CN105756782A - 一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统及其方法 - Google Patents

一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统及其方法 Download PDF

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CN105756782A
CN105756782A CN201610236918.5A CN201610236918A CN105756782A CN 105756782 A CN105756782 A CN 105756782A CN 201610236918 A CN201610236918 A CN 201610236918A CN 105756782 A CN105756782 A CN 105756782A
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gas
solar energy
reformer
tail
solar
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肖刚
杨天锋
倪明江
骆仲泱
高翔
岑可法
方梦祥
周劲松
施正伦
程乐鸣
王勤辉
王树荣
余春江
王涛
郑成航
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Zhejiang University ZJU
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Priority to CN201611077755.7A priority patent/CN106762143B/zh
Priority to US15/489,060 priority patent/US10533494B2/en
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    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统及其方法。空气压缩后进入太阳能空气集热器加热，再进入燃烧室；余热蒸汽发生器将给水加热蒸发，并与燃料混合进入尾气重整器，尾气重整器利用尾气热量将一部分燃料和水蒸气重整为合成气混合物，合成气混合物再进入太阳能重整器进一步重整，合成气进入燃烧室与加热后的压缩空气混合燃烧，生成的高温燃气进入燃气透平做功；燃气透平排出的尾气进入重整器为重整反应提供热量，再进入余热蒸汽发生器为给水蒸发提供必要的热量，该太阳能化学回热燃气轮机充分利用尾气余热提高了系统效率，又利用太阳能空气集热器和太阳能重整器将太阳能引入系统中，大幅减小了燃料消耗量，提高系统的环境效益和经济效益。

Description

一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统及其方法
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能燃气轮机系统，尤其涉及一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统及其方法。
背景技术
全球太阳能辐射总量约1.7×1017W，其中我国约占1％(1.8×1015W，相当于1.9万亿吨标煤/年)，是我国目前年能耗总量的680倍。电力是世界上消耗量最大的二次能源，太阳能发电技术是缓解当前能源危机的有效手段，应用前景极广。
太阳能发电技术主要分为光伏发电和光热发电两大类。光伏发电主要是利用光伏电池板的光电效应进行发电。该技术目前主要存在三大缺点：(1)发电功率随太阳光强度变化而变化，在晚上和阴雨天完全不能发电，对电网冲击大；(2)太阳光流密度低，单位发电容量所需的光伏电池板面积大，而光伏电池板制造过程污染严重、成本很高；(3)光伏电池板对太阳能光谱的响应波段主要集中在高频短波区域(400<λ<1100nm)，低频长波区域的能量则大部分转化为热量，致使光伏电池板温度升高、光电转换效率降低、使用寿命缩短。采用聚光光伏发电方法可以成倍减少光伏电池板的使用面积、采用薄膜分频方法将太阳光中的低频长波分离后再照射光伏电池板，是目前光伏发电技术的两个重要方向；对于昼夜不连续的问题，光伏发电技术本身难以克服，主要依靠蓄电池或蓄能发电系统(如蓄能水电站等)配套补充，成本很高。
太阳能热发电主要有槽式热发电、线性菲涅尔热发电、塔式热发电和碟式热发电技术。基本原理主要是利用聚光抛物面反射镜(槽式镜、线性菲涅尔镜、塔式定日镜以及碟式镜)将太阳光聚集起来，通过光热转换及换热装置产生蒸汽或加热流体驱动热机进行发电；其优点在于该技术可吸收全波段的太阳光、可通过蓄热以及燃料补充实现昼夜连续发电。常见的太阳能热发电系统中的热机采用的是蒸汽轮机，系统复杂，效率不高。燃气轮机也是一种热机，简单燃气轮机系统由压缩机、燃烧室和燃气透平组成。一般太阳能燃气轮机系统是在简单燃气轮机系统中增加太阳能空气集热器，即从压缩机出来的空气经过太阳能空气集热器预热，再进入燃烧室燃烧生成高温燃气，最后进入燃气透平对外做功。燃气轮机系统比功率大，振动噪声小，寿命长，易于维护等应用越来越广，但是简单燃气轮机循环其效率较低，尾气排放热损失大，一般与水蒸汽朗肯循环联合使用，提高系统整体效率。简单太阳能燃气轮机系统效率低，而燃气-蒸汽联合循环系统复杂，由于太阳能热发电站相比传统化石燃料电站规模相对较小，整体效率比大型机组要低，投资大，风险高。
发明内容
本发明针对现有的太阳能燃气轮系统所存在的问题，提出了一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统及其方法，提高了系统整体效率，避免了联合循环系统的复杂性，而且增加了太阳能所占比例，提高了系统的环境效益和经济效益。
本发明的具体方案如下：
一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，其特征在于：包括压缩机、太阳能空气集热器、燃烧室、燃气透平、尾气重整器、余热蒸汽发生器、太阳能重整器，空气进入压缩机，经过压缩后压缩空气进入太阳能空气集热器，空气被聚焦太阳光加热后进入燃烧室，产生的高温燃气进入燃气透平对外做功，燃气透平尾气依次通过尾气重整器和余热蒸汽发生器；给水在余热蒸汽发生器中被尾气加热蒸发成水蒸汽，并与燃料混合进入尾气重整器，尾气加热燃料和水蒸汽，使其发生重整反应，重整反应产生的合成气混合物进入太阳能重整器，吸收聚焦太阳能，进一步发生重整反应，重整反应产生的合成气进入燃烧室与空气进行反应，生产高温燃气。
所述太阳能空气集热器利用聚焦的太阳光加热集热器内流过的空气。常见的结构形式有管式集热器和容积式集热器。管式集热器中空气在管内流动，管外壁接受聚焦太阳光照射而被加热；容积式集热器利用石英玻璃窗将空气密封在集热器腔中，聚焦太阳光被容积式集热器中布置的多孔介质吸收，利用多孔介质再加热空气。空气集热器能够将空气加热到800℃以上，所述的太阳能空气集热器为管式集热器或容积式集热器的一种或两者的组合。
所述尾气重整器利用尾气热量加热水蒸汽和燃料混合物，分为烟气侧和反应侧，烟气侧流过尾气，提供反应所需热量，反应侧发生重整反应生产合成气，以甲烷和水蒸汽为例，重整反应化学方程式为，
CH4+H2O＝CO+3H2；
CO+H2O＝CO2+H2；
重整后，合成气为甲烷、水蒸汽、一氧化碳、二氧化碳和氢气的混合物。该总反应为吸热反应，回收尾气的余热，减小排放，提高系统效率。
所述太阳能重整器利用聚焦太阳光进一步加热在反应侧中从尾气重整器出来的合成气混合物，促进甲烷和水蒸汽的进一步的重整反应，其反应机理同所述的尾气重整器，吸收太阳能进入动力循环。
所述余热蒸汽发生器，分为水侧和烟气侧，烟气侧流过从所述尾气重整器排气的尾气，加热水侧中的给水并蒸发。余热蒸汽发生器进一步回收了尾气的热量，减少排放热损失，提高系统效率。
所述的燃料为气体、液体或固体燃料中的一种或多种，气体燃料包括天然气、页岩气，液体燃料包括柴油、生物质油，固体燃料包括煤炭、生物质炭。所述的燃料和所述的水蒸汽通过混合器混合再进入尾气重整器反应侧。
所述的余热蒸汽发生器烟气侧排出的尾气再进入尾气冷凝器，用于凝结尾气中所含有的水蒸汽，回收冷凝水，减少水消耗量。
所述太阳能空气集热器和太阳能重整器的聚焦太阳能由塔式聚光系统、碟式聚光系统、槽式聚光系统或者线性菲涅尔式聚光系统中的一种或者多种提供。
所述的尾气重整器和太阳能重整器的反应侧填有镍基催化剂，加快重整反应速率。
所述压缩机分成低压压缩机和高压压缩机，并且在低压压缩机和高压压缩机之间设置中间冷却器，用于冷却从低压压缩机出来的空气，因而进入高压缩机的空气温度大幅降低，减小了高压压缩机的耗功，提高系统效率。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下优点：
1、采用尾气重整器和余热蒸汽发生器减少了尾气排放损失，提高了系统效率，避免了复杂的朗肯循环的使用，简化了系统，提高系统的紧凑型，方便系统的安装和维护。
2、太阳能重整器的采用大幅提高了太阳能在系统中所占比例，减小了燃料的使用量，提高环境效益和经济效益。
3、由于合成气含有大量的氢气和水蒸汽，降低了燃烧室中的火焰温度，因此氮氧化物排放大幅减小。
附图说明
图1是太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统示意图；
图中：压缩机1，太阳能空气集热器2，燃烧室3，燃气透平4，发电机5，燃料压缩机6，尾气重整器7，混合器8，余热蒸汽发生器9，给水泵10，太阳能重整器11。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，包括压缩机1、太阳能空气集热器2、燃烧室3、燃气透平4、尾气重整器7、余热蒸汽发生器9、太阳能重整器11，空气进入压缩机1，经过压缩后进入太阳能空气集热器2，空气被聚焦太阳光加热到1000℃，后进入燃烧室3，燃烧后产生的高温燃气，温度达到1200℃，进入燃气透平4，燃气透平4通过转轴与压缩机1相连，为压缩机提供压缩时所需的动力，燃气透平4通过转轴与发电机5相连，带动发电机5发电，对外输出电功。燃气透平尾气依次通过尾气重整器7和余热蒸汽发生器9；给水通过给水泵10提高压力后进入余热蒸汽发生器9中，被尾气加热蒸发成水蒸汽。燃料通过燃料压缩机6压缩后，在混合器8中与余热蒸汽发生器9中产生的水蒸汽混合，进入尾气重整器7，尾气加热燃料和水蒸汽发生重整反应，出口温度达到500℃，产生的重整反应混合物进入太阳能重整器11，吸收聚焦太阳能，进一步发生重整反应，重整反应混合物出口温度800℃，再进入燃烧室3与空气进行反应，生产高温燃气。从余热蒸汽发生器排走的尾气温度为130℃，系统整体效率为47％，比燃气轮机简单循环提高11个百分点，太阳能输入与燃料热量输入之比达到4:1。太阳能空气集热器和太阳能重整器所需的太阳能输入由塔式聚光系统或者碟式聚光系统提供。

Claims (9)

1.一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，其特征在于：包括压缩机(1)、太阳能空气集热器(2)、燃烧室(3)、燃气透平(4)、尾气重整器(7)、余热蒸汽发生器(9)、太阳能重整器(11)，压缩机(1)、太阳能空气集热器(2)、燃烧室(3)、燃气透平(4)通过管道顺次相连，燃气透平(4)、尾气重整器(7)反应侧、余热蒸汽发生器(9)水侧通过管道顺次相连，尾气重整器(7)的合成气混合物出口、太阳能重整器(11)反应侧、燃烧室(3)通过管道顺次相连，余热蒸汽发生器(9)水侧的水蒸汽出口通过混合器(8)与尾气重整器(7)反应侧相连。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，其特征在于所述的混合器(8)的一个入口与余热蒸汽发生器(9)水侧的水蒸汽出口相连，另一入口与燃料压缩机(6)出口相连，燃料和水蒸汽通过混合器(8)混合并进入尾气重整器(7)反应侧。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，其特征在于所述的太阳能空气集热器为管式集热器或容积式集热器中的一种或两者的组合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，其特征在于所述的余热蒸汽发生器(9)烟气侧的尾气出口与尾气冷凝器相连，从余热蒸汽发生器(9)烟气侧的尾气出口排出的尾气进入尾气冷凝器，回收冷凝水。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，其特征在于所述的太阳能空气集热器和太阳能重整器的聚焦太阳光由塔式聚光系统、碟式聚光系统、槽式聚光系统或者线性菲涅尔式聚光系统中的一种或者多种提供。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，其特征在于所述压缩机(1)分成低压压缩机和高压压缩机，并且在低压压缩机和高压压缩机之间设置中间冷却器，用于冷却从低压压缩机出来的压缩空气。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能化学回热燃气轮机系统，其特征在于所述的尾气重整器(7)和太阳能重整器(11)的反应侧填有镍基催化剂。
8.一种如权利要求1-6任一项所述系统的工作方法，其特征在于：空气进入压缩机(1)，经过压缩后进入太阳能空气集热器，压缩空气被聚焦太阳光加热后进入燃烧室(3)，产生的高温燃气进入燃气透平(4)对外做功，燃气透平尾气依次通过尾气重整器(7)和余热蒸汽发生器(9)烟气侧；给水在余热蒸汽发生器(9)中被尾气加热蒸发成水蒸汽，并与燃料混合进入尾气重整器(7)反应侧，燃料和水蒸汽发生重整反应，所需热量由从燃气透平(4)排出的尾气提供，重整反应产生的合成气混合物进入太阳能重整器(11)反应侧，吸收聚焦太阳能，并进一步发生重整反应，重整反应产生的合成气进入燃烧室(3)与空气进行反应，生产高温燃气。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于所述的燃料为气体、液体或固体燃料中的一种或多种。
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Application publication date: 20160713