changing Pattern is also necessary.

3, measure material in a specified time, keep the indeformable least action that can resist

Unit plane accepts ultimate value (the anti-action intensity of the limit) δ of actuating quantity_maxIt is to weigh material in a specified time The index of the indeformable least action that can resist of interior holding.Applied stress can not be within moment or short time When making material form ultimate deformation, but when its continuous action to the time period of a fixed length, material will produce Ultimate deformation, no longer keeps serviceable condition.This situation is that stress does not reaches ultimate value, but stress Accumulation has reached ultimate value.According to equation δ_max=T δ=T σ t=(1-E) σ t, the limit anti-action intensity δ_maxWith Accumulation δ=σ the t of stress is directly proportional, and is directly proportional to solidity T of material.According to this relationship schedule, use phase Same applied stress σ carries out continuous action to different materials, measures its time length forming ultimate deformation.By Before being formed at ultimate deformation, solidity is always equal to 1, i.e. T=1 always sets up, and wastes time always equal to 0, I.e. E=0 always sets up, so, the anti-action intensity of the limit of material is

δ_max=σ t_max.

In formula, t_maxRepresent the ultimate deformation time of material.

4, material solidity and wasting time and the measurement of Changing Pattern

Under specific function environment, specific function mode, specific stress effect, the solidity of material with wasting time is Specifically；Material is under specific function environment, specific function mode, specific stress effect, during along with effect Between prolongation and the deformation of material, its solidity and waste time and will change accordingly；When environment, effect side When formula and applied stress change, the solidity of material changes accordingly with wasting time.

, material solidity and the measurement wasted time under specific function

Under same action condition, solidity that different materials shows or waste time difference, according to this rule, Suitable material can be selected by experiment test means in engineer applied, can in hazard prediction is studied Scientific forecasting is carried out with the solidity according to variant or the difference wasted time.

Material solidity and the measuring method wasted time are as follows with step:

Select a kind of specific effect；Respectively different materials is acted on this specific function；Record is made Firmly, action time, deflection or Light deformation amount；Calculate stress, real stress, virtual stress；Calculating solidity, Waste time.The general formulae of solidity computational analysis is

$T=\frac{{\mathrm{\σ}}_T}{\mathrm{\σ}};$

The general formulae wasting time computational analysis is

$E=\frac{{\mathrm{\σ}}_F}{\mathrm{\σ}}.$

Owing to effect phenomenon and the metaboly effect of observing are learned about the rule disclosed in effect unity of opposites equation group Rule, so, concrete testing research can determine analytical calculation solidity and the tool wasted time as the case may be Body method and equation, refer to the bright patent in side of Patent No. 201310012898.X to certain methods out.

The measuring method citing of material solidity and solidity:

The action method of experimental selection is to carry out test specimen to extruding, as shown in Figure 1.Making to extruding Under firmly F and R controls, cylinder specimen is pressed into truncated cone-shaped.Wherein, F is active role power；R is By dynamic deformation from motion (inhibition amount)；Active role face area is S；Passive acting surface area is S ＇, S ＇=S； The stress accepted by acting surface is

$\mathrm{\σ}=\frac{F}{S};$

Compress variation is Δ h；By action time be also deformation time be t；Please the solidity of analytical calculation test specimen and wasting time.

Analytical calculation:

The stress that test specimen accepts isWherein, virtual stress is σ_F=ρ a；A for answering fluctuating acceleration, ρ is working substance surface density,M is the quality of effect object.

Test specimen waste time for

The solidity of test specimen is T=1-E.

It practice, the stress state that in deformable body, homologous pints does not accepts is different.As in figure 2 it is shown, acting surface The applied stress σ that upper i-th point accepts_iPass to components of stress σ of kth particle in jth wavefront surface_ijkWith σ_iBetween relational expression be

σ_ijk=σ_icosα_ijk,

In formula, α_ijkIt is σ_ijkWith σ_iBetween angle.It will be apparent that the kth particle in wavefront surface j accepts to carry out self-applying On face, the resultant of each applied stress component is

${\mathrm{\σ}}_{jk}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{s}{\Σ}}{\mathrm{\σ}}_i{\mathrm{cos\α}}_{ijk}.$

This is the deformation displacement of the why internal particle of test specimen and the reason varied in size by particle displacement on acting surface: The stress that on the stress resultant acting surface that various places inside particle accepts, particle accepts is different, and the performance of its character is corresponding Occur as soon as difference.

, the measurement of material character rate of change

Wasting time with solidity is the physical quantity measuring material transmutability with immutableness, is not to deposit pure tolerance material The physical quantity of self character.Waste time relevant with the character of material itself with solidity, also relevant with effect, also it is subject to Environmental constraints.This just defines material and wastes time the polytropy feature with solidity character.Waste time or solidity is a kind of The physical quantity that variability is the strongest, the factor that its value produces impact is the most.The compaction rate of material itself, Intact degree, internal structure structure, shape size, by action intensity size and Orientation, model of action method, Acting duration length, destructiveness, deformation locus form and spread space size, outer space environment And physical environment, all of these factors taken together the most directly controls to waste time the value index with solidity.Exactly because wasting time It is the physical quantity with polytropy with solidity, just makes people have to its variation characteristic and rule and carry out greatly Quantity research.Based on mechanics, for a long time, people have carried out numerous studies to the mechaanical property of materials, although degree Figureofmerit is not accurate enough, but material character under effect is also obtained and recognizes deeply by people on experiment basis Know.But, due to mechanics material acted on and the character that changes is lacked correct understanding, so, always Do not find correct method and the means of testing of unified research material qualitative change rule.

Grasp material and waste time the Changing Pattern with solidity, to solve engineering problem and scientific forecasting problem be all to Close important, waste time as follows with the measuring method of solidity rate of change to this end, the present invention is further elucidated with material:

The most gradually measurement of material character Changing Pattern under loading environment

Under the conditions of model of action and environment determine, gradually loading model of action test material is used to waste time Changing Pattern with solidity.Its test methods and procedures: loading stress increase to from σ=1 kilogram σ=2 kilogram, σ=3 kilogram ..., by measure often increase by 1 kilogram of stress time correspondence produce dependent variable, virtual stress, Real stress, the strain time, and then calculate often increase by 1 kilogram of stress corresponding waste time value and solidity value；Then According to wasting time varying typeWith solidity varying typeCalculate acquisition waste time rate of change β and Solidity rate of change α.

2. the measurement of material character Changing Pattern under model of action change condition

Under stress intensity is constant, model of action changes, as by pressing, cut, the change of the model of action such as curved, torsion, Waste time accordingly and will change with solidity.By experiment test and computational analysis, various material will be grasped and exist Character under different model of action and Changing Pattern thereof.

3. the measurement of material character Changing Pattern under environment change condition

Environment refers to space and the physical environment of surrounding materials, the orientation existed such as surrounding space or material, With the close character by effect object relationship.As it is shown in figure 5, two test specimen homogeneity similar shapes of a, b, but a examination Part is placed directly on ground, and b test specimen has been transferred two and supported object.It will be apparent that this can cause two test specimens to produce Raw deformation is different: a test specimen will not be formed and significantly bend deformation, but b test specimen will form significantly bending Deformation.Accordingly, wasting time of two test specimens also there will be difference with solidity: wasting time of two test specimens is corresponding different.

In material character Changing Pattern is studied, can convert as required by the environment property to material Qualitative change law is tested.

4. the assay method of relationship schedule between material thickness variation and material character change

The character of material is also had an impact by material thickness or material size.Such as, the steel plate that one piece of thickness is bigger The steel plate relatively thin with one piece, although homogeneity, but its bend resistance character performance difference.Variable or immutableness Matter also has other one layer of implication: the intensity of variation of globality or do not have intensity of variation.If thickness is very big, its table The obvious deformation that face occurs but is a least rate of change.Such as, thickness is the earth's crust of 60 kilometers, its ground Surface occurs in that the tomography of 1 kilometer of degree of depth, its relatively waste time intoIf this tomography The time generated is 10 years, then, the rate of change that at this, earth's crust is wasted time is

Visible, the rate of change wasted time is the least.If CRUSTAL THICKNESS only has 10 kilometers at this, it wastes time rate of change For

It is the most much larger that it wastes time rate of change.

By homogeneity, different-thickness or size material are tested, it appeared that it wastes time rate of change and reality There is very big difference in degree rate of change, and, this difference of different materials is the most different.

5, the value research method with solidity is wasted time

With solidity, there is polytropy owing to wasting time, and, under a certain effect, wasting time with solidity also of material There will be continually varying difference numerical value, so, must rationally choosing value when material character is measured in research.Choosing The basic skills of value is to discriminate between the qualitative change under effect controls and the qualitative change under non-active control.Non-work The qualitative change of object after effect is cancelled is generally referred to the qualitative change under controlling.

In order to demonstrate the qualitative change under non-active control, analyze non-active below as a example by Elastic Oscillator The process of control lower spring qualitative change:

Elastic Oscillator moves under a certain effect triggers, and spring deforms.After effect is cancelled, elastic vibrating Son keeps vibrational state, and spring remains in that continuous modification state.

Assume the trigger action amount triggering spring oscillator vibration by quality be M, movement velocity be the moving object of U Body produces, and its actuating quantity is A₀=MU；The quality of spring oscillator is m, and M is at moment impact m, and m is in wink Between obtain momentum be A_T0=mv=T₀A₀；M obtain momentum, change motion of short duration in a flash, m is at once Spring is acted on, forces camber of spring.Therefore, the actuating quantity controlling camber of spring is A=A_T0=mv=T₀A₀；After spring is acted on, on the one hand produce elastic deformation amount x, on the other hand produce bullet Property inhibition amount.Elastic inhibition phenomenon occurs along with the generation of effect phenomenon, also with effect phenomenon Change and change.At the initial time that effect phenomenon occurs, i.e. as t=0, the deformation velocity (bullet of spring The movement velocity of property oscillator) v_t=v, resistance R=0, inhibition amountControl Elastic Oscillator The actuating quantity of motion is A=mv, and the empty actuating quantity controlling spring oscillator motion is A_F=mv, controls spring oscillator The implementation consumption of motion is A_T=-A_R=0.

The initially deformation of spring is that effect outside controls lower formation, but effect outside is cancelled rear spring and still protected Hold the state of constantly deformation.I.e. initial, under effect domination outside, spring from 0 mechanical periodicity to four molecules one Cycle.Learn according to effect, outside the wasting time when the time is t=0 cycle of effect lower spring

$E=\frac{A_F}{A}=\frac{mv}{mv}=\frac{v}{v}=1$

The time of changing to isTime

$E=\frac{A_F}{A}=\frac{{\mathrm{mv}}_t}{mv}=\frac{0}{v}=0;$

The solidity of spring is when the time is t=0 cycle

$T=\frac{A_T}{A}=\frac{-A_R}{A}=\frac{0}{v}=0$

The time of changing to isTime

$T=\frac{A_T}{A}=\frac{-A_R}{A}=\frac{v}{v}=1.$

After effect is cancelled, spring is still in deformation.When time of vibration isTime, the motion speed of Elastic Oscillator Degree is v_t=-v, inhibition amountThe actuating quantity controlling spring oscillator motion is A=mv, The empty actuating quantity controlling spring oscillator motion is A_F=mv_t=-mv, the implementation consumption controlling spring oscillator motion is A_T=-A_RTherefore, wasting time of spring is=2mv.

$E=\frac{A_F}{A}=\frac{{\mathrm{mv}}_t}{mv}=\frac{-v}{v}=-1,$

The solidity of spring is

$T=\frac{A_T}{A}=\frac{-A_R}{A}=\frac{2v}{v}=2;$

When the time of spring vibration it isTime, movement velocity v of spring oscillator_t=0, inhibition amountThe actuating quantity controlling Elastic Oscillator motion is A=mv, controls the empty effect of Elastic Oscillator motion Amount is A_F=mv_t=0, the implementation consumption controlling spring oscillator motion is A_T=-A_R=mv. therefore, spring Waste time and be

$E=\frac{A_F}{A}=\frac{{\mathrm{mv}}_t}{mv}=\frac{0}{v}=0,$

The solidity of spring is

$T=\frac{A_T}{A}=\frac{-A_R}{A}=\frac{v}{v}=1;$

When the spring vibration time is t=1 cycle, movement velocity v of spring oscillator_t=v, inhibition amountThe actuating quantity controlling spring oscillator motion is A=mv, controls the empty work of spring oscillator motion Consumption is A_F=mv_t=mv, the implementation consumption controlling spring oscillator motion is A_T=-A_R=0. therefore, spring Waste time and be

$E=\frac{A_F}{A}=\frac{{\mathrm{mv}}_t}{mv}=\frac{0}{v}=1,$

The solidity of spring is

$T=\frac{A_T}{A}=\frac{-A_R}{A}=\frac{0}{v}=0;$

Now, spring oscillator completes a vibration period.

Being learnt by above analytical calculation, Elastic Oscillator has continually varying to waste time value during elastic deformation With continually varying solidity value.So, why which waste time value be characterize spring property waste time value？Which Solidity value is the solidity value characterizing spring property？This problem should there be is clear and definite answer.

Owing to wasting time with solidity by acting on generation, so, its value is always intended to contact with effect.That is, spring Show when being deformed under effect controls outside waste time value and solidity value is only the finger measuring its character Mark, it is not just to measure its character that wasting time with solidity of showing in rear spring continuous deformation is cancelled in outer effect Really index.Therefore, spring wastes time only one of which value under specific function, corresponding solidity value also only Individual.Learning according to effect, wasting time of spring can be calculated by following formula:

$E=\frac{x}{vt}.$

In formula, x represents the maximum displacement that Elastic Oscillator produces under effect control；V represents that Elastic Oscillator is Big velocity of displacement；Therefore, no matter elastic deformation or plastic deformation, its span is all in t=cycle/4. The constant interval of the number from 0 to 1, i.e. solidity is T [0,1], and the constant interval wasted time is E [1,0]. but shaking Can occur wasting time from-1 to 1 during Dong, solidity from 0 to 2 continually varying phenomenons, but its deficiency and excess degree Most data of value all cannot be used for doing the index of tolerance material character.

Two, the measuring instrument that the effect method that material character is measured is used

As shown in Figure 4, the effect measuring instrument that used of method that a kind of material character is measured, by base 1, Timer 2, pallet 4, loading stone roller 6, support bar 3 and cutter 5 are constituted.Wherein, timer 2 is used for Measure time and the deformation time of loading effect in experiment；Load active force by the gravity loading stone roller 6 determined Determine；The deflection on-the-spot test of time, record；The deficiency and excess degree of material test specimen 7 and change thereof are by even The data that continuous experiment obtains carry out researching and analysing and calculating acquisition；Material test specimen 7 can be resisted in moment Big stress is obtained by measuring and calculation；The maximum effect intensity that material test specimen 7 can bear in a period of time is The integration amount of action time is also determined in experimental test by the applied stress before there is ultimate deformation.

The measuring method with solidity and rate of change and the strength of materials wasted time by material is by the most most basic unification Determine with the law of unity of opposites, be not think the method that can create.The most most basic unification is with right Vertical unified rule is unification and the law of unity of opposites of effect.Determined by this basic law, the survey of deficiency and excess degree Metering method has a lot, is not fixed model.When solving material character test problem, it is usually according to tool The feature of body problem selects suitable method of testing and analysis calculation method.Wherein, the main root of method of testing According to tested material being determined by operative condition in use.By operative condition include the size by active force, Continue or the aspect such as intermittence, model of action, use environment.The selection of analysis calculation method is main according to The convenience that the amount of knowing obtains.Such as, in compression phenomenon, active role power or actuating quantity easily determine, The quality of actor the most easily makes it be known quantity, and deflection easily records, action time namely deformation time Can record, therefore, it can the relational expression according to wasting time between actuating quantity, empty actuating quantity and calculate.That is,

$E=\frac{A_F}{A}=\frac{{\∫}_0^t{F}_{F}dt}{{\∫}_0^{t}Fdt},$

Wherein, empty actuating quantity A_FAnd the relational expression between compress variation x, deformation time t isVirtual force F_FAnd the relational expression between x, t isM is service quality；Actuating quantity A is equal to the pressure applied F is long-pending, i.e. to the integration of deformation time tProduce under effect if can directly measure in actual measurement The velocity of displacement v of raw deformation displacement particle, and can determine that resistance R value and by active area S and by actor Matter surface density ρ, then, analysis below calculation procedure can be used: first calculate empty actuating quantity: A_F=ρ Sv； Calculate actuating quantity again: when adding implementation consumption, implementation consumption equal to resistance pair according to actuating quantity equal to empty actuating quantity Between the rule of negative value of integration,Finally according to formulaIt is calculated void Degree E value.Solidity T value be typically based on waste time add solidity equal to 1 rule try to achieve, i.e. T=1-E. is in office What model of action and under the conditions of can find suitable analysis calculation method, can determine and waste time accordingly With solidity value.Wherein, the corresponding power of solidity is long-pending equal to corresponding resistance ability.In general, exist Under overload effect, ultralimit deformation is when occurring, is calculated analytically the long-pending equal to the limit of the solidity that obtains and power Anti-active force.

The present invention gives test compression deformation and the test instrunment of cutting deformation material character, can be convenient to On-the-spot test in engineering uses.For convenience of calculation, the present invention have selected loading stone roller and loads hydrostatic pressure side Formula.

The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention, all the present invention's Within spirit and principle, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvement etc. made, should be included in the present invention's Within protection domain.

Claims (3)

1. the effect method that a material character is measured, it is characterised in that learn according to effect, deformation is not only Relevant with the size of power, and relevant with the size of actuating quantity；Assuming that active area is S, active force is F, Stress isThe actuating quantity that unit is accepted by acting surface isThen strain stress and stress σ, unit Relational expression between actuating quantity δ of face is

$\mathrm{\ϵ}={\∫}_0^t\[{\∫}_0^t\frac{(E_0+\mathrm{\β}t)\mathrm{\σ}dt}{\mathrm{\ρ}}\]dt+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_0={\∫}_0^t\left\{{\∫}_0^t\frac{\[1-(T_0+\mathrm{\α}t)\]\mathrm{\σ}dt}{\mathrm{\ρ}}\right\}dt+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_0;$

In formula, the dimension of strain stress is: rice/rice²；The dimension of stress σ is: Newton/meter²；Unit plane effect The dimension of amount δ is: Newton-second/rice², δ=σ t；ρ=m/S representation unit service quality, its dimension is: thousand Grams m²；E₀Represent in experiment test the initial value of the variable pitch that material shows under effect control, The initial value i.e. wasted time；β represents the rate of change wasted time；T₀Represent in experiment test material list under effect control Reveal the initial value of the immutable degree come, the i.e. initial value of solidity；α represents solidity rate of change；T represents work With the time, it also it is the strain time；ε₀Represent initial strain amount；

Learn according to effect, effect, implementation with, empty effect, material deformation, the solidity of material, waste time between There is following relationship schedule:

A, limit stress and stress, solidity, waste time between unified form

σ_max=T σ=(1-E) σ；

In formula, σ_maxRepresenting the limit stress that material accepts, its dimension is: Newton/meter², σ represents experiment examination Testing middle test specimen and accept applied stress, T represents that solidity, E represent and wastes time, this unified form by testing, based on Calculate limit stress；

B, ultimate value δ of accumulation (unit plane accept actuating quantity) of stress_max, stress, solidity, void Unified form between degree

δ_max=T δ=T σ t=(1-E) σ t；

In formula, δ_maxCrying again the limit anti-action intensity, t represents by action time, and this unified form is used for surveying Examination, the anti-action intensity of calculating limit；

Unified form between c, solidity and stress, real stress

$T=\frac{{\mathrm{\σ}}_T}{\mathrm{\σ}};$

In formula, σ_TRepresent real applied stress, refer to the stress for the material composition effect to test specimen in applied stress, This unified form is used for testing, calculating solidity；

D, the unified form wasted time between stress, virtual stress

$E=\frac{{\mathrm{\σ}}_F}{\mathrm{\σ}};$

In formula, σ_FRepresent empty applied stress, refer to the stress for the space composition effect to test specimen in stress, should Unified form is used for testing, calculating and waste time；

E, the unity of opposites relational expression wasted time between solidity

T+E=1；

This unified form is wasted time the relationship schedule between solidity for research and derives research, tests, calculates Waste time other method with solidity；

F, solidity varying type

If the initial and stop value of solidity is respectively T₀And T_t, the transformation period of solidity is Δ t=t_t-t₀=t, then There is the rate of change of solidity

$\mathrm{\α}=\frac{T_t-T_0}{t};$

This formula is for studying the Changing Pattern of solidity；

G, waste time varying type

If the initial and stop value wasted time is respectively E₀And E_t, the transformation period wasted time is Δ t=t_t-t₀=t, then There is the rate of change wasted time

$\mathrm{\β}=\frac{E_t-E_0}{t};$

The Changing Pattern that this formula is wasted time for research；

Solidity and the rate of change sum wasted time are equal to 0.

2. the measuring instrument that the effect method that material character as claimed in claim 1 is measured is used, It is characterized in that: include base (1), base (1) be provided with timer (2) and two support bars (3), Being provided with pallet (4) between two support bars (3), described pallet (4) is constrained in two support bars (3) Go up and can freely up and down slide；It is arranged over loading stone roller (6) at pallet (4).

Measuring instrument the most according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: install in pallet (4) lower section There are dismountable cutter (5).