CN105790408A - 高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统 - Google Patents

高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统 Download PDF

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CN105790408A
CN105790408A CN201610280247.2A CN201610280247A CN105790408A CN 105790408 A CN105790408 A CN 105790408A CN 201610280247 A CN201610280247 A CN 201610280247A CN 105790408 A CN105790408 A CN 105790408A
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fuel cell
output
lithium battery
exchange membrane
proton exchange
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CN105790408B (zh
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卢华歆
李奇
何清晏
胡晓
杨斯媛
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Southwest Jiaotong University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/32—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the fuel cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H02J1/108—Parallel operation of dc sources using diodes blocking reverse current flow
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/157—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators with digital control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/30—The power source being a fuel cell
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
    • Y02T10/92—Energy efficient charging or discharging systems for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors specially adapted for vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

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  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

本发明公开了一种高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统，燃料电池输出接入一个升降压DC/DC变换器输出后与燃料电池并联。其中DC/DC变换器采用三模式双频双沿的控制策略。将由MOS管控制器与MOS管组成的低压降智能二极管串联在燃料电池输出级与母线之间，起到防止燃料电池电流倒灌的作用，同时最大程度上减小了正向损耗。在控制方面，采用M4单片机进行多个输入输出节点的综合控制，在保证燃料电池平稳输出的前提下，通过锂电池充放电的形式补偿功率输出、回收多余能量。

Description

高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统
技术领域
本发明涉及电力电子技术、新能源的应用领域，特别涉及新型的高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统。
背景技术
近年来，环境污染问题日益严重。随着资源的逐渐枯竭与环境的日益恶化，清洁能源和可再生能源受到了广泛的关注。氢能是一种环境友好型的能源，排放物中无有害物质，而燃料电池可将氢气的化学能直接转化为电能。
由于燃料电池的伏安特性较软且输出功率响应较慢，在功率密度变化较快的场合不能迅速做出反应，因此单独使用燃料电池进行供电很难满足实际生产的需求。为了弥补燃料电池自身输出特性的不足，通常采用燃料电池与辅助动力源相结合的混合动力系统。目前，燃料电池和辅助动力源间的组合方式较多，能量管理策略也各有不同。90年代以来，众多汽车公司致力于燃料电池混合动力机车的研制，并取得了丰硕成果。此外，燃料电池混合动力系统在军事和航天领域也应用广泛。
普通的燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统结构复杂，采用多个DC/DC变换器进行控制，增大了损耗，降低了整体效率。此外，普遍采用的串联二极管对燃料电池进行防倒灌保护的方案，不仅存在正向导通损耗过大的问题，还存在普通二极管容易被击穿等隐患。一些拓扑结构相对简单的混合动力系统存在控制方法不足等缺点，因此母线电压的波动较大，对负载造成不利的影响，同时无法适应输出功率波动较大的场合。因此，设计出一种全新的高效混合动力系统，其具有较高的应用价值和经济效益，具有相当广阔的市场前景。
发明内容
鉴于现有技术的以上缺点，本发明的目的是，设计出一种新型的高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统，适用于家庭汽车、二轮车等小功率交通工具，能有效对能量进行分配与管理。当负载的功率需求变化时，锂电池能快速跟踪负载的功率变化，起到对功率削峰填谷的作用；而燃料电池的输出功率波动较小且变化很慢，处于较为稳定的输出状态。混合动力系统大大提高了整体的效率，并减小系统体积，可应用在多个领域。
本发明的目的是通过如下的手段实现的：一种高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统，燃料电池输出接入一个升降压DCDC变换器输出后串联智能二极管SD再与锂电池LC并联；控制器MCU进行多个输入输出节点的综合控制；升降压DCDC变换器采用四开关Buck-Boost拓补，由ABCD四个MOS管与电感L组成；A、B两个MOS管构成BUCK电路，C、D两个MOS管构成BOOST电路，其输出端连接智能二极管SD。
由一个MOS管控制器与一个MOS管构成作为低压降的智能二极管SD串联在燃料电池输出级与母线之间。
控制器MCU实时监测数据并使用串级PID控制器调整母线电压的钳位值，进行整体控制。
控制器MCU通过三模式双频双沿的控制方法对升降压DC/DC变换器进行控制。
与现有技术相比，本发明技术的有益效果是：
1)采用多种技术手段，如以智能二极管代替普通二极管、采用四开关拓扑的升降压DC/DC变换器等，提高系统整体效率的同时也提高了系统的控制性能。
2)整个系统仅采用一个升降压DC/DC变换器，拓扑结构简单有效，大大减少了元件数目，缩减成本的同时增强了系统的稳定性。
3)使用串级PID控制算法对母线电压进行调整，具有响应快、超调量小等优点，即使在功率需求大幅变化甚至阶跃变化时同样能维持燃料电池的平稳输出并提供所需功率。
附图说明
图1是混合动力系统的拓扑结构图。
图2是本系统采用的升降压四开关Buck-Boost电路拓扑。
图3是系统的能量管理控制框图。
具体实施方式
混合动力系统的拓扑结构如图1所示。燃料电池(FCsystem)和锂电池(LC:lithiumcell)组成的混合动力系统能够充分利用燃料电池能量密度高和锂电池动态响应快的特点。由于燃料电池系统输出的是未经调整的直流电，因此需要级联DC/DC变换器(DC/DCconverter)才能实现系统的正常工作。为防止燃料电池电流倒灌，在DC/DC变换器后还需串联一个智能二极管SD(smartdiode)，该二极管由TI公司生产的反极性保护智能二极管控制器LM74610与MOSFET组成，当电路发生反向极性时，控制器关断MOSFET，防止锂电池电流倒灌入燃料电池，并避免了传统方案串联二极管造成的功率损耗较大等问题。锂电池直接与系统的直流母线相连接。图1中iFC为燃料电池经过DC/DC变换器稳压后的输出电流，iB为锂电池的输出电流，iO为负载电流，其中iB的方向随需求功率改变，当需求功率较大时，iB流出锂电池，锂电池处于放电状态；当需求功率较小时，iB流入锂电池，锂电池处于充电状态。
整个系统的主体为燃料电池后接的DC/DC变换器。采用四开关Buck-Boost拓扑，其结构如图2所示。由A、B、C、D四个MOSEFET管与电感L组成。A、B两个MOSEFET管构成BUCK电路，C、D两个MOSEFET管构成BOOST电路，该拓扑电路输出电压Vout既可以比输入电压Vin高，也可以比其低，即具有升降压功能。该拓扑结构同时还具有开关管电压应力低、输入输出电压同极性等优点。
图3是系统的能量管理控制算法框图。通过数据采集电路(电流采集电路可采用ACS712电流传感器方案，电压采集电路采用串联电阻分压方案)采集燃料电池的输出节点J1的电压、电流，锂电池和母线连接的节点J2的电压、电流，对整个系统采用电流控制环和电压控制环的两级PI控制，电流控制环的输入量包括锂电池电流iLi、燃料电池输出电流iFc，以及通过对燃料电池以及锂电池的性能分析得到的参考值iref。电压控制环的输入量包括母线电压、负载的额定电压Uref。经过两级PI运算后，将控制变量转化为控制DC/DC变换器的PWM的占空比，并通过单片机MCU内部的PWM发生器来发出PWM，以此来改变DC/DC的运行状况。通过电压控制环稳定燃料电池的输出电压，并改变燃料电池与锂电池的输出功率比。通过电流控制环引入电流钳位，将燃料电池的输出电流限定在很小的变化范围内，基本实现燃料电池的恒功率输出，从而延长燃料电池的使用寿命。对锂电池的电流控制可以防止锂电池过度充电，避免安全事故的发生。因此，通过对DC/DC变换器的控制，可以实现混合动力系统中能量的分配与管理。

Claims (4)

1.一种高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统，其特征在于,燃料电池(FC)输出接入一个升降压DCDC变换器(DCDC)输出后串联智能二极管(SD)再与锂电池(LC)并联；控制器(MCU)进行多个输入输出节点的综合控制；升降压DCDC变换器采用四开关Buck-Boost拓补，由ABCD四个MOS管与电感(L)组成；A、B两个MOS管构成BUCK电路，C、D两个MOS管构成BOOST电路，其输出端连接智能二极管(SD)。
2.如权利要求1所述的高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统，其特征在于:由一个MOS管控制器与一个MOS管构成作为低压降的智能二极管(SD)串联在燃料电池输出级与母线之间。
3.如权利要求1所述的高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统，其特征在于:控制器(MCU)实时监测数据并使用串级PID控制器调整母线电压的钳位值，进行整体控制。
4.如权利要求1所述的高效小功率质子交换膜燃料电池与锂电池混合动力系统，其特征在于:控制器(MCU)通过三模式双频双沿的控制方法对升降压DC/DC变换器进行控制。
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