CN105781558A - Pollution-free tunnel excavator - Google Patents

Pollution-free tunnel excavator Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105781558A
CN105781558A CN201610187884.5A CN201610187884A CN105781558A CN 105781558 A CN105781558 A CN 105781558A CN 201610187884 A CN201610187884 A CN 201610187884A CN 105781558 A CN105781558 A CN 105781558A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
pressure
valve
cylinder
exhaust solenoid
solenoid valve
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Pending
Application number
CN201610187884.5A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
时建华
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to CN201610187884.5A priority Critical patent/CN105781558A/en
Publication of CN105781558A publication Critical patent/CN105781558A/en
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/202—Mechanical transmission, e.g. clutches, gears
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
    • E02F9/2264—Arrangements or adaptations of elements for hydraulic drives
    • E02F9/2267—Valves or distributors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B33/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps for charging or scavenging
    • F02B33/44—Passages conducting the charge from the pump to the engine inlet, e.g. reservoirs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B33/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps for charging or scavenging
    • F02B33/44—Passages conducting the charge from the pump to the engine inlet, e.g. reservoirs
    • F02B33/443—Heating of charging air, e.g. for facilitating the starting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B65/00—Adaptations of engines for special uses not provided for in groups F02B61/00 or F02B63/00; Combinations of engines with other devices, e.g. with non-driven apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D13/00—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
    • F02D13/02—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
    • F02D13/0203—Variable control of intake and exhaust valves
    • F02D13/0215—Variable control of intake and exhaust valves changing the valve timing only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/02—Cylinders; Cylinder heads  having cooling means
    • F02F1/10—Cylinders; Cylinder heads  having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/14—Cylinders with means for directing, guiding or distributing liquid stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F3/00—Pistons 
    • F02F3/0015—Multi-part pistons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M31/00—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M31/02—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating
    • F02M31/04—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating combustion-air or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M31/042—Combustion air

Abstract

The invention discloses a pollution-free tunnel excavator. The pollution-free tunnel excavator comprises an excavator body, a first driving arm, a second driving arm, an excavation bucket, a roller-track and an engine system, wherein the excavator body, the first driving arm, the second driving arm and the excavation bucket are sequentially connected, the roller-track is mounted below the excavator body, and the engine system is used for driving the roller-track so as to drive the excavator to move. The tunnel excavator has the advantages that the excavator is simple in structure, free of waste gas pollution, energy-saving, environment-friendly and the like.

Description

A kind of pollution-free tunnel excavator
Technical field
The present invention relates to tunnelling field, be specifically related to a kind of pollution-free tunnel excavator.
Background technology
In constructing tunnel engineering, the excavation in tunnel is a critically important branch.The quality of excavation, speed etc. all can shadows Ring the progress to successive projects.Existing tunnelling instrument, mostly uses the excavating gear of movable type, is so convenient to improve The motility of construction.But in these digging tools, owing to commonly using internal combustion engine, it is higher to there is energy consumption in former capital, The problems such as exhaust emission is more serious.
Summary of the invention
For the problems referred to above, the present invention provides a kind of pollution-free tunnel excavator.
The purpose of the present invention realizes by the following technical solutions:
A kind of pollution-free tunnel excavator, is characterized in that, including body, first drive arm, second drive arm, Excavating bucket, Roller-crawler belt and engine system, described body, the first driving arm, the second driving arm and Excavating bucket are sequentially connected, and roll wheel-track Band is arranged on below body, and described engine system is used for driving rolls-crawler belt, thus drives excavator to move；Described start Machine system includes air pressure pump, compressed air cylinder, air inlet electromagnetic valve, electromotor, exhaust solenoid valve, heat-exchange system and control system System, described compressed air cylinder inside division is the higher-pressure region being disposed over and the low-pressure area being arranged below, the one of higher-pressure region End is connected with described air pressure pump by high pressure entry valve, and the other end passes through high-pressure outlet valve and described air inlet electromagnetic valve phase Even, one end of low-pressure area is connected with described air pressure pump by low-pressure inlet valve, and the other end passes sequentially through inlet non return check valve, low Pressure outlet valve is connected with described air inlet electromagnetic valve, and air inlet electromagnetic valve provides high pressure or the compressed air of low pressure to described electromotor； Described air inlet electromagnetic valve and exhaust solenoid valve are the guide electromagnetic valve of dead electricity normally closed type；
Also include switching relief pipeline, one end of switching relief pipeline and described high-pressure outlet valve and described low tension outlet valve Between pipeline be connected, the other end is connected with the top of described low-pressure area, switches on relief pipeline and is provided with pressure release electromagnetic valve, when From high pressure toward low pressure switch time, after high-pressure outlet valve cuts out, first force value p1 on pipeline after detection high-pressure outlet valve, and It being compared with the pressure p 2 of low-pressure area, as p1 ＞ p2, opened by pressure release electromagnetic valve, the pressure in switching relief valve is let out rapidly To low-pressure area, when p1≤p2 being detected, close pressure release electromagnetic valve, and open air inlet electromagnetic valve；Described switching relief pipeline Caliber be higher-pressure region outlet caliber 1/4；
Described electromotor includes cylinder, piston, the bent axle that is connected with piston, and bent axle includes crank, connecting rod and flywheel, flywheel It is arranged on one end of bent axle；Described exhaust solenoid valve is arranged on the exhaustor on waste pipe road, after exhaust solenoid valve Road is divided into two-way, and a road is directly arranged air or goes refrigeration system, and regulation valve of separately leading up to enters thermoregulator, for right Outlet hot water's temperature of thermoregulator；Described heat-exchange system includes thermoregulator that form is pipe heat exchanger, is arranged in Pre-thermal sleeve on the pipeline of the air inlet electromagnetic valve left and right sides, the heating muff being arranged on cylinder, the heating heat of thermoregulator Constantly being supplied water to pre-thermal sleeve and heating muff by heat-exchanger pump in source, the hot water after heating flows out through the outlet of sleeve pipe；Described gas Being additionally provided with aluminum dividing plate on the outer casing wall of cylinder, aluminum dividing plate is annular, is arranged between outer casing wall and heating muff, and aluminum dividing plate leads to Cross multiple spaced apart circumference heat conduction fixed body be fixed on outer casing wall, between adjacent two circumferential heat conduction fixed bodies outside Also being arranged at intervals with 3 on casing wall and be folded to the baffle that angle is 45 °, the height of described baffle is the 2/ of circumferentially fixed height 3；On aluminum dividing plate, the staggered current-sharing mouth of a river being disposed with multiple circle, the inner surface of aluminum dividing plate is provided with multiple spaced apart convex Block, the height of projection is 1/5 of the distance between aluminum dividing plate and outer casing wall；The upper surface of described piston be additionally provided with multiple upwards The plunger of protruding cone, the surface of plunger is provided with the spiral salient that multiple adjoining spiral is in opposite direction；Described piston Overall in cylinder, its center outer surface is provided with the cannelure of a depression, cannelure is disposed with multiple being spaced Fixing slot, fixing slot is connected with soft thing, described soft thing is through the gap piston and cylinder and cylinder Wall contacts, the distance between adjacent two described fixing slot is h；
The axle head of described bent axle is provided with Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder, for the rotational angle of bent axle is converted to phase The umber of pulse answered, provides the corner α numerical value of bent axle with the form of count pulse to the controller of air motor；Described controller Record the gas pressure in the cylinder detected by pressure transducer, and the gas in the cylinder detected by temperature sensor Temperature after temperature, exhaust solenoid valve before temperature, exhaust solenoid valve；After enabling signal is come, increment type increment photoelectric rotary coding Device detection crank angle value, when it reaches the initial charge angle [alpha] of setting0Time, open air inlet electromagnetic valve；Inspection the most in real time Survey temperature T1 and exhaust solenoid valve before crank angle α, the pressure p of cylinder interior gas, cylinder interior gas temperature T, exhaust solenoid valve Rear temperature T2, controller is calculated as follows obtains pressure at expulsion priori value according to gas equation and the crank angle relation of air P ':Wherein r is the length of crank, L is the length of connecting rod, and n is polytropic coefficient, and T ' is cylinder interior gas temperature during a upper loop ends, and T1 ' is a upper circulation knot Temperature before exhaust solenoid valve during bundle, λ1Being the first invariant, if being currently the first circulation, closing from command of execution isothermal air inlet Closed termAs pressure at expulsion priori value p ' >=k1 × k2 × pomTime close air inlet electromagnetism Valve, wherein pomFor the specified unlatching pressure of exhaust solenoid valve,For the threshold values pressure often circulated Force coefficient, pmaxFor often circulating the maximum working pressure of cylinder, pminFor often circulating the minimum operating pressure of cylinder, k2=0.001 × | T1 '-T2 ' |+1 is exhaust solenoid valve bite correction factor, and T1 ', T2 ' are respectively temperature before upper one exhaust solenoid valve circulated Temperature after degree and exhaust solenoid valve；Hereafter detection crank angle α is continued, when α reaches the air bleeding valve open angle α of setting1Time, beat Open exhaust solenoid valve；After exhaust solenoid valve is opened, continue detection crank angle, when the initial charge angle [alpha] reaching setting0Time, Air inlet electromagnetic valve is again turned on, until when crank angle α reaches exhaust valve closure angleTime, Close exhaust solenoid valve, wherein α2For the threshold value being manually set,For isothermal exc. , λ2Being the second invariant, when being in first circulation from command of execution A2=1, so far engine system completes a job Circulation；In the period that exhaust solenoid valve is opened, the regulation valve of exhaust solenoid valve to thermoregulator can be according to a upper circulation Before and after internal cylinder temperature average and air inlet electromagnetic valve, Temperature Feedback value controls to adjust the aperture of valve, thus regulate pre-thermal sleeve and Hot water temperature in heating muff；Make λ1=0.0011, λ2=0.0020, h=10mm.
Preferably, the lead that air inlet electromagnetic valve is opened isWhat exhaust solenoid valve was opened shifts to an earlier date Amount isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve is closed isWherein ω is bent axle Angular velocity, U1、U2It is respectively guide electromagnetic valve energising response time and power-off response time, air inlet electromagnetic valve and aerofluxus electricity The response time that magnet valve uses is identical.
Having the beneficial effect that of this tunnel excavator devises the tunnel excavator that a kind of saving power and preventing pollution contaminates, at mining process In do not produce waste gas, energy consumption is relatively low simultaneously；And devising a kind of novel engine system, it can select not according to rotating speed With the compressed air of pressure, and during high-pressure air source switches, easily produce " pressure vacuum toward low-pressure gas source to overcome Phase " shortcoming, utilize pressure release electromagnetic valve and controller to coordinate dexterously and ensure that the smooth of electromotor is exerted oneself；This engine system Supply air line be not provided with air relief valve, can greatly reduce because the energy loss that causes of decompression；By the Quasi-isothermal expansion of gas Process and pressure at expulsion organically combine, according to the temperature conditions of each circulation and the priori value of pressure at expulsion determine into The shut-in time of pneumoelectric magnet valve, in the case of not increasing additional investment, the algorithm only by amendment controller just can reach Improve effect to good efficiency, both ensure that the pressure at expulsion actual exhaust air pressure unlatching valve more than exhaust solenoid valve simultaneously Value, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much discharge loss, and the computing formula used can effectively prevent The threshold values fluctuation that air pressure fluctuation causes is excessive, prevents the erroneous judgement of air inlet electromagnetic valve close moment further；According to without air relief valve Supply scheme, it is contemplated that the pressurized of cylinder increases, air leakage increases and the needs of heat exchange, has redesigned the cylinder knot being suitable for Structure, this cylinder heat transfer effect is strong, and bearing capacity is higher, and gas leakage significantly reduces.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The invention will be further described to utilize accompanying drawing, but the embodiment in accompanying drawing does not constitute any limit to the present invention System, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, it is also possible to obtain according to the following drawings Other accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is the overall structure figure of a kind of pollution-free tunnel excavator；
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of engine system；
Fig. 3 is the sectional view after the complete installation of cylinder；
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of aluminum dividing plate；
Fig. 5 is that cylinder expands into the schematic diagram of deflector after plane；
Fig. 6 is the structural representation of piston.
Reference: body-1；First drives arm-2；Second drives arm-3；Excavating bucket-4；Roller-crawler belt-5；Air pressure Contracting pump-11；Low-pressure inlet valve-12；Low tension outlet valve-13；High pressure entry valve-14；High-pressure outlet valve-15；Low-pressure area-16；High Nip-17；Pressure release electromagnetic valve-18；Pre-thermal sleeve-19；Heating muff-20；Air inlet electromagnetic valve-21；Exhaust solenoid valve-22；Adjust Joint valve-23；Thermoregulator-24；Cylinder-25；Piston-26；Baffle-27；The current-sharing mouth of a river-28；Circumference heat conduction fixed body- 29；Projection-30；Cannelure-31；Fixing slot-32；Plunger-33；Spiral salient-34；Soft thing-35；Aluminum dividing plate-36.
Detailed description of the invention
The invention will be further described with the following Examples.
Embodiment 1:
The pollution-free tunnel excavator of one as shown in Figure 1, drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3, dig including body 1, first Pick bucket 4, roller-crawler belt 5 and engine system, described body 1, first drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3 and Excavating bucket 4 phase successively Even, roller-crawler belt 5 is arranged on below body 1, and described engine system is used for driving rolls-crawler belt 5, thus drives excavator Motion.
As in figure 2 it is shown, described engine system includes air pressure pump 2, compressed air cylinder, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, starts Machine, exhaust solenoid valve 22, heat-exchange system and control system, described compressed air cylinder inside division is the higher-pressure region being disposed over 17 pass through high pressure entry valve 14 and described air pressure pump 11 phase with the low-pressure area 16 being arranged below, one end of higher-pressure region 17 Even, the other end is connected with described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 by high-pressure outlet valve 15, and low-pressure inlet valve is passed through in one end of low-pressure area 16 12 are connected with described air pressure pump 11, and the other end passes sequentially through inlet non return check valve, low tension outlet valve 13 and described air inlet electromagnetism Valve 21 is connected, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 provides high pressure or the compressed air of low pressure to described electromotor；Described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 He Exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the guide electromagnetic valve of dead electricity normally closed type.The compressed air of higher-pressure region 17 is for turning when high engine speeds Using time dynamic, pressure limit is 15MPa～30MPa, and the compressed air of low-pressure area 16 is used for when low engine speed rotates using, Pressure limit is 2MPa～10MPa, and concrete switching condition can be set by practical situation.Meanwhile, inventor sends out after deliberation Existing, when the compressed air of high pressure switches to the compressed air of low-pressure, owing to being the state closed at air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 Switch over, the phenomenon that therefore usually can build the pressure in the pipeline after high-pressure outlet valve 15, cause 12 dozens, low tension outlet valve The pressure in pipeline cannot be overcome after opening to exert oneself, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 often has " the pressure of a bit of time after opening The vacuum phase ", cause exerting oneself of electromotor unsmooth, be therefore additionally provided with switching relief pipeline, one end of switching relief pipeline with Pipeline between described high-pressure outlet valve 15 with described low tension outlet valve 13 is connected, the top phase of the other end and described low-pressure area 16 Even, switching relief pipeline is provided with pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, when switching toward low pressure from high pressure, high-pressure outlet valve 15 close with After, first controller detects force value p1 after high-pressure outlet valve 15 on pipeline, and it is compared with the pressure p 2 of low-pressure area 16, As p1 ＞ p2, being opened by pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, at this time the pressure in pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 is let out rapidly to low-pressure area 16, when When p1≤p2 being detected, close pressure release electromagnetic valve 18.Consider cost-effective and pressure release effect, by described switching relief tube The caliber in road is set to higher-pressure region 17 and exports the 1/4 of caliber.
Described electromotor includes cylinder 25, piston 26, the bent axle that is connected with piston 26, and bent axle includes crank, connecting rod and flies Wheel, flywheel (not shown) is arranged on one end of bent axle；Described exhaust solenoid valve 22 is arranged on waste pipe road, Discharge duct after exhaust solenoid valve 22 is divided into two-way, and a road is directly arranged air or goes refrigeration system, separately leads up to regulation Valve 23 enters thermoregulator 24, for being adjusted outlet hot water's temperature of thermoregulator 24, keeps the expansion of gas Process is as close possible to isothermal expansion process, to improve exerting oneself of electromotor.Described heat-exchange system includes that form is pipe type heat transfer The thermoregulator 24 of device, the pre-thermal sleeve 19 being arranged on the pipeline of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 left and right sides, it is arranged on cylinder 25 Heating muff 20, arranging the purpose of pre-thermal sleeve 20 is to preheat the compressed air entering cylinder 25, and ensures Before and after air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, the temperature difference is uniform, reduce thermal stress.The heat source of thermoregulator 24 is from the solar energy collection of roof The cooling water backwater of hot device or explosive motor, by heat-exchanger pump (not shown) constantly to pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating mantle Pipe 20 supplies water, and the hot water after heating flows out through the outlet of sleeve pipe.
As shown in Figure 3-4, the outer casing wall of described cylinder 25 being additionally provided with aluminum dividing plate 36, aluminum dividing plate 36 is annular, peace It is contained between outer casing wall and heating muff 20, outside aluminum dividing plate 36 is fixed on by multiple spaced apart circumference heat conduction fixed bodies 29 On the one hand on casing wall, heat conduction fixed body 29 is in addition to fixation, and take due to this programme is to be not provided with after compressed air cylinder Air relief valve, therefore admission pressure is very big, and circumference heat conduction is fixed, and 29 can play the effect of stiffened cylinder 25 intensity, on the other hand Owing to heat conduction fixed body 29 have employed Heat Conduction Material (metal such as such as aluminum bronze), heat exchange can be strengthened.
In order to intuitively, Fig. 5 gives schematic diagram when cylinder expands into plane, at adjacent two circumferential heat conduction fixed bodies 29 Between outer casing wall on be also arranged at intervals with 3 and be folded to the baffle 27 that angle is 45 °, the height of described baffle 27 is that circumference is solid Determining the 2/3 of height, baffle 27 can effectively increase the hot water time of staying in cylinder 25 outside wall surface, improves heat transfer effect. The staggered current-sharing mouth of a river 28 being disposed with multiple circle on aluminum dividing plate 36, the water in sleeve pipe flows into and out from the current-sharing mouth of a river 28, if The purpose one putting aluminum dividing plate 36 is that the thermal conduction characteristic utilizing aluminum metal strengthens heat exchange, and two is to utilize aluminum dividing plate 36 and the current-sharing mouth of a river 28 slow down water flow velocity and uniform flux, to further enhance heat exchange and to make cylinder uniformly heat as far as possible；The interior table of aluminum dividing plate 36 It is provided with multiple spaced apart projection 30 on face, is used for the hot water turbulization effect entered to strengthen heat exchange, the most convex The height of block 30 is also unfit to do get Tai Gao, otherwise easily causes flow dead, if the height of contrary projection 30 is too low, and turbulent flow Poor effect, through repeated tests, the 1/5 of the distance being set between aluminum dividing plate 36 and outer casing wall by the height of projection 30.
As shown in Figure 6, the upper surface of described piston 26 is additionally provided with the plunger 33 of multiple cone raised up, plunger Being provided with multiple adjoining spiral spiral salient in opposite direction 34 on the surface of 33, the most previous transport screw, later are reverse Spiral ..., the purpose of plunger 33 and spiral salient 34 is charge air flow to carry out rationalization with by turbulent flow in increase cylinder Heat convection between stiffened cylinder inwall and gas in the jar；Described piston 26 entirety is cylinder, and its center outer surface is arranged There is a cannelure caved in 31, cannelure 31 is disposed with multiple spaced fixing slot 32, solid in fixing slot 32 Being connected to soft thing 35 (such as Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc.), described soft thing 35 is through the gap piston 26 and cylinder 25 and cylinder The wall contacts of 25, the distance between adjacent two described fixing slot 32 is h.Inventor it has been investigated that, when using without subtracting During the air supply system of pressure valve, due to the increase of cylinder air pressure, the gap air leak between cylinder 25 and piston 26 can be than band air relief valve System air leakage bigger, it is therefore necessary to use specific design to reduce gap air leak, to improve the efficiency of electromotor.Use Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc. have preferable bubble-tight soft thing 35, and use less interval to arrange, can the least cylinder and work Gas leakage between plug；Simultaneously experiment show, owing to supply gas pressure is higher, the frictional force between soft thing 35 and cylinder 25 relative to Almost it is negligible for the kinetic energy of piston 26, and is spaced and arranges and the soft thing 35 of discontinuous layout also effectively reduces Friction, thus improve the efficiency of electromotor.
The axle head of described bent axle is provided with Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder (not shown), and it is for turning bent axle Dynamic angular transition is corresponding umber of pulse, provides the corner α of bent axle to the controller of air motor with the form of count pulse Numerical value；The force value of the gas pressure in the cylinder 25 that described controller record is detected by pressure transducer etc., Yi Jitong Gas temperature in the cylinder 25 of excess temperature sensor detection, temperature etc. after temperature, exhaust solenoid valve 22 before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The temperature value at place.
After enabling signal is come, increment type Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder detection crank angle value α, when it reaches setting Initial charge angle [alpha]0Time, open air inlet electromagnetic valve 21；The pressure of gas in detection crank angle α, cylinder 25 the most in real time Temperature T2 after temperature T1 and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before gas temperature T, exhaust solenoid valve 22 in power p, cylinder 25, controller is according to sky The gas equation of gas and crank angle relation are calculated as follows and obtain pressure at expulsion priori value p ＇: Wherein r is the length of crank, and l is the length of connecting rod, and n is many Variable coefficient, T ' is gas temperature in the cylinder 25 during a upper loop ends, and T1 ' is the exhaust solenoid valve 22 during a upper loop ends Front temperature, λ1Being the first invariant, if being currently the first circulation, closing closed term from command of execution isothermal air inlet If a upper circulation and the temperature difference measured in real time increase, illustrate that temperature reduction amount increases, the most now A1 Also increase, close closed term by isothermal air inletImprove calculated pressure at expulsion first Testing value, the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 in advance, plays and prevents too fast expansion, reduces the temperature difference so that overall process more adjunction The effect that nearly isothermal expansion process and then raising electromotor are exerted oneself.As pressure at expulsion priori value p ' >=k1 × k2 × pomTime close into Pneumoelectric magnet valve 21, wherein pomFor the specified unlatching pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22,For often The threshold pressure coefficient of circulation, pmaxFor often circulating the maximum working pressure of cylinder 25, pminFor often circulating the minimum work of cylinder 25 Make pressure, can be seen that from the expression formula of k1 the close moment of the air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 drawn according to the method both ensure that reality Pressure at expulsion, more than the unlatching threshold values of exhaust solenoid valve 22, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much aerofluxus to damage Lose, and the threshold values fluctuation that can effectively prevent air pressure fluctuation from causing is excessive, prevents air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further Erroneous judgement；K2=0.001 × | T1 '-T2 ' |+1 is exhaust solenoid valve 22 bite correction factor, and T1 ', T2 ' are respectively upper one and follow Temperature after temperature and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before the exhaust solenoid valve 22 of ring, owing to exhaust solenoid valve 2 is in the end of expansion process, Be easy to occur low temperature frosting cause the phenomenon of bite, | T1 '-T2 ' | show the most greatly upper one circulate in before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The rear temperature difference is the biggest, and exhaust solenoid valve 22 is more susceptible to frosting and causes bite, now in this circulation k2 be automatically increased with Improve the admission pressure threshold values of cylinder 25, thus increase the inlet pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22 to ensure that it is opened smoothly, the From the command of execution k2=1 during one circulation.Hereafter detection crank angle α is continued, when α reaches the air bleeding valve open angle α of setting1Time, Open exhaust solenoid valve 22；After exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened, continue detection crank angle, when the initial charge angle reaching setting α0Time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 22 is again turned on, until when crank angle α reaches exhaust valve closure angle Time, close exhaust solenoid valve 22, α2For the threshold value being manually set, λ2It is the second invariant, by isothermal exc. itemPlay the effect closing exhaust solenoid valve 22 in advance, it is assumed herein that corner α is continuous Increasing, often turning over a circle increases by 360 °, the expression formula of A2 understand its value always less than 1, work as the temperature differenceIncrease Time A2 reduce, then the closedown condition value of exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the lowest, so that crank angle α can faster arrive closedown condition Value, when being in first circulation from command of execution A2=1, so far engine system completes a cycle of operation；At exhaust solenoid valve In 22 periods opened, the regulation valve 23 of thermoregulator 24 can be according to temperature average and air inlet electricity in the cylinder 25 of a upper circulation Before and after magnet valve 21, Temperature Feedback value controls to adjust the aperture of valve 23, thus regulates the heat in pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating muff 20 Coolant-temperature gage.Make λ1=0.0011, λ2=0.0020, h=10mm.
Preferably, because electromagnetic valve to off or needs the response time from breaking to leading to, so in order to control more accurately In the break-make moment of electromagnetic valve, need on the basis of ideal position, set certain lead, and this lead can not Being definite value, i.e. it not only should be relevant with the intrinsic response time of electromagnetic valve, also (should pass through with the concrete angular velocity omega of bent axle Corner α obtains) relevant, experiment proves that such variable lead can be effectively improved the levels of precision of electromagnetic valve lead, from And improve the efficiency of engine system further.Because intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve used is dead electricity normally closed solenoid valve, so Energising is opened after postponing, and closes after power-off delay.Set: the pulse generation of the rotational angle rotary encoder of bent axle is several times Amount, 0-1023 pulse number scope is corresponding with 0-360 °.The ideal position that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened is 0 (0 °), the reason of closedown Think that position is that pressure at expulsion priori value opens, with exhaust solenoid valve 22, the position that pressure is equal；The ideal that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened Position is 512 (180 °), and the ideal position of closedown is 0 (0 °).Then the power on/off position of intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve should be moved than ideal Make position to have shifted to an earlier date, amount in advance can by the rotating speed of the energising of electromagnetic valve, power-off response time and bent axle by following various based on Obtain: the lead that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is closed isWherein ω is bent axle Angular velocity, U1、U2It is respectively guide electromagnetic valve energising response time and power-off response time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 and aerofluxus electricity The response time that magnet valve 22 uses is identical, unit: ms.
In the tunnel excavator of this embodiment, devise the tunnel excavator of a kind of saving power and preventing pollution dye, at mining process In do not produce waste gas, energy consumption is relatively low simultaneously；And according to devising a kind of novel engine system, it can select according to rotating speed Select the compressed air of different pressures, and during high-pressure air source switches toward low-pressure gas source, easily produce " pressure to overcome The vacuum phase " shortcoming, utilize pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 and controller to coordinate dexterously and ensure that the smooth of electromotor is exerted oneself；This starts The supply air line of machine system is not provided with air relief valve, can greatly reduce because reducing pressure the energy loss caused；By the standard etc. of gas Temperature expansion process and pressure at expulsion organically combine, and come according to the temperature conditions of each circulation and the priori value of pressure at expulsion Determine the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, only by the algorithm of amendment controller in the case of not increasing additional investment Just can reach good efficiency and improve effect, both ensure that pressure at expulsion actual exhaust air pressure was more than exhaust solenoid valve 22 simultaneously Unlatching threshold values, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much discharge loss, and the computing formula used be permissible The threshold values fluctuation effectively preventing air pressure fluctuation from causing is excessive, prevents the erroneous judgement of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further；Root According to the supply scheme without air relief valve, it is contemplated that the pressurized of cylinder 25 increases, air leakage increases and the needs of heat exchange, redesigns The air cylinder structure being suitable for, this cylinder heat transfer effect is strong, and bearing capacity is higher, and gas leakage significantly reduces, and makes λ1=0.0011, λ2= 0.0020, h=10mm, experiment shows its whole efficiency the most engineered premise height 5%, and air leakage decreases 7%, achieves Beyond thought effect.
Embodiment 2:
The pollution-free tunnel excavator of one as shown in Figure 1, drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3, dig including body 1, first Pick bucket 4, roller-crawler belt 5 and engine system, described body 1, first drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3 and Excavating bucket 4 successively Being connected, roller-crawler belt 5 is arranged on below body 1, and described engine system is used for driving rolls-crawler belt 5, thus drives excavation Machine moves.
As in figure 2 it is shown, described engine system includes air pressure pump 2, compressed air cylinder, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, starts Machine, exhaust solenoid valve 22, heat-exchange system and control system, described compressed air cylinder inside division is the higher-pressure region being disposed over 17 pass through high pressure entry valve 14 and described air pressure pump 11 phase with the low-pressure area 16 being arranged below, one end of higher-pressure region 17 Even, the other end is connected with described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 by high-pressure outlet valve 15, and low-pressure inlet valve is passed through in one end of low-pressure area 16 12 are connected with described air pressure pump 11, and the other end passes sequentially through inlet non return check valve, low tension outlet valve 13 and described air inlet electromagnetism Valve 21 is connected, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 provides high pressure or the compressed air of low pressure to described electromotor；Described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 He Exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the guide electromagnetic valve of dead electricity normally closed type.The compressed air of higher-pressure region 17 is for turning when high engine speeds Using time dynamic, pressure limit is 15MPa～30MPa, and the compressed air of low-pressure area 16 is used for when low engine speed rotates using, Pressure limit is 2MPa～10MPa, and concrete switching condition can be set by practical situation.Meanwhile, inventor sends out after deliberation Existing, when the compressed air of high pressure switches to the compressed air of low-pressure, owing to being the state closed at air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 Switch over, the phenomenon that therefore usually can build the pressure in the pipeline after high-pressure outlet valve 15, cause 12 dozens, low tension outlet valve The pressure in pipeline cannot be overcome after opening to exert oneself, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 often has " the pressure of a bit of time after opening The vacuum phase ", cause exerting oneself of electromotor unsmooth, be therefore additionally provided with switching relief pipeline, one end of switching relief pipeline with Pipeline between described high-pressure outlet valve 15 with described low tension outlet valve 13 is connected, the top phase of the other end and described low-pressure area 16 Even, switching relief pipeline is provided with pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, when switching toward low pressure from high pressure, high-pressure outlet valve 15 close with After, first controller detects force value p1 after high-pressure outlet valve 15 on pipeline, and it is compared with the pressure p 2 of low-pressure area 16, As p1 ＞ p2, being opened by pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, at this time the pressure in pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 is let out rapidly to low-pressure area 16, when When p1≤p2 being detected, close pressure release electromagnetic valve 18.Consider cost-effective and pressure release effect, by described switching relief tube The caliber in road is set to higher-pressure region 17 and exports the 1/4 of caliber.
Described electromotor includes cylinder 25, piston 26, the bent axle that is connected with piston 26, and bent axle includes crank, connecting rod and flies Wheel, flywheel (not shown) is arranged on one end of bent axle；Described exhaust solenoid valve 22 is arranged on waste pipe road, Discharge duct after exhaust solenoid valve 22 is divided into two-way, and a road is directly arranged air or goes refrigeration system, separately leads up to regulation Valve 23 enters thermoregulator 24, for being adjusted outlet hot water's temperature of thermoregulator 24, keeps the expansion of gas Process is as close possible to isothermal expansion process, to improve exerting oneself of electromotor.Described heat-exchange system includes that form is pipe type heat transfer The thermoregulator 24 of device, the pre-thermal sleeve 19 being arranged on the pipeline of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 left and right sides, it is arranged on cylinder 25 Heating muff 20, arranging the purpose of pre-thermal sleeve 20 is to preheat the compressed air entering cylinder 25, and ensures Before and after air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, the temperature difference is uniform, reduce thermal stress.The heat source of thermoregulator 24 is from the solar energy collection of roof The cooling water backwater of hot device or explosive motor, by heat-exchanger pump (not shown) constantly to pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating Sleeve pipe 20 supplies water, and the hot water after heating flows out through the outlet of sleeve pipe.
As shown in Figure 3-4, the outer casing wall of described cylinder 25 being additionally provided with aluminum dividing plate 36, aluminum dividing plate 36 is annular, peace It is contained between outer casing wall and heating muff 20, outside aluminum dividing plate 36 is fixed on by multiple spaced apart circumference heat conduction fixed bodies 29 On the one hand on casing wall, heat conduction fixed body 29 is in addition to fixation, and take due to this programme is to be not provided with after compressed air cylinder Air relief valve, therefore admission pressure is very big, and circumference heat conduction is fixed, and 29 can play the effect of stiffened cylinder 25 intensity, on the other hand Owing to heat conduction fixed body 29 have employed Heat Conduction Material (metal such as such as aluminum bronze), heat exchange can be strengthened.
In order to intuitively, Fig. 5 gives schematic diagram when cylinder expands into plane, at adjacent two circumferential heat conduction fixed bodies 29 Between outer casing wall on be also arranged at intervals with 3 and be folded to the baffle 27 that angle is 45 °, the height of described baffle 27 is that circumference is solid Determining the 2/3 of height, baffle 27 can effectively increase the hot water time of staying in cylinder 25 outside wall surface, improves heat transfer effect. The staggered current-sharing mouth of a river 28 being disposed with multiple circle on aluminum dividing plate 36, the water in sleeve pipe flows into and out from the current-sharing mouth of a river 28, if The purpose one putting aluminum dividing plate 36 is that the thermal conduction characteristic utilizing aluminum metal strengthens heat exchange, and two is to utilize aluminum dividing plate 36 and the current-sharing mouth of a river 28 slow down water flow velocity and uniform flux, to further enhance heat exchange and to make cylinder uniformly heat as far as possible；The interior table of aluminum dividing plate 36 It is provided with multiple spaced apart projection 30 on face, is used for the hot water turbulization effect entered to strengthen heat exchange, the most convex The height of block 30 is also unfit to do get Tai Gao, otherwise easily causes flow dead, if the height of contrary projection 30 is too low, and turbulent flow Poor effect, through repeated tests, the 1/5 of the distance being set between aluminum dividing plate 36 and outer casing wall by the height of projection 30.
As shown in Figure 6, the upper surface of described piston 26 is additionally provided with the plunger 33 of multiple cone raised up, plunger Being provided with multiple adjoining spiral spiral salient in opposite direction 34 on the surface of 33, the most previous transport screw, later are reverse Spiral ..., the purpose of plunger 33 and spiral salient 34 is charge air flow to carry out rationalization with by turbulent flow in increase cylinder Heat convection between stiffened cylinder inwall and gas in the jar；Described piston 26 entirety is cylinder, and its center outer surface is arranged There is a cannelure caved in 31, cannelure 31 is disposed with multiple spaced fixing slot 32, solid in fixing slot 32 Being connected to soft thing 35 (such as Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc.), described soft thing 35 is through the gap piston 26 and cylinder 25 and cylinder The wall contacts of 25, the distance between adjacent two described fixing slot 32 is h.Inventor it has been investigated that, when using without subtracting During the air supply system of pressure valve, due to the increase of cylinder air pressure, the gap air leak between cylinder 25 and piston 26 can be than band air relief valve System air leakage bigger, it is therefore necessary to use specific design to reduce gap air leak, to improve the efficiency of electromotor.Use Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc. have preferable bubble-tight soft thing 35, and use less interval to arrange, can the least cylinder and work Gas leakage between plug；Simultaneously experiment show, owing to supply gas pressure is higher, the frictional force between soft thing 35 and cylinder 25 relative to Almost it is negligible for the kinetic energy of piston 26, and is spaced and arranges and the soft thing 35 of discontinuous layout also effectively reduces Friction, thus improve the efficiency of electromotor.
The axle head of described bent axle is provided with Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder (not shown), and it is for turning bent axle Dynamic angular transition is corresponding umber of pulse, provides the corner α of bent axle to the controller of air motor with the form of count pulse Numerical value；The force value of the gas pressure in the cylinder 25 that described controller record is detected by pressure transducer etc., Yi Jitong Gas temperature in the cylinder 25 of excess temperature sensor detection, temperature etc. after temperature, exhaust solenoid valve 22 before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The temperature value at place.
After enabling signal is come, increment type Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder detection crank angle value α, when it reaches setting Initial charge angle [alpha]0Time, open air inlet electromagnetic valve 21；The pressure of gas in detection crank angle α, cylinder 25 the most in real time Temperature T2 after temperature T1 and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before gas temperature T, exhaust solenoid valve 22 in power p, cylinder 25, controller is according to sky The gas equation of gas and crank angle relation are calculated as follows and obtain pressure at expulsion priori value p ＇: Wherein r is the length of crank, and l is the length of connecting rod, and n is many Variable coefficient, T ' is gas temperature in the cylinder 25 during a upper loop ends, and T1 ' is the exhaust solenoid valve 22 during a upper loop ends Front temperature, λ1Being the first invariant, if being currently the first circulation, closing closed term from command of execution isothermal air inlet If a upper circulation and the temperature difference measured in real time increase, illustrate that temperature reduction amount increases, the most now A1 Also increase, close closed term by isothermal air inletImprove calculated pressure at expulsion first Testing value, the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 in advance, plays and prevents too fast expansion, reduces the temperature difference so that overall process more adjunction The effect that nearly isothermal expansion process and then raising electromotor are exerted oneself.As pressure at expulsion priori value p ' >=k1 × k2 × pomTime close into Pneumoelectric magnet valve 21, wherein pomFor the specified unlatching pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22,For often The threshold pressure coefficient of circulation, pmaxFor often circulating the maximum working pressure of cylinder 25, pminFor often circulating the minimum work of cylinder 25 Make pressure, can be seen that from the expression formula of k1 the close moment of the air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 drawn according to the method both ensure that reality Pressure at expulsion, more than the unlatching threshold values of exhaust solenoid valve 22, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much aerofluxus to damage Lose, and the threshold values fluctuation that can effectively prevent air pressure fluctuation from causing is excessive, prevents air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further Erroneous judgement；K2=0.001 × | T1 '-T2 ' |+1 is exhaust solenoid valve 22 bite correction factor, and T1 ', T2 ' are respectively upper one and follow Temperature after temperature and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before the exhaust solenoid valve 22 of ring, owing to exhaust solenoid valve 2 is in the end of expansion process, Be easy to occur low temperature frosting cause the phenomenon of bite, | T1 '-T2 ' | show the most greatly upper one circulate in before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The rear temperature difference is the biggest, and exhaust solenoid valve 22 is more susceptible to frosting and causes bite, now in this circulation k2 be automatically increased with Improve the admission pressure threshold values of cylinder 25, thus increase the inlet pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22 to ensure that it is opened smoothly, the From the command of execution k2=1 during one circulation.Hereafter detection crank angle α is continued, when α reaches the air bleeding valve open angle α of setting1Time, Open exhaust solenoid valve 22；After exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened, continue detection crank angle, when the initial charge angle reaching setting α0Time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 22 is again turned on, until when crank angle α reaches exhaust valve closure angle Time, close exhaust solenoid valve 22, α2For the threshold value being manually set, λ2It is the second invariant, by isothermal exc. itemPlay the effect closing exhaust solenoid valve 22 in advance, it is assumed herein that corner α is continuous Increasing, often turning over a circle increases by 360 °, the expression formula of A2 understand its value always less than 1, work as the temperature differenceIncrease Time A2 reduce, then the closedown condition value of exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the lowest, so that crank angle α can faster arrive closedown condition Value, when being in first circulation from command of execution A2=1, so far engine system completes a cycle of operation；At exhaust solenoid valve In 22 periods opened, the regulation valve 23 of thermoregulator 24 can be according to temperature average and air inlet electricity in the cylinder 25 of a upper circulation Before and after magnet valve 21, Temperature Feedback value controls to adjust the aperture of valve 23, thus regulates the heat in pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating muff 20 Coolant-temperature gage.Make λ1=0.0013, λ2=0.0022, h=9mm.
Preferably, because electromagnetic valve to off or needs the response time from breaking to leading to, so in order to control more accurately In the break-make moment of electromagnetic valve, need on the basis of ideal position, set certain lead, and this lead can not Being definite value, i.e. it not only should be relevant with the intrinsic response time of electromagnetic valve, also (should pass through with the concrete angular velocity omega of bent axle Corner α obtains) relevant, experiment proves that such variable lead can be effectively improved the levels of precision of electromagnetic valve lead, from And improve the efficiency of engine system further.Because intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve used is dead electricity normally closed solenoid valve, so Energising is opened after postponing, and closes after power-off delay.Set: the pulse generation of the rotational angle rotary encoder of bent axle is several times Amount, 0-1023 pulse number scope is corresponding with 0-360 °.The ideal position that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened is 0 (0 °), the reason of closedown Think that position is that pressure at expulsion priori value opens, with exhaust solenoid valve 22, the position that pressure is equal；The ideal that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened Position is 512 (180 °), and the ideal position of closedown is 0 (0 °).Then the power on/off position of intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve should be moved than ideal Make position to have shifted to an earlier date, amount in advance can by the rotating speed of the energising of electromagnetic valve, power-off response time and bent axle by following various based on Obtain: the lead that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is closed isWherein ω is bent axle Angular velocity, U1、U2It is respectively guide electromagnetic valve energising response time and power-off response time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 and aerofluxus electricity The response time that magnet valve 22 uses is identical, unit: ms.
In the tunnel excavator of this embodiment, devise the tunnel excavator of a kind of saving power and preventing pollution dye, at mining process In do not produce waste gas, energy consumption is relatively low simultaneously；And according to devising a kind of novel engine system, it can select according to rotating speed Select the compressed air of different pressures, and during high-pressure air source switches toward low-pressure gas source, easily produce " pressure to overcome The vacuum phase " shortcoming, utilize pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 and controller to coordinate dexterously and ensure that the smooth of electromotor is exerted oneself；This starts The supply air line of machine system is not provided with air relief valve, can greatly reduce because reducing pressure the energy loss caused；By the standard etc. of gas Temperature expansion process and pressure at expulsion organically combine, according to temperature conditions and the priori value of pressure at expulsion of each circulation Determine the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, only by the calculation of amendment controller in the case of not increasing additional investment Method just can reach good efficiency and improve effect, both ensure that pressure at expulsion actual exhaust air pressure was more than exhaust solenoid valve simultaneously The unlatching threshold values of 22, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much discharge loss, and the computing formula used can Fluctuate excessive with the threshold values effectively preventing air pressure fluctuation from causing, prevent the erroneous judgement of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further； According to the supply scheme without air relief valve, it is contemplated that the pressurized of cylinder 25 increases, air leakage increases and the needs of heat exchange, redesigns The air cylinder structure being suitable for, this cylinder heat transfer effect is strong, and bearing capacity is higher, and gas leakage significantly reduces, and makes λ1=0.0013, λ2 =0.0022, h=9mm, experiment shows its whole efficiency the most engineered premise height 5.8%, and air leakage decreases 8.1%, Achieve beyond thought effect.
Embodiment 3:
The pollution-free tunnel excavator of one as shown in Figure 1, drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3, dig including body 1, first Pick bucket 4, roller-crawler belt 5 and engine system, described body 1, first drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3 and Excavating bucket 4 phase successively Even, roller-crawler belt 5 is arranged on below body 1, and described engine system is used for driving rolls-crawler belt 5, thus drives excavator Motion.
As in figure 2 it is shown, described engine system includes air pressure pump 2, compressed air cylinder, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, starts Machine, exhaust solenoid valve 22, heat-exchange system and control system, described compressed air cylinder inside division is the higher-pressure region being disposed over 17 pass through high pressure entry valve 14 and described air pressure pump 11 phase with the low-pressure area 16 being arranged below, one end of higher-pressure region 17 Even, the other end is connected with described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 by high-pressure outlet valve 15, and low-pressure inlet valve is passed through in one end of low-pressure area 16 12 are connected with described air pressure pump 11, and the other end passes sequentially through inlet non return check valve, low tension outlet valve 13 and described air inlet electromagnetism Valve 21 is connected, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 provides high pressure or the compressed air of low pressure to described electromotor；Described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 He Exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the guide electromagnetic valve of dead electricity normally closed type.The compressed air of higher-pressure region 17 is for turning when high engine speeds Using time dynamic, pressure limit is 15MPa～30MPa, and the compressed air of low-pressure area 16 is used for when low engine speed rotates using, Pressure limit is 2MPa～10MPa, and concrete switching condition can be set by practical situation.Meanwhile, inventor sends out after deliberation Existing, when the compressed air of high pressure switches to the compressed air of low-pressure, owing to being the state closed at air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 Switch over, the phenomenon that therefore usually can build the pressure in the pipeline after high-pressure outlet valve 15, cause 12 dozens, low tension outlet valve The pressure in pipeline cannot be overcome after opening to exert oneself, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 often has " the pressure of a bit of time after opening The vacuum phase ", cause exerting oneself of electromotor unsmooth, be therefore additionally provided with switching relief pipeline, one end of switching relief pipeline with Pipeline between described high-pressure outlet valve 15 with described low tension outlet valve 13 is connected, the top phase of the other end and described low-pressure area 16 Even, switching relief pipeline is provided with pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, when switching toward low pressure from high pressure, high-pressure outlet valve 15 close with After, first controller detects force value p1 after high-pressure outlet valve 15 on pipeline, and it is compared with the pressure p 2 of low-pressure area 16, As p1 ＞ p2, being opened by pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, at this time the pressure in pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 is let out rapidly to low-pressure area 16, When p1≤p2 being detected, close pressure release electromagnetic valve 18.Consider cost-effective and pressure release effect, by described switching pressure release The caliber of pipeline is set to higher-pressure region 17 and exports the 1/4 of caliber.
Described electromotor includes cylinder 25, piston 26, the bent axle that is connected with piston 26, and bent axle includes crank, connecting rod and flies Wheel, flywheel (not shown) is arranged on one end of bent axle；Described exhaust solenoid valve 22 is arranged on waste pipe road, Discharge duct after exhaust solenoid valve 22 is divided into two-way, and a road is directly arranged air or goes refrigeration system, separately leads up to regulation Valve 23 enters thermoregulator 24, for being adjusted outlet hot water's temperature of thermoregulator 24, keeps the expansion of gas Process is as close possible to isothermal expansion process, to improve exerting oneself of electromotor.Described heat-exchange system includes that form is pipe type heat transfer The thermoregulator 24 of device, the pre-thermal sleeve 19 being arranged on the pipeline of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 left and right sides, it is arranged on cylinder 25 Heating muff 20, arranging the purpose of pre-thermal sleeve 20 is to preheat the compressed air entering cylinder 25, and ensures Before and after air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, the temperature difference is uniform, reduce thermal stress.The heat source of thermoregulator 24 is from the solar energy collection of roof The cooling water backwater of hot device or explosive motor, by heat-exchanger pump (not shown) constantly to pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating mantle Pipe 20 supplies water, and the hot water after heating flows out through the outlet of sleeve pipe.
As shown in Figure 3-4, the outer casing wall of described cylinder 25 being additionally provided with aluminum dividing plate 36, aluminum dividing plate 36 is annular, peace It is contained between outer casing wall and heating muff 20, outside aluminum dividing plate 36 is fixed on by multiple spaced apart circumference heat conduction fixed bodies 29 On the one hand on casing wall, heat conduction fixed body 29 is in addition to fixation, and take due to this programme is to be not provided with after compressed air cylinder Air relief valve, therefore admission pressure is very big, and circumference heat conduction is fixed, and 29 can play the effect of stiffened cylinder 25 intensity, on the other hand Owing to heat conduction fixed body 29 have employed Heat Conduction Material (metal such as such as aluminum bronze), heat exchange can be strengthened.
In order to intuitively, Fig. 5 gives schematic diagram when cylinder expands into plane, at adjacent two circumferential heat conduction fixed bodies 29 Between outer casing wall on be also arranged at intervals with 3 and be folded to the baffle 27 that angle is 45 °, the height of described baffle 27 is that circumference is solid Determining the 2/3 of height, baffle 27 can effectively increase the hot water time of staying in cylinder 25 outside wall surface, improves heat transfer effect. The staggered current-sharing mouth of a river 28 being disposed with multiple circle on aluminum dividing plate 36, the water in sleeve pipe flows into and out from the current-sharing mouth of a river 28, if The purpose one putting aluminum dividing plate 36 is that the thermal conduction characteristic utilizing aluminum metal strengthens heat exchange, and two is to utilize aluminum dividing plate 36 and the current-sharing mouth of a river 28 slow down water flow velocity and uniform flux, to further enhance heat exchange and to make cylinder uniformly heat as far as possible；The interior table of aluminum dividing plate 36 It is provided with multiple spaced apart projection 30 on face, is used for the hot water turbulization effect entered to strengthen heat exchange, the most convex The height of block 30 is also unfit to do get Tai Gao, otherwise easily causes flow dead, if the height of contrary projection 30 is too low, and turbulent flow Poor effect, through repeated tests, the 1/5 of the distance being set between aluminum dividing plate 36 and outer casing wall by the height of projection 30.
As shown in Figure 6, the upper surface of described piston 26 is additionally provided with the plunger 33 of multiple cone raised up, plunger Being provided with multiple adjoining spiral spiral salient in opposite direction 34 on the surface of 33, the most previous transport screw, later are reverse Spiral ..., the purpose of plunger 33 and spiral salient 34 is charge air flow to carry out rationalization with by turbulent flow in increase cylinder Heat convection between stiffened cylinder inwall and gas in the jar；Described piston 26 entirety is cylinder, and its center outer surface is arranged There is a cannelure caved in 31, cannelure 31 is disposed with multiple spaced fixing slot 32, solid in fixing slot 32 Being connected to soft thing 35 (such as Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc.), described soft thing 35 is through the gap piston 26 and cylinder 25 and cylinder The wall contacts of 25, the distance between adjacent two described fixing slot 32 is h.Inventor it has been investigated that, when using without subtracting During the air supply system of pressure valve, due to the increase of cylinder air pressure, the gap air leak between cylinder 25 and piston 26 can be than band air relief valve System air leakage bigger, it is therefore necessary to use specific design to reduce gap air leak, to improve the efficiency of electromotor.Use Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc. have preferable bubble-tight soft thing 35, and use less interval to arrange, can the least cylinder and work Gas leakage between plug；Simultaneously experiment show, owing to supply gas pressure is higher, the frictional force between soft thing 35 and cylinder 25 relative to Almost it is negligible for the kinetic energy of piston 26, and is spaced and arranges and the soft thing 35 of discontinuous layout also effectively reduces Friction, thus improve the efficiency of electromotor.
The axle head of described bent axle is provided with Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder (not shown), and it is for turning bent axle Dynamic angular transition is corresponding umber of pulse, provides the corner α of bent axle to the controller of air motor with the form of count pulse Numerical value；The force value of the gas pressure in the cylinder 25 that described controller record is detected by pressure transducer etc., Yi Jitong Gas temperature in the cylinder 25 of excess temperature sensor detection, temperature etc. after temperature, exhaust solenoid valve 22 before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The temperature value at place.
After enabling signal is come, increment type Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder detection crank angle value α, when it reaches setting Initial charge angle [alpha]0Time, open air inlet electromagnetic valve 21；The pressure of gas in detection crank angle α, cylinder 25 the most in real time Temperature T2 after temperature T1 and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before gas temperature T, exhaust solenoid valve 22 in power p, cylinder 25, controller is according to sky The gas equation of gas and crank angle relation are calculated as follows and obtain pressure at expulsion priori value p ': Wherein r is the length of crank, and l is the length of connecting rod, and n is many Variable coefficient, T ' is gas temperature in the cylinder 25 during a upper loop ends, and T1 ' is the exhaust solenoid valve 22 during a upper loop ends Front temperature, λ1Being the first invariant, if being currently the first circulation, closing closed term from command of execution isothermal air inlet If a upper circulation and the temperature difference measured in real time increase, illustrate that temperature reduction amount increases, the most now A1 Also increase, close closed term by isothermal air inletImprove calculated pressure at expulsion first Testing value, the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 in advance, plays and prevents too fast expansion, reduces the temperature difference so that overall process more adjunction The effect that nearly isothermal expansion process and then raising electromotor are exerted oneself.As pressure at expulsion priori value p ' >=k1 × k2 × pomTime close into Pneumoelectric magnet valve 21, wherein pomFor the specified unlatching pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22,For often The threshold pressure coefficient of circulation, pmaxFor often circulating the maximum working pressure of cylinder 25, pminFor often circulating the minimum work of cylinder 25 Make pressure, can be seen that from the expression formula of k1 the close moment of the air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 drawn according to the method both ensure that reality Border pressure at expulsion, more than the unlatching threshold values of exhaust solenoid valve 22, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much aerofluxus to damage Lose, and the threshold values fluctuation that can effectively prevent air pressure fluctuation from causing is excessive, prevents air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further Erroneous judgement；K2=0.001 × | T1 '-T2 ' |+1 is exhaust solenoid valve 22 bite correction factor, and T1 ', T2 ' are respectively upper one and follow Temperature after temperature and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before the exhaust solenoid valve 22 of ring, owing to exhaust solenoid valve 2 is in the end of expansion process, Be easy to occur low temperature frosting cause the phenomenon of bite, | T1 '-T2 ' | show the most greatly upper one circulate in before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The rear temperature difference is the biggest, and exhaust solenoid valve 22 is more susceptible to frosting and causes bite, now in this circulation k2 be automatically increased with Improve the admission pressure threshold values of cylinder 25, thus increase the inlet pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22 to ensure that it is opened smoothly, the From the command of execution k2=1 during one circulation.Hereafter detection crank angle α is continued, when α reaches the air bleeding valve open angle α of setting1Time, Open exhaust solenoid valve 22；After exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened, continue detection crank angle, when the initial charge angle reaching setting α0Time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 22 is again turned on, until when crank angle α reaches exhaust valve closure angle Time, close exhaust solenoid valve 22, α2For the threshold value being manually set, λ2It is the second invariant, by isothermal exc. itemPlay the effect closing exhaust solenoid valve 22 in advance, it is assumed herein that corner α is continuous Increasing, often turning over a circle increases by 360 °, the expression formula of A2 understand its value always less than 1, work as the temperature differenceIncrease Time A2 reduce, then the closedown condition value of exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the lowest, so that crank angle α can faster arrive closedown condition Value, when being in first circulation from command of execution A2=1, so far engine system completes a cycle of operation；At exhaust solenoid valve In 22 periods opened, the regulation valve 23 of thermoregulator 24 can be according to temperature average and air inlet electricity in the cylinder 25 of a upper circulation Before and after magnet valve 21, Temperature Feedback value controls to adjust the aperture of valve 23, thus regulates the heat in pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating muff 20 Coolant-temperature gage.Make λ1=0.0015, λ2=0.0024, h=8mm.
Preferably, because electromagnetic valve to off or needs the response time from breaking to leading to, so in order to control more accurately In the break-make moment of electromagnetic valve, need on the basis of ideal position, set certain lead, and this lead can not Being definite value, i.e. it not only should be relevant with the intrinsic response time of electromagnetic valve, also (should pass through with the concrete angular velocity omega of bent axle Corner α obtains) relevant, experiment proves that such variable lead can be effectively improved the levels of precision of electromagnetic valve lead, from And improve the efficiency of engine system further.Because intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve used is dead electricity normally closed solenoid valve, so Energising is opened after postponing, and closes after power-off delay.Set: the pulse generation of the rotational angle rotary encoder of bent axle is several times Amount, 0-1023 pulse number scope is corresponding with 0-360 °.The ideal position that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened is 0 (0 °), the reason of closedown Think that position is that pressure at expulsion priori value opens, with exhaust solenoid valve 22, the position that pressure is equal；The ideal that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened Position is 512 (180 °), and the ideal position of closedown is 0 (0 °).Then the power on/off position of intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve should be moved than ideal Make position to have shifted to an earlier date, amount in advance can by the rotating speed of the energising of electromagnetic valve, power-off response time and bent axle by following various based on Obtain: the lead that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is closed isWherein ω is bent axle Angular velocity, U1、U2It is respectively guide electromagnetic valve energising response time and power-off response time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 and aerofluxus electricity The response time that magnet valve 22 uses is identical, unit: ms.
In the tunnel excavator of this embodiment, devise the tunnel excavator of a kind of saving power and preventing pollution dye, at mining process In do not produce waste gas, energy consumption is relatively low simultaneously；And according to devising a kind of novel engine system, it can select according to rotating speed Select the compressed air of different pressures, and during high-pressure air source switches toward low-pressure gas source, easily produce " pressure to overcome The vacuum phase " shortcoming, utilize pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 and controller to coordinate dexterously and ensure that the smooth of electromotor is exerted oneself；This starts The supply air line of machine system is not provided with air relief valve, can greatly reduce because reducing pressure the energy loss caused；By the standard etc. of gas Temperature expansion process and pressure at expulsion organically combine, and come according to the temperature conditions of each circulation and the priori value of pressure at expulsion Determine the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, only by the algorithm of amendment controller in the case of not increasing additional investment Just can reach good efficiency and improve effect, both ensure that pressure at expulsion actual exhaust air pressure was more than exhaust solenoid valve 22 simultaneously Unlatching threshold values, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much discharge loss, and the computing formula used be permissible The threshold values fluctuation effectively preventing air pressure fluctuation from causing is excessive, prevents the erroneous judgement of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further；Root According to the supply scheme without air relief valve, it is contemplated that the pressurized of cylinder 25 increases, air leakage increases and the needs of heat exchange, redesigns The air cylinder structure being suitable for, this cylinder heat transfer effect is strong, and bearing capacity is higher, and gas leakage significantly reduces, and makes λ1=0.0015, λ2= 0.0024, h=8mm, experiment shows its whole efficiency the most engineered premise height 6.0%, and air leakage decreases 8.8%, takes Obtained beyond thought effect.
Embodiment 4:
The pollution-free tunnel excavator of one as shown in Figure 1, drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3, dig including body 1, first Pick bucket 4, roller-crawler belt 5 and engine system, described body 1, first drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3 and Excavating bucket 4 phase successively Even, roller-crawler belt 5 is arranged on below body 1, and described engine system is used for driving rolls-crawler belt 5, thus drives excavator Motion.
As in figure 2 it is shown, described engine system includes air pressure pump 2, compressed air cylinder, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, starts Machine, exhaust solenoid valve 22, heat-exchange system and control system, described compressed air cylinder inside division is the higher-pressure region being disposed over 17 pass through high pressure entry valve 14 and described air pressure pump 11 phase with the low-pressure area 16 being arranged below, one end of higher-pressure region 17 Even, the other end is connected with described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 by high-pressure outlet valve 15, and low-pressure inlet valve is passed through in one end of low-pressure area 16 12 are connected with described air pressure pump 11, and the other end passes sequentially through inlet non return check valve, low tension outlet valve 13 and described air inlet electromagnetism Valve 21 is connected, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 provides high pressure or the compressed air of low pressure to described electromotor；Described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 He Exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the guide electromagnetic valve of dead electricity normally closed type.The compressed air of higher-pressure region 17 is for turning when high engine speeds Using time dynamic, pressure limit is 15MPa～30MPa, and the compressed air of low-pressure area 16 is used for when low engine speed rotates using, Pressure limit is 2MPa～10MPa, and concrete switching condition can be set by practical situation.Meanwhile, inventor sends out after deliberation Existing, when the compressed air of high pressure switches to the compressed air of low-pressure, owing to being the state closed at air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 Switch over, the phenomenon that therefore usually can build the pressure in the pipeline after high-pressure outlet valve 15, cause 12 dozens, low tension outlet valve The pressure in pipeline cannot be overcome after opening to exert oneself, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 often has " the pressure of a bit of time after opening The vacuum phase ", cause exerting oneself of electromotor unsmooth, be therefore additionally provided with switching relief pipeline, one end of switching relief pipeline with Pipeline between described high-pressure outlet valve 15 with described low tension outlet valve 13 is connected, the top phase of the other end and described low-pressure area 16 Even, switching relief pipeline is provided with pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, when switching toward low pressure from high pressure, high-pressure outlet valve 15 close with After, first controller detects force value p1 after high-pressure outlet valve 15 on pipeline, and it is compared with the pressure p 2 of low-pressure area 16, As p1 ＞ p2, being opened by pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, at this time the pressure in pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 is let out rapidly to low-pressure area 16, when When p1≤p2 being detected, close pressure release electromagnetic valve 18.Consider cost-effective and pressure release effect, by described switching relief tube The caliber in road is set to higher-pressure region 17 and exports the 1/4 of caliber.
Described electromotor includes cylinder 25, piston 26, the bent axle that is connected with piston 26, and bent axle includes crank, connecting rod and flies Wheel, flywheel (not shown) is arranged on one end of bent axle；Described exhaust solenoid valve 22 is arranged on waste pipe road, Discharge duct after exhaust solenoid valve 22 is divided into two-way, and a road is directly arranged air or goes refrigeration system, separately leads up to regulation Valve 23 enters thermoregulator 24, for being adjusted outlet hot water's temperature of thermoregulator 24, keeps the expansion of gas Process is as close possible to isothermal expansion process, to improve exerting oneself of electromotor.Described heat-exchange system includes that form is pipe type heat transfer The thermoregulator 24 of device, the pre-thermal sleeve 19 being arranged on the pipeline of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 left and right sides, it is arranged on cylinder 25 Heating muff 20, arranging the purpose of pre-thermal sleeve 20 is to preheat the compressed air entering cylinder 25, and ensures Before and after air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, the temperature difference is uniform, reduce thermal stress.The heat source of thermoregulator 24 is from the solar energy collection of roof The cooling water backwater of hot device or explosive motor, by heat-exchanger pump (not shown) constantly to pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating mantle Pipe 20 supplies water, and the hot water after heating flows out through the outlet of sleeve pipe.
As shown in Figure 3-4, the outer casing wall of described cylinder 25 being additionally provided with aluminum dividing plate 36, aluminum dividing plate 36 is annular, peace It is contained between outer casing wall and heating muff 20, outside aluminum dividing plate 36 is fixed on by multiple spaced apart circumference heat conduction fixed bodies 29 On the one hand on casing wall, heat conduction fixed body 29 is in addition to fixation, and take due to this programme is to be not provided with after compressed air cylinder Air relief valve, therefore admission pressure is very big, and circumference heat conduction is fixed, and 29 can play the effect of stiffened cylinder 25 intensity, on the other hand Owing to heat conduction fixed body 29 have employed Heat Conduction Material (metal such as such as aluminum bronze), heat exchange can be strengthened.
In order to intuitively, Fig. 5 gives schematic diagram when cylinder expands into plane, at adjacent two circumferential heat conduction fixed bodies 29 Between outer casing wall on be also arranged at intervals with 3 and be folded to the baffle 27 that angle is 45 °, the height of described baffle 27 is circumference The 2/3 of fixed body height, baffle 27 can effectively increase the hot water time of staying in cylinder 25 outside wall surface, improves heat exchange effect Really.The staggered current-sharing mouth of a river 28 being disposed with multiple circle on aluminum dividing plate 36, the water in sleeve pipe flows into and out from the current-sharing mouth of a river 28, The purpose one arranging aluminum dividing plate 36 is that the thermal conduction characteristic utilizing aluminum metal strengthens heat exchange, and two is to utilize aluminum dividing plate 36 and equal flowing water Mouth 28 slows down water flow velocity and uniform flux, to further enhance heat exchange and to make cylinder uniformly heat as far as possible；Aluminum dividing plate 36 interior It is provided with multiple spaced apart projection 30 on surface, is used for the hot water turbulization effect entered to strengthen heat exchange, simultaneously The height of projection 30 is also unfit to do get Tai Gao, otherwise easily causes flow dead, if the height of contrary projection 30 is too low, rapid Stream poor effect, through repeated tests, the 1/ of the distance being set between aluminum dividing plate 36 and outer casing wall by the height of projection 30 5。
As shown in Figure 6, the upper surface of described piston 26 is additionally provided with the plunger 33 of multiple cone raised up, plunger Being provided with multiple adjoining spiral spiral salient in opposite direction 34 on the surface of 33, the most previous transport screw, later are reverse Spiral ..., the purpose of plunger 33 and spiral salient 34 is charge air flow to carry out rationalization with by turbulent flow in increase cylinder Heat convection between stiffened cylinder inwall and gas in the jar；Described piston 26 entirety is cylinder, and its center outer surface is arranged There is a cannelure caved in 31, cannelure 31 is disposed with multiple spaced fixing slot 32, solid in fixing slot 32 Being connected to soft thing 35 (such as Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc.), described soft thing 35 is through the gap piston 26 and cylinder 25 and cylinder The wall contacts of 25, the distance between adjacent two described fixing slot 32 is h.Inventor it has been investigated that, when using without subtracting During the air supply system of pressure valve, due to the increase of cylinder air pressure, the gap air leak between cylinder 25 and piston 26 can be than band air relief valve System air leakage bigger, it is therefore necessary to use specific design to reduce gap air leak, to improve the efficiency of electromotor.Use Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc. have preferable bubble-tight soft thing 35, and use less interval to arrange, can the least cylinder and work Gas leakage between plug；Simultaneously experiment show, owing to supply gas pressure is higher, the frictional force between soft thing 35 and cylinder 25 relative to Almost it is negligible for the kinetic energy of piston 26, and is spaced and arranges and the soft thing 35 of discontinuous layout also effectively reduces Friction, thus improve the efficiency of electromotor.
The axle head of described bent axle is provided with Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder (not shown), and it is for turning bent axle Dynamic angular transition is corresponding umber of pulse, provides the corner α of bent axle to the controller of air motor with the form of count pulse Numerical value；The force value of the gas pressure in the cylinder 25 that described controller record is detected by pressure transducer etc., Yi Jitong Gas temperature in the cylinder 25 of excess temperature sensor detection, temperature etc. after temperature, exhaust solenoid valve 22 before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The temperature value at place.
After enabling signal is come, increment type Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder detection crank angle value α, when it reaches setting Initial charge angle [alpha]0Time, open air inlet electromagnetic valve 21；The pressure of gas in detection crank angle α, cylinder 25 the most in real time Temperature T2 after temperature T1 and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before gas temperature T, exhaust solenoid valve 22 in power p, cylinder 25, controller is according to sky The gas equation of gas and crank angle relation are calculated as follows and obtain pressure at expulsion priori value p ': Wherein r is the length of crank, and l is the length of connecting rod, and n is many Variable coefficient, T ' is gas temperature in the cylinder 25 during a upper loop ends, and T1 ' is the exhaust solenoid valve 22 during a upper loop ends Front temperature, λ1Being the first invariant, if being currently the first circulation, closing closed term from command of execution isothermal air inlet If a upper circulation and the temperature difference measured in real time increase, illustrate that temperature reduction amount increases, the most now A1 Also increase, close closed term by isothermal air inletImprove calculated pressure at expulsion first Testing value, the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 in advance, plays and prevents too fast expansion, reduces the temperature difference so that overall process more adjunction The effect that nearly isothermal expansion process and then raising electromotor are exerted oneself.As pressure at expulsion priori value p ' >=k1 × k2 × pomTime close into Pneumoelectric magnet valve 21, wherein pomFor the specified unlatching pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22,For often The threshold pressure coefficient of circulation, pmaxFor often circulating the maximum working pressure of cylinder 25, pminFor often circulating the minimum work of cylinder 25 Make pressure, can be seen that from the expression formula of k1 the close moment of the air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 drawn according to the method both ensure that reality Pressure at expulsion, more than the unlatching threshold values of exhaust solenoid valve 22, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much aerofluxus to damage Lose, and the threshold values fluctuation that can effectively prevent air pressure fluctuation from causing is excessive, prevents air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further Erroneous judgement；K2=0.001 × | T1 '-T2 ' |+1 is exhaust solenoid valve 22 bite correction factor, and T1 ', T2 ' are respectively upper one and follow Temperature after temperature and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before the exhaust solenoid valve 22 of ring, owing to exhaust solenoid valve 2 is in the end of expansion process, Be easy to occur low temperature frosting cause the phenomenon of bite, | T1 '-T2 ' | show the most greatly upper one circulate in before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The rear temperature difference is the biggest, and exhaust solenoid valve 22 is more susceptible to frosting and causes bite, now in this circulation k2 be automatically increased with Improve the admission pressure threshold values of cylinder 25, thus increase the inlet pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22 to ensure that it is opened smoothly, the From the command of execution k2=1 during one circulation.Hereafter detection crank angle α is continued, when α reaches the air bleeding valve open angle α of setting1Time, Open exhaust solenoid valve 22；After exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened, continue detection crank angle, when the initial charge angle reaching setting α0Time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 22 is again turned on, until when crank angle α reaches exhaust valve closure angle Time, close exhaust solenoid valve 22, α2For the threshold value being manually set, λ2It is the second invariant, by isothermal exc. itemPlay the effect closing exhaust solenoid valve 22 in advance, it is assumed herein that corner α is continuous Increasing, often turning over a circle increases by 360 °, the expression formula of A2 understand its value always less than 1, work as the temperature differenceIncrease Time A2 reduce, then the closedown condition value of exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the lowest, so that crank angle α can faster arrive closedown condition Value, when being in first circulation from command of execution A2=1, so far engine system completes a cycle of operation；At exhaust solenoid valve In 22 periods opened, the regulation valve 23 of thermoregulator 24 can be according to temperature average and air inlet in the cylinder 25 of a upper circulation Before and after electromagnetic valve 21, Temperature Feedback value controls to adjust the aperture of valve 23, thus regulates in pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating muff 20 Hot water temperature.Make λ1=0.0017, λ2=0.0026, h=7mm.
Preferably, because electromagnetic valve to off or needs the response time from breaking to leading to, so in order to control more accurately In the break-make moment of electromagnetic valve, need on the basis of ideal position, set certain lead, and this lead can not Being definite value, i.e. it not only should be relevant with the intrinsic response time of electromagnetic valve, also (should pass through with the concrete angular velocity omega of bent axle Corner α obtains) relevant, experiment proves that such variable lead can be effectively improved the levels of precision of electromagnetic valve lead, from And improve the efficiency of engine system further.Because intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve used is dead electricity normally closed solenoid valve, so Energising is opened after postponing, and closes after power-off delay.Set: the pulse generation of the rotational angle rotary encoder of bent axle is several times Amount, 0-1023 pulse number scope is corresponding with 0-360 °.The ideal position that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened is 0 (0 °), the reason of closedown Think that position is that pressure at expulsion priori value opens, with exhaust solenoid valve 22, the position that pressure is equal；The ideal that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened Position is 512 (180 °), and the ideal position of closedown is 0 (0 °).Then the power on/off position of intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve should be moved than ideal Make position to have shifted to an earlier date, amount in advance can by the rotating speed of the energising of electromagnetic valve, power-off response time and bent axle by following various based on Obtain: the lead that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is closed isWherein ω is bent axle Angular velocity, U1、U2It is respectively guide electromagnetic valve energising response time and power-off response time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 and aerofluxus electricity The response time that magnet valve 22 uses is identical, unit: ms.
In the tunnel excavator of this embodiment, devise the tunnel excavator of a kind of saving power and preventing pollution dye, at mining process In do not produce waste gas, energy consumption is relatively low simultaneously；And according to devising a kind of novel engine system, it can select according to rotating speed Select the compressed air of different pressures, and during high-pressure air source switches toward low-pressure gas source, easily produce " pressure to overcome The vacuum phase " shortcoming, utilize pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 and controller to coordinate dexterously and ensure that the smooth of electromotor is exerted oneself；This starts The supply air line of machine system is not provided with air relief valve, can greatly reduce because reducing pressure the energy loss caused；By the standard etc. of gas Temperature expansion process and pressure at expulsion organically combine, and come according to the temperature conditions of each circulation and the priori value of pressure at expulsion Determine the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, only by the algorithm of amendment controller in the case of not increasing additional investment Just can reach good efficiency and improve effect, both ensure that pressure at expulsion actual exhaust air pressure was more than exhaust solenoid valve 22 simultaneously Unlatching threshold values, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much discharge loss, and the computing formula used be permissible The threshold values fluctuation effectively preventing air pressure fluctuation from causing is excessive, prevents the erroneous judgement of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further；Root According to the supply scheme without air relief valve, it is contemplated that the pressurized of cylinder 25 increases, air leakage increases and the needs of heat exchange, redesigns The air cylinder structure being suitable for, this cylinder heat transfer effect is strong, and bearing capacity is higher, and gas leakage significantly reduces, and makes λ1=0.0017, λ2= 0.0026, h=7mm, experiment shows its whole efficiency the most engineered premise height 6.5%, and air leakage decreases 9.4%, takes Obtained beyond thought effect.
Embodiment 5:
The pollution-free tunnel excavator of one as shown in Figure 1, drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3, dig including body 1, first Pick bucket 4, roller-crawler belt 5 and engine system, described body 1, first drives arm 2, second to drive arm 3 and Excavating bucket 4 phase successively Even, roller-crawler belt 5 is arranged on below body 1, and described engine system is used for driving rolls-crawler belt 5, thus drives excavator Motion.
As in figure 2 it is shown, described engine system includes air pressure pump 2, compressed air cylinder, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, starts Machine, exhaust solenoid valve 22, heat-exchange system and control system, described compressed air cylinder inside division is the higher-pressure region being disposed over 17 pass through high pressure entry valve 14 and described air pressure pump 11 phase with the low-pressure area 16 being arranged below, one end of higher-pressure region 17 Even, the other end is connected with described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 by high-pressure outlet valve 15, and low-pressure inlet valve is passed through in one end of low-pressure area 16 12 are connected with described air pressure pump 11, and the other end passes sequentially through inlet non return check valve, low tension outlet valve 13 and described air inlet electromagnetism Valve 21 is connected, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 provides high pressure or the compressed air of low pressure to described electromotor；Described air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 He Exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the guide electromagnetic valve of dead electricity normally closed type.The compressed air of higher-pressure region 17 is for turning when high engine speeds Using time dynamic, pressure limit is 15MPa～30MPa, and the compressed air of low-pressure area 16 is used for when low engine speed rotates using, Pressure limit is 2MPa～10MPa, and concrete switching condition can be set by practical situation.Meanwhile, inventor sends out after deliberation Existing, when the compressed air of high pressure switches to the compressed air of low-pressure, owing to being the state closed at air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 Switch over, the phenomenon that therefore usually can build the pressure in the pipeline after high-pressure outlet valve 15, cause 12 dozens, low tension outlet valve The pressure in pipeline cannot be overcome after opening to exert oneself, and air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 often has " the pressure of a bit of time after opening The vacuum phase ", cause exerting oneself of electromotor unsmooth, be therefore additionally provided with switching relief pipeline, one end of switching relief pipeline with Pipeline between described high-pressure outlet valve 15 with described low tension outlet valve 13 is connected, the top phase of the other end and described low-pressure area 16 Even, switching relief pipeline is provided with pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, when switching toward low pressure from high pressure, high-pressure outlet valve 15 close with After, first controller detects force value p1 after high-pressure outlet valve 15 on pipeline, and it is compared with the pressure p 2 of low-pressure area 16, As p1 ＞ p2, being opened by pressure release electromagnetic valve 18, at this time the pressure in pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 is let out rapidly to low-pressure area 16, when When p1≤p2 being detected, close pressure release electromagnetic valve 18.Consider cost-effective and pressure release effect, by described switching relief tube The caliber in road is set to higher-pressure region 17 and exports the 1/4 of caliber.
Described electromotor includes cylinder 25, piston 26, the bent axle that is connected with piston 26, and bent axle includes crank, connecting rod and flies Wheel, flywheel (not shown) is arranged on one end of bent axle；Described exhaust solenoid valve 22 is arranged on waste pipe road, Discharge duct after exhaust solenoid valve 22 is divided into two-way, and a road is directly arranged air or goes refrigeration system, separately leads up to regulation Valve 23 enters thermoregulator 24, for being adjusted outlet hot water's temperature of thermoregulator 24, keeps the expansion of gas Process is as close possible to isothermal expansion process, to improve exerting oneself of electromotor.Described heat-exchange system includes that form is pipe type heat transfer The thermoregulator 24 of device, the pre-thermal sleeve 19 being arranged on the pipeline of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 left and right sides, it is arranged on cylinder 25 Heating muff 20, arranging the purpose of pre-thermal sleeve 20 is to preheat the compressed air entering cylinder 25, and ensures Before and after air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, the temperature difference is uniform, reduce thermal stress.The heat source of thermoregulator 24 is from the solar energy collection of roof The cooling water backwater of hot device or explosive motor, by heat-exchanger pump (not shown) constantly to pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating mantle Pipe 20 supplies water, and the hot water after heating flows out through the outlet of sleeve pipe.
As shown in Figure 3-4, the outer casing wall of described cylinder 25 being additionally provided with aluminum dividing plate 36, aluminum dividing plate 36 is annular, peace It is contained between outer casing wall and heating muff 20, outside aluminum dividing plate 36 is fixed on by multiple spaced apart circumference heat conduction fixed bodies 29 On the one hand on casing wall, heat conduction fixed body 29 is in addition to fixation, and take due to this programme is to be not provided with after compressed air cylinder Air relief valve, therefore admission pressure is very big, and circumference heat conduction is fixed, and 29 can play the effect of stiffened cylinder 25 intensity, on the other hand Owing to heat conduction fixed body 29 have employed Heat Conduction Material (metal such as such as aluminum bronze), heat exchange can be strengthened.
In order to intuitively, Fig. 5 gives schematic diagram when cylinder expands into plane, at adjacent two circumferential heat conduction fixed bodies 29 Between outer casing wall on be also arranged at intervals with 3 and be folded to the baffle 27 that angle is 45 °, the height of described baffle 27 is that circumference is solid Determining the 2/3 of height, baffle 27 can effectively increase the hot water time of staying in cylinder 25 outside wall surface, improves heat transfer effect. The staggered current-sharing mouth of a river 28 being disposed with multiple circle on aluminum dividing plate 36, the water in sleeve pipe flows into and out from the current-sharing mouth of a river 28, if The purpose one putting aluminum dividing plate 36 is that the thermal conduction characteristic utilizing aluminum metal strengthens heat exchange, and two is to utilize aluminum dividing plate 36 and the current-sharing mouth of a river 28 slow down water flow velocity and uniform flux, to further enhance heat exchange and to make cylinder uniformly heat as far as possible；The interior table of aluminum dividing plate 36 It is provided with multiple spaced apart projection 30 on face, is used for the hot water turbulization effect entered to strengthen heat exchange, the most convex The height of block 30 is also unfit to do get Tai Gao, otherwise easily causes flow dead, if the height of contrary projection 30 is too low, and turbulent flow Poor effect, through repeated tests, the 1/5 of the distance being set between aluminum dividing plate 36 and outer casing wall by the height of projection 30.
As shown in Figure 6, the upper surface of described piston 26 is additionally provided with the plunger 33 of multiple cone raised up, plunger Being provided with multiple adjoining spiral spiral salient in opposite direction 34 on the surface of 33, the most previous transport screw, later are reverse Spiral ..., the purpose of plunger 33 and spiral salient 34 is charge air flow to carry out rationalization with by turbulent flow in increase cylinder Heat convection between stiffened cylinder inwall and gas in the jar；Described piston 26 entirety is cylinder, and its center outer surface is arranged There is a cannelure caved in 31, cannelure 31 is disposed with multiple spaced fixing slot 32, solid in fixing slot 32 Being connected to soft thing 35 (such as Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc.), described soft thing 35 is through the gap piston 26 and cylinder 25 and cylinder The wall contacts of 25, the distance between adjacent two described fixing slot 32 is h.Inventor it has been investigated that, when using without subtracting During the air supply system of pressure valve, due to the increase of cylinder air pressure, the gap air leak between cylinder 25 and piston 26 can be than band air relief valve System air leakage bigger, it is therefore necessary to use specific design to reduce gap air leak, to improve the efficiency of electromotor.Use Cotton Gossypii, sponge etc. have preferable bubble-tight soft thing 35, and use less interval to arrange, can the least cylinder and work Gas leakage between plug；Simultaneously experiment show, owing to supply gas pressure is higher, the frictional force between soft thing 35 and cylinder 25 relative to Almost it is negligible for the kinetic energy of piston 26, and is spaced and arranges and the soft thing 35 of discontinuous layout also effectively reduces Friction, thus improve the efficiency of electromotor.
The axle head of described bent axle is provided with Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder (not shown), and it is for turning bent axle Dynamic angular transition is corresponding umber of pulse, provides the corner α of bent axle to the controller of air motor with the form of count pulse Numerical value；The force value of the gas pressure in the cylinder 25 that described controller record is detected by pressure transducer etc., Yi Jitong Gas temperature in the cylinder 25 of excess temperature sensor detection, temperature etc. after temperature, exhaust solenoid valve 22 before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The temperature value at place.
After enabling signal is come, increment type Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder detection crank angle value α, when it reaches setting Initial charge angle [alpha]0Time, open air inlet electromagnetic valve 21；The pressure of gas in detection crank angle α, cylinder 25 the most in real time Temperature T2 after temperature T1 and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before gas temperature T, exhaust solenoid valve 22 in power p, cylinder 25, controller is according to sky The gas equation of gas and crank angle relation are calculated as follows and obtain pressure at expulsion priori value p ＇: Wherein r is the length of crank, and l is the length of connecting rod, and n is many Variable coefficient, T ' is gas temperature in the cylinder 25 during a upper loop ends, and T1 ' is the exhaust solenoid valve 22 during a upper loop ends Front temperature, λ1Being the first invariant, if being currently the first circulation, closing closed term from command of execution isothermal air inlet If a upper circulation and the temperature difference measured in real time increase, illustrate that temperature reduction amount increases, the most now A1 Also increase, close closed term by isothermal air inletImprove calculated pressure at expulsion first Testing value, the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 in advance, plays and prevents too fast expansion, reduces the temperature difference so that overall process more adjunction The effect that nearly isothermal expansion process and then raising electromotor are exerted oneself.As pressure at expulsion priori value p ' >=k1 × k2 × pomTime close into Pneumoelectric magnet valve 21, wherein pomFor the specified unlatching pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22,For often The threshold pressure coefficient of circulation, pmaxFor often circulating the maximum working pressure of cylinder 25, pminFor often circulating the minimum work of cylinder 25 Make pressure, can be seen that from the expression formula of k1 the close moment of the air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 drawn according to the method both ensure that reality Pressure at expulsion, more than the unlatching threshold values of exhaust solenoid valve 22, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much aerofluxus to damage Lose, and the threshold values fluctuation that can effectively prevent air pressure fluctuation from causing is excessive, prevents air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further Erroneous judgement；K2=0.001 × | T1 '-T2 ' |+1 is exhaust solenoid valve 22 bite correction factor, and T1 ', T2 ' are respectively upper one and follow Temperature after temperature and exhaust solenoid valve 22 before the exhaust solenoid valve 22 of ring, owing to exhaust solenoid valve 2 is in the end of expansion process, Be easy to occur low temperature frosting cause the phenomenon of bite, | T1 '-T2 ' | show the most greatly upper one circulate in before exhaust solenoid valve 22 The rear temperature difference is the biggest, and exhaust solenoid valve 22 is more susceptible to frosting and causes bite, now in this circulation k2 be automatically increased with Improve the admission pressure threshold values of cylinder 25, thus increase the inlet pressure of exhaust solenoid valve 22 to ensure that it is opened smoothly, the From the command of execution k2=1 during one circulation.Hereafter detection crank angle α is continued, when α reaches the air bleeding valve open angle α of setting1Time, Open exhaust solenoid valve 22；After exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened, continue detection crank angle, when the initial charge angle reaching setting α0Time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 22 is again turned on, until when crank angle α reaches exhaust valve closure angle Time, close exhaust solenoid valve 22, α2For the threshold value being manually set, λ2It is the second invariant, by isothermal exc. itemPlay the effect closing exhaust solenoid valve 22 in advance, it is assumed herein that corner α is continuous Increasing, often turning over a circle increases by 360 °, the expression formula of A2 understand its value always less than 1, work as the temperature differenceIncrease Time A2 reduce, then the closedown condition value of exhaust solenoid valve 22 is the lowest, so that crank angle α can faster arrive closedown condition Value, when being in first circulation from command of execution A2=1, so far engine system completes a cycle of operation；At exhaust solenoid valve In 22 periods opened, the regulation valve 23 of thermoregulator 24 can be according to temperature average and air inlet electricity in the cylinder 25 of a upper circulation Before and after magnet valve 21, Temperature Feedback value controls to adjust the aperture of valve 23, thus regulates the heat in pre-thermal sleeve 19 and heating muff 20 Coolant-temperature gage.Make λ1=0.0019, λ2=0.0028, h=6mm.
Preferably, because electromagnetic valve to off or needs the response time from breaking to leading to, so in order to control more accurately In the break-make moment of electromagnetic valve, need on the basis of ideal position, set certain lead, and this lead can not Being definite value, i.e. it not only should be relevant with the intrinsic response time of electromagnetic valve, also (should pass through with the concrete angular velocity omega of bent axle Corner α obtains) relevant, experiment proves that such variable lead can be effectively improved the levels of precision of electromagnetic valve lead, from And improve the efficiency of engine system further.Because intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve used is dead electricity normally closed solenoid valve, so Energising is opened after postponing, and closes after power-off delay.Set: the pulse generation of the rotational angle rotary encoder of bent axle is several times Amount, 0-1023 pulse number scope is corresponding with 0-360 °.The ideal position that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened is 0 (0 °), the reason of closedown Think that position is that pressure at expulsion priori value opens, with exhaust solenoid valve 22, the position that pressure is equal；The ideal that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened Position is 512 (180 °), and the ideal position of closedown is 0 (0 °).Then the power on/off position of intake and exhaust electromagnetic valve should be moved than ideal Make position to have shifted to an earlier date, amount in advance can by the rotating speed of the energising of electromagnetic valve, power-off response time and bent axle by following various based on Obtain: the lead that air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is opened isThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve 22 is closed isWherein ω is bent axle Angular velocity, U1、U2It is respectively guide electromagnetic valve energising response time and power-off response time, air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 and aerofluxus electricity The response time that magnet valve 22 uses is identical, unit: ms.
In the tunnel excavator of this embodiment, devise the tunnel excavator of a kind of saving power and preventing pollution dye, at mining process In do not produce waste gas, energy consumption is relatively low simultaneously；And according to devising a kind of novel engine system, it can select according to rotating speed Select the compressed air of different pressures, and during high-pressure air source switches toward low-pressure gas source, easily produce " pressure to overcome The vacuum phase " shortcoming, utilize pressure release electromagnetic valve 18 and controller to coordinate dexterously and ensure that the smooth of electromotor is exerted oneself；This The supply air line of motivational system is not provided with air relief valve, can greatly reduce because reducing pressure the energy loss caused；By the standard of gas Isothermal expansion process and pressure at expulsion organically combine, according to temperature conditions and the priori value of pressure at expulsion of each circulation Determine the shut-in time of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21, only by the calculation of amendment controller in the case of not increasing additional investment Method just can reach good efficiency and improve effect, both ensure that pressure at expulsion actual exhaust air pressure was more than exhaust solenoid valve simultaneously The unlatching threshold values of 22, in turn ensure that will not exceed threshold values too much causes too much discharge loss, and the computing formula used can Fluctuate excessive with the threshold values effectively preventing air pressure fluctuation from causing, prevent the erroneous judgement of air inlet electromagnetic valve 21 close moment further； According to the supply scheme without air relief valve, it is contemplated that the pressurized of cylinder 25 increases, air leakage increases and the needs of heat exchange, redesigns The air cylinder structure being suitable for, this cylinder heat transfer effect is strong, and bearing capacity is higher, and gas leakage significantly reduces, and makes λ1=0.0019, λ2 =0.0028, h=6mm, experiment shows its whole efficiency the most engineered premise height 6.8%, and air leakage decreases 10.5%, Achieve beyond thought effect.
Last it should be noted that, above example is only in order to illustrate technical scheme, rather than the present invention is protected Protecting the restriction of scope, although having made to explain to the present invention with reference to preferred embodiment, those of ordinary skill in the art should Work as understanding, technical scheme can be modified or equivalent, without deviating from the reality of technical solution of the present invention Matter and scope.

Claims (2)

1. a pollution-free tunnel excavator, is characterized in that, including body, the first driving arm, the second driving arm, Excavating bucket, rolling Wheel-track band and engine system, described body, first drive arm, second drive arm and Excavating bucket to be sequentially connected, roller-crawler belt Being arranged on below body, described engine system is used for driving rolls-crawler belt, thus drives excavator to move；Described electromotor System includes air pressure pump, compressed air cylinder, air inlet electromagnetic valve, electromotor, exhaust solenoid valve, heat-exchange system and control system System, described compressed air cylinder inside division is the higher-pressure region being disposed over and the low-pressure area being arranged below, the one of higher-pressure region End is connected with described air pressure pump by high pressure entry valve, and the other end passes through high-pressure outlet valve and described air inlet electromagnetic valve phase Even, one end of low-pressure area is connected with described air pressure pump by low-pressure inlet valve, and the other end passes sequentially through inlet non return check valve, low Pressure outlet valve is connected with described air inlet electromagnetic valve, and air inlet electromagnetic valve provides high pressure or the compressed air of low pressure to described electromotor； Described air inlet electromagnetic valve and exhaust solenoid valve are the guide electromagnetic valve of dead electricity normally closed type；
Also include switching relief pipeline, between one end and described high-pressure outlet valve and the described low tension outlet valve of switching relief pipeline Pipeline be connected, the other end is connected with the top of described low-pressure area, switches on relief pipeline and is provided with pressure release electromagnetic valve, when from height When pressure is toward low pressure switching, after high-pressure outlet valve cuts out, first force value p1 on pipeline after detection high-pressure outlet valve, and by it Comparing with the pressure p 2 of low-pressure area, as p1 ＞ p2, opened by pressure release electromagnetic valve, the pressure in switching relief valve is let out rapidly to low In nip, when p1≤p2 being detected, close pressure release electromagnetic valve, and open air inlet electromagnetic valve；The pipe of described switching relief pipeline Footpath is the 1/4 of higher-pressure region outlet caliber；
Described electromotor includes cylinder, piston, the bent axle that is connected with piston, and bent axle includes crank, connecting rod and flywheel, and flywheel is installed One end at bent axle；Described exhaust solenoid valve is arranged on waste pipe road, and the discharge duct after exhaust solenoid valve divides For two-way, a road is directly arranged air or goes refrigeration system, separately leads up to and regulates valve entrance thermoregulator, for temperature Outlet hot water's temperature of actuator；Described heat-exchange system includes thermoregulator that form is pipe heat exchanger, is arranged in air inlet Pre-thermal sleeve on the pipeline of the electromagnetic valve left and right sides, the heating muff being arranged on cylinder, the heat source of thermoregulator leads to Overheated water pump constantly supplies water to pre-thermal sleeve and heating muff, and the hot water after heating flows out through the outlet of sleeve pipe；Described cylinder Being additionally provided with aluminum dividing plate on outer casing wall, aluminum dividing plate is annular, is arranged between outer casing wall and heating muff, and aluminum dividing plate is by many Individual spaced apart circumference heat conduction fixed body is fixed on outer casing wall, the outer casing wall between adjacent two circumferential heat conduction fixed bodies On be also arranged at intervals with 3 and be folded to the baffle that angle is 45 °, the height of described baffle is the 2/3 of circumferentially fixed height；Aluminum On dividing plate, the staggered current-sharing mouth of a river being disposed with multiple circle, the inner surface of aluminum dividing plate is provided with multiple spaced apart projection, The height of projection is 1/5 of the distance between aluminum dividing plate and outer casing wall；The upper surface of described piston is additionally provided with multiple convex The plunger of the cone risen, the surface of plunger is provided with the spiral salient that multiple adjoining spiral is in opposite direction；Described piston is whole Body is cylinder, its center outer surface is provided with the cannelure of a depression, cannelure is disposed with multiple spaced Fixing slot, fixing slot is connected with soft thing, and described soft thing is through outside the gap piston and cylinder and cylinder Wall contacts, and the distance between adjacent two described fixing slot is h；
The axle head of described bent axle is provided with Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder, for being converted to accordingly by the rotational angle of bent axle Umber of pulse, provides the corner α numerical value of bent axle with the form of count pulse to the controller of air motor；Described controller record By the gas pressure in the cylinder that pressure transducer detects, and the gas temperature in the cylinder detected by temperature sensor Temperature after temperature, exhaust solenoid valve before degree, exhaust solenoid valve；After enabling signal is come, increment type Incremental Photoelectric Rotary Encoder Detection crank angle value, when it reaches the initial charge angle [alpha] of setting0Time, open air inlet electromagnetic valve；Detection the most in real time Before crank angle α, the pressure p of cylinder interior gas, cylinder interior gas temperature T, exhaust solenoid valve after temperature T1 and exhaust solenoid valve Temperature T2, controller is calculated as follows obtains pressure at expulsion priori value p ' according to gas equation and the crank angle relation of air:Wherein r is the length of crank, and l is The length of connecting rod, n is polytropic coefficient, and T ' is cylinder interior gas temperature during a upper loop ends, when T1 ' is a upper loop ends Exhaust solenoid valve before temperature, λ1Being the first invariant, if being currently the first circulation, closing closed term from command of execution isothermal air inletAs pressure at expulsion priori value p ' >=k1 × k2 × pomTime close air inlet electromagnetic valve, its Middle pomFor the specified unlatching pressure of exhaust solenoid valve,For the threshold pressure system often circulated Number, pmaxFor often circulating the maximum working pressure of cylinder, pminFor often circulating the minimum operating pressure of cylinder, k2=0.001 × | T1 '-T2 ' |+1 is exhaust solenoid valve bite correction factor, and T1 ', T2 ' are respectively temperature and row before upper one exhaust solenoid valve circulated Temperature after pneumoelectric magnet valve；Hereafter detection crank angle α is continued, when α reaches the air bleeding valve open angle α of setting1RTime, open aerofluxus Electromagnetic valve；After exhaust solenoid valve is opened, continue detection crank angle, when the initial charge angle [alpha] reaching setting0Time, air inlet electricity Magnet valve is again turned on, until when crank angle α reaches exhaust valve closure angleTime, close Close exhaust solenoid valve, wherein α2For the threshold value being manually set,For isothermal exc. item, λ2Being the second invariant, when being in first circulation from command of execution A2=1, so far engine system completes a job and follows Ring；In the period that exhaust solenoid valve is opened, the regulation valve of exhaust solenoid valve to thermoregulator can be according to the gas of a upper circulation Before and after cylinder temperature average and air inlet electromagnetic valve, Temperature Feedback value controls to adjust the aperture of valve, thus regulates pre-thermal sleeve and add Hot water temperature in thermal sleeve；Make λ1=0.0011, λ2=0.0020, h=10mm.
One the most according to claim 1 is pollution-free tunnel excavator, is characterized in that, the lead that air inlet electromagnetic valve is opened ForThe lead that exhaust solenoid valve is opened isExhaust solenoid valve is closed Lead beWherein ω is the angular velocity of bent axle, U1、U2It is respectively guide electromagnetic valve energising anti- With the power-off response time between Ying Shi, the response time that air inlet electromagnetic valve uses with exhaust solenoid valve is identical.
CN201610187884.5A 2016-03-29 2016-03-29 Pollution-free tunnel excavator Pending CN105781558A (en)

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CN105822317A (en) * 2016-06-08 2016-08-03 董超超 Tunnel excavator with high controllability
CN108237528A (en) * 2018-02-11 2018-07-03 苏州三德精密机械有限公司 Adjust arm
CN115387416A (en) * 2021-07-30 2022-11-25 长江生态环保集团有限公司 Construction method for carrying out foundation pit exploration and excavation by adopting scouring exploration and excavation equipment

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CN202831005U (en) * 2012-09-25 2013-03-27 昆山尚达智机械有限公司 Novel pollution-free excavator
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CN105822317A (en) * 2016-06-08 2016-08-03 董超超 Tunnel excavator with high controllability
CN108237528A (en) * 2018-02-11 2018-07-03 苏州三德精密机械有限公司 Adjust arm
CN115387416A (en) * 2021-07-30 2022-11-25 长江生态环保集团有限公司 Construction method for carrying out foundation pit exploration and excavation by adopting scouring exploration and excavation equipment
CN115387416B (en) * 2021-07-30 2023-08-15 长江生态环保集团有限公司 Construction method for foundation pit excavation by adopting scouring excavation equipment

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