CN105737739B - Utilize the experimental provision and method of total reflection prism measurement filament tiny length change - Google Patents
Utilize the experimental provision and method of total reflection prism measurement filament tiny length change Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种利用全反射棱镜测量细丝微小长度变化的实验装置和方法,实验装置由顶板、底板、底板棱镜、顶板棱镜、转向棱镜、激光发射器、激光接收器、激光测距仪、细丝和连接柱组成。其通过底板棱镜和顶板棱镜使激光多次发生180°转向,通过转向棱镜使激光发生90°转向,进而形成激光发射器‑顶板棱镜、底板棱镜、转向棱镜‑激光接收器的激光回路。通过分析作用发生前后整体光路长度的变化得到细丝的长度变化,将毫米级的微小细丝长度变化测量转化为米级的整体激光回路距离的测量,提高了测量精度,且受外界环境干扰小。本发明简便快捷,对实验操作技能要求低,适合于物理实验教学。
The invention discloses an experimental device and method for measuring tiny length changes of filaments by using a total reflection prism. The experimental device consists of a top plate, a bottom plate, a bottom plate prism, a top plate prism, a turning prism, a laser transmitter, a laser receiver, and a laser range finder. , filaments and connecting columns. It uses the bottom prism and the top prism to make the laser turn 180° multiple times, and turns the laser 90° through the turning prism to form a laser circuit of laser transmitter-top prism, bottom prism, turning prism-laser receiver. By analyzing the change of the overall optical path length before and after the action occurs, the length change of the filament is obtained, and the measurement of the millimeter-level tiny filament length change is converted into the measurement of the meter-level overall laser circuit distance, which improves the measurement accuracy and is less affected by the external environment. . The invention is simple and fast, has low requirements on experimental operation skills, and is suitable for teaching physics experiments.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种物理实验装置与方法,具体地指利用全反射棱镜测量细丝微小长度变化的实验装置和方法。The invention relates to a physical experiment device and method, in particular to an experimental device and method for measuring tiny length changes of filaments by using a total reflection prism.
背景技术Background technique
测量细丝微小长度变化是金属丝弹性模量和金属丝线膨胀系数测定等实验中的关键问题。现实中由于实验中金属细丝的长度变化通常是一个微量,一般在0.1mm~1mm之间,因此常规的测量方法无法满足实验精度要求。Measuring tiny length changes of filaments is a key issue in experiments such as the determination of the elastic modulus of metal wires and the linear expansion coefficient of metal wires. In reality, because the length change of the metal filament in the experiment is usually a small amount, generally between 0.1mm and 1mm, the conventional measurement method cannot meet the experimental accuracy requirements.
现有的大学物理实验中广泛采用的是光杠杆法测金属丝微小线性变形,光杠杆方法采用光杠杆反射镜随金属丝伸长而发生倾斜,根据反射光线位置变化推导出光杠杆反射镜的倾斜角度,进而得到金属丝的伸长量。该方法设备简单应用广泛,但由光杠杆反射镜、望远镜及标尺所组成的光学系统难于调节,调试好后又易受到外部环境干扰,实验操作中稳定性差,影响实验精度,且光杠杆法实验操作复杂、测量费时。这就要求采用光杠杆法测量细丝长度微小变化时实验者操作精准熟练,因此,测量结果的精度受人为因素的影响比较大。在实践教学中受学生动手能力和熟练程度的限制,一般很难得到理想的实验结果。The optical lever method is widely used in the existing university physics experiments to measure the small linear deformation of the metal wire. The optical lever method uses the optical lever reflector to tilt as the metal wire elongates, and the inclination of the optical lever reflector is deduced according to the position change of the reflected light. Angle, and then the elongation of the wire. This method has simple equipment and is widely used, but the optical system composed of optical lever reflectors, telescopes and scales is difficult to adjust, and it is easily disturbed by the external environment after adjustment. The operation is complicated and the measurement is time-consuming. This requires the experimenter to be precise and skilled when using the optical lever method to measure small changes in the length of the filament. Therefore, the accuracy of the measurement results is greatly affected by human factors. Due to the limitation of students' hands-on ability and proficiency in practical teaching, it is generally difficult to obtain ideal experimental results.
本发明提供了一种利用全反射棱镜测量细丝微小长度变化的实验装置和方法。全反射棱镜即主截面是等腰直角三角形的棱镜,其利用全反射原理来改变光路的行进方向,当光从直角面垂直入射时,光线无损失地偏转90°,当光从斜面垂直入射时,光线无损失地逆转180°。本发明利用全反射棱镜来改变光线路径,结合激光测距仪测量整体光路距离,进而根据加载前后整体光路距离变化获得细丝的微小长度变化。The invention provides an experimental device and method for measuring tiny length changes of filaments by using a total reflection prism. The total reflection prism is a prism whose main section is an isosceles right triangle. It uses the principle of total reflection to change the direction of light path. , the light is reversed 180° without loss. The invention uses a total reflection prism to change the light path, combines with a laser range finder to measure the overall optical path distance, and then obtains the tiny length change of the filament according to the change of the overall optical path distance before and after loading.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提供了一种利用全反射棱镜测量细丝微小长度变化的实验装置和方法,该装置和方法实现了简便快速准确的测量细丝微小长度变化。The invention provides an experimental device and method for measuring tiny length changes of filaments by using a total reflection prism, and the device and method realize simple, fast and accurate measurement of tiny length changes of filaments.
为达到上述目的,本发明所述实验装置,包括:顶板、底板、底板棱镜、顶板棱镜、转向棱镜、激光发射器、激光接收器、激光测距仪、细丝、连接柱。In order to achieve the above object, the experimental device of the present invention includes: a top plate, a bottom plate, a bottom plate prism, a top plate prism, a turning prism, a laser emitter, a laser receiver, a laser rangefinder, a filament, and a connecting column.
所述底板棱镜、顶板棱镜与转向棱镜均为全反射棱镜,其横截面为等腰直角三角形,横截面的直角所在纵向边称为直角边;横截面的斜边所在纵向表面称为斜边面;横截面的直边所在纵向表面称为直边面;Described base plate prism, top plate prism and turning prism are all total reflection prisms, and its cross section is an isosceles right triangle, and the longitudinal side where the right angle of cross section is called right angle side; The longitudinal surface where the hypotenuse of cross section is called hypotenuse ; The longitudinal surface where the straight edge of the cross section is located is called the straight edge surface;
所述顶板和底板为矩形刚性平面板,顶板和底板上下相对平行布置,顶板上表面固定;The top plate and the bottom plate are rectangular rigid plane plates, the top plate and the bottom plate are arranged relatively parallel up and down, and the upper surface of the top plate is fixed;
所述激光发射器、激光接收器、激光测距仪布置于底板上表面的前侧左角处,其中激光发射器可以发射竖向激光,激光接收器可接收水平激光,激光发射器和激光接收器底部连接有激光测距仪,其通过处理激光发射器和激光接收器接发出收到的激光信号特征显示整体光路长度。The laser emitter, laser receiver, and laser range finder are arranged at the front left corner of the upper surface of the base plate, wherein the laser emitter can emit vertical laser light, the laser receiver can receive horizontal laser light, and the laser emitter and laser receiver A laser range finder is connected to the bottom of the device, which displays the overall optical path length by processing the characteristics of the laser signals received and received by the laser transmitter and laser receiver.
所述底板棱镜为两行平行布置的全反射棱镜,两行底板棱镜数量相等,均为n个,沿底板横轴对称布置于底板的两个长边上,底板棱镜的直角边固定于底板,直角边与底板长边垂直,底板棱镜的斜边面与底板平行;The base plate prisms are two rows of total reflection prisms arranged in parallel, and the number of base plate prisms in the two rows is equal, each being n, symmetrically arranged on the two long sides of the base plate along the transverse axis of the base plate, and the right-angled sides of the base plate prisms are fixed on the base plate, The right-angle side is perpendicular to the long side of the bottom plate, and the hypotenuse of the bottom plate prism is parallel to the bottom plate;
底板上表面后侧左角、顶板下表面的前侧右角和后侧右角均设有转向棱镜,所述转向棱镜的一个直边面与底板(顶板)平面垂直,另一个直边面与相邻的底板(顶板)棱镜斜边面相连,其直角边与底板和顶板的长边平行,转向棱镜的斜边面朝向装置外侧,直角边靠近底板和顶板的中心。Turning prisms are arranged at the rear left corner of the upper surface of the base plate, the front right corner and the rear right corner of the lower surface of the top plate. The base plate (top plate) prism hypotenuse face is connected, and its right-angled side is parallel with the long side of base plate and top plate, and the hypotenuse face of steering prism is towards the device outside, and right-angled side is near the center of base plate and top plate.
所述底板棱镜和顶板棱镜尺寸相同,且数量均为2n个,其直角边长度为h,横截面斜边长度为2h;转向棱镜的直角边长度为h,横截面直边长度为h。The bottom plate prism and the top plate prism have the same size, and the number is 2n. The length of the right-angled side is h, and the length of the hypotenuse of the cross-section is 2h; the length of the right-angled side of the turning prism is h, and the length of the straight side of the cross-section is h.
所述顶板棱镜为两行平行的全反射棱镜,沿顶板下表面的两个长边布置,布置形式与底板棱镜相同;且顶板棱镜与底板棱镜交错相对,使顶板棱镜各棱镜的连接边与其下部的底板棱镜的直角边在同一个铅垂面内。The top plate prisms are two rows of parallel total reflection prisms arranged along the two long sides of the bottom surface of the top plate in the same arrangement as the bottom plate prisms; The right-angled sides of the base plate prism are in the same vertical plane.
在顶板的下表面和底板的上表面中心处均布置有连接柱,连接柱的高度等于底板棱镜和顶板棱镜高的一半,即h/2。A connecting column is arranged at the center of the lower surface of the top plate and the upper surface of the bottom plate, and the height of the connecting column is equal to half of the height of the bottom prism and the top prism, ie h/2.
所述细丝连接于两个连接柱之间。The filament is connected between two connecting posts.
本发明所述实验装置实验时通过底板棱镜和顶板棱镜使激光发射器发射的激光发生180°转向,通过转向棱镜使激光发生90°转向,形成激光发射器-顶板棱镜、底板棱镜、转向棱镜-激光接收器的激光回路。During the experiment of the experimental device of the present invention, the laser beam emitted by the laser emitter is turned 180° by the bottom plate prism and the top plate prism, and the laser light is turned by 90° by the turning prism to form the laser emitter-top plate prism, bottom plate prism, turning prism- Laser circuit of the laser receiver.
根据各棱镜尺寸数量与顶板底板尺寸,可知本实验装置的激光回路中激光水平向传播路程不变,总长度为定值S1。According to the size of each prism and the size of the top and bottom plates, it can be known that the horizontal propagation distance of the laser in the laser circuit of this experimental device is constant, and the total length is a fixed value S 1 .
基于以上所述实验装置和原理分析,本发明提供的一种利用全反射棱镜测量细丝微小长度变化的实验方法的主要步骤如下:Based on the above-mentioned experimental device and principle analysis, the main steps of a kind of experimental method utilizing total reflection prism to measure the tiny length change of filament provided by the present invention are as follows:
(1)已知所述实验装置顶板棱镜为2n个,底板棱镜为2n个,转向棱镜为3个,取一段细丝两端分别连接于顶板和底板的两个连接柱之间,调整底板位置,使底板水平且与顶板上下相对;(1) It is known that there are 2n prisms on the top plate of the experimental device, 2n prisms on the bottom plate, and 3 turning prisms, and the two ends of a section of filament are respectively connected between the two connecting columns of the top plate and the bottom plate, and the position of the bottom plate is adjusted. , so that the bottom plate is horizontal and opposite to the top plate;
(2)接通激光发射器、激光接收器和激光测距仪电源,测量激光回路长度S,根据已知所述实验装置形成的激光回路中水平传播过程总长度为定值S1,激光全部传播过程包含4n+2个竖向传播光路,得到激光回路的竖向传播距离S2=(4n+2)H=S-S1,其中H为单个竖向光路长度,得到初始状态下细丝的长度为L=H=(S-S1)/(4n+2);(2) Turn on the power supply of the laser transmitter, laser receiver and laser range finder, measure the length S of the laser circuit, according to the total length of the horizontal propagation process in the laser circuit formed by the known experimental device is a fixed value S 1 , all laser The propagation process includes 4n+2 vertical propagation optical paths, and the vertical propagation distance S 2 =(4n+2)H=SS 1 of the laser circuit is obtained, where H is the length of a single vertical optical path, and the length of the filament in the initial state is obtained is L=H=(SS 1 )/(4n+2);
(3)在外部作用使细丝长度变化后,重新测量激光回路长度S`,根据已知装置激光回路所有水平传播过程距离仍为定值S1,得到激光回路的竖向传播距离S`2=(4n+2)H`=S`-S1,则变化后的细丝长度为L`=H`=(S`-S1)/(4n+2);(3) After the length of the filament changes due to external effects, re-measure the length S` of the laser circuit. According to the known device, the distance of all horizontal propagation processes of the laser circuit is still a fixed value S 1 , and the vertical propagation distance S` 2 of the laser circuit is obtained. =(4n+2)H`=S`-S 1 , then the length of the changed filament is L`=H`=(S`-S 1 )/(4n+2);
(4)计算外部作用引起的细丝的长度变化ΔL=L`-L=(S`-S)/(4n+2)。(4) Calculate the length change ΔL of the filament caused by the external action ΔL=L`-L=(S`-S)/(4n+2).
本发明通过上下相对交错布置的全反射棱镜和转向全反射棱镜形成闭合激光光路,根据激光测距仪测得的作用前后整体光路长度变化,获得连接于上板和下板中心间的细丝长度变化。相比于现有的实验装置和方法,本发明有如下优点:The present invention forms a closed laser light path through the total reflection prisms and the steering total reflection prisms arranged in a staggered up and down direction, and obtains the length of the filament connected between the center of the upper plate and the lower plate according to the change of the overall optical path length before and after the action measured by the laser range finder. Variety. Compared with existing experimental devices and methods, the present invention has the following advantages:
1、依靠全反射棱镜改变激光传播途径,通过激光测距仪读取整体光路长度,减少外部干扰,操作简单,对仪器操作能力和熟练程度要求低,适于初学者使用;1. Rely on the total reflection prism to change the laser propagation path, read the overall optical path length through the laser rangefinder, reduce external interference, simple operation, low requirements for instrument operation ability and proficiency, suitable for beginners;
2、通过多个全反射棱镜形成激光竖向往复传播,将毫米级的微小细丝长度变化测量转化为米级的整体激光回路距离的测量,提高了测量精度。2. The vertical reciprocating propagation of laser light is formed by multiple total reflection prisms, and the measurement of the length change of tiny filaments at the millimeter level is converted into the measurement of the overall laser circuit distance at the meter level, which improves the measurement accuracy.
本发明操作简单且精度高,适合用于物理实验教学。以测量精度为1mm的相位式激光测距仪为例,当本发明所述实验装置底板棱镜和顶板棱镜数量均为4个时,理论上测量精度即可达到0.1mm,这完全满足细丝微小长度变化的精确测量要求。The invention has simple operation and high precision, and is suitable for teaching physics experiments. Taking a phase type laser range finder with a measurement accuracy of 1mm as an example, when the number of the bottom plate prism and the top plate prism in the experimental device of the present invention are both 4, the measurement accuracy can reach 0.1mm in theory, which fully satisfies the requirements of the tiny filaments. Accurate measurement of length changes is required.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明所述实验装置三维示意图;Fig. 1 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the experimental device of the present invention;
图2是本发明所述转向棱镜及相邻底板(顶板)棱镜示意图;Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of turning prism and adjacent base plate (top plate) prism of the present invention;
图3是本发明所述实验装置主视图;Fig. 3 is a front view of the experimental device of the present invention;
图4是本发明所述实验装置后视图;Fig. 4 is a rear view of the experimental device of the present invention;
图5是本发明所述实验装置左视图;Fig. 5 is a left side view of the experimental device of the present invention;
图6是本发明所述实验装置右视图;Fig. 6 is a right view of the experimental device of the present invention;
图中:1、顶板;2、底板;3、底板棱镜;4、顶板棱镜;5、转向棱镜;6、激光发射器;7、激光接收器;8、激光测距仪;9、细丝;10、砝码;11、连接柱。In the figure: 1. top plate; 2. bottom plate; 3. bottom plate prism; 4. top plate prism; 5. steering prism; 6. laser transmitter; 7. laser receiver; 8. laser range finder; 10. Weight; 11. Connecting column.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图和一个具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and a specific embodiment.
如图1所示,本实施例所述实验装置由顶板1、底板2、底板棱镜3、顶板棱镜4、转向棱镜5、激光发射器6、激光接收器7、激光测距仪8、细丝9、砝码10、连接柱11组成。As shown in Figure 1, the experimental device described in this embodiment consists of a top plate 1, a bottom plate 2, a bottom plate prism 3, a top plate prism 4, a turning prism 5, a laser transmitter 6, a laser receiver 7, a laser rangefinder 8, a filament 9. It is composed of weight 10 and connecting column 11.
如图1所示,顶板1和底板2为长方形刚性薄板,底板2上表面左侧内角布置有激光发射器6、激光接收器7、激光测距仪8,激光发射器6与激光接收器7连接于激光测距仪8,所述激光测距仪8为相位式激光测距仪,测量精度1mm。As shown in Figure 1, the top plate 1 and the bottom plate 2 are rectangular rigid thin plates, and the inner corner on the left side of the upper surface of the bottom plate 2 is arranged with a laser emitter 6, a laser receiver 7, a laser range finder 8, a laser emitter 6 and a laser receiver 7 Connected to the laser range finder 8, the laser range finder 8 is a phase type laser range finder with a measurement accuracy of 1 mm.
如图1所示,底板2的两个长边方向分别布置有4个底板棱镜3,顶板1两个长度方向分别布置有4个顶板棱镜4;As shown in Figure 1, four bottom prisms 3 are respectively arranged in the two long sides of the bottom plate 2, and four top prisms 4 are respectively arranged in the two length directions of the top plate 1;
如图2所示,底板棱镜3和顶板棱镜4均为全反射棱镜,其横截面为等腰直角三角形,横截面的直角所在纵向边称为直角边;横截面的斜边所在纵向面称为斜边面;横截面的直边所在纵向面称为直边面;As shown in Figure 2, the bottom plate prism 3 and the top plate prism 4 are total reflection prisms, and its cross section is an isosceles right triangle, and the longitudinal side where the right angle of the cross section is called a right angle side; the longitudinal plane where the hypotenuse of the cross section is called The hypotenuse; the longitudinal plane where the straight side of the cross section is called the straight side;
如图1和图2所示,底板棱镜3和顶板棱镜4尺寸相同,其直角边长度为h,横截面斜边长度为2h;转向棱镜5的直角边长度为h,横截面直边长度也为h。As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, the base plate prism 3 and the top plate prism 4 have the same size, the length of its right-angled side is h, and the length of the hypotenuse of the cross section is 2h; the length of the right-angled side of the turning prism 5 is h, and the length of the straight side of the cross section is also for h.
如图1和图2所示,底板棱镜3为两行平行布置的全反射棱镜,两行底板棱镜数量均为4个,分别沿底板2的两个长边设置,沿底板2的横轴向对称布置,底板棱镜3的直角边固定于底板2,直角边与底板2的长边垂直,斜边面与底板2平行;同样,顶板棱镜4为两行平行的全反射棱镜,每行4个,沿顶板1下表面的两个长边布置,布置形式与底板棱镜3相同;且顶板棱镜4与底板棱镜3交错相对,顶板棱镜4靠近顶板1的左侧开始布置,底板棱镜3靠近底板2的右侧开始布置,使顶板棱镜4各棱镜的连接边与其下部的底板棱镜3的直角边在同一个垂面内。As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the base plate prisms 3 are total reflection prisms arranged in parallel in two rows. Symmetrically arranged, the right-angled side of the bottom plate prism 3 is fixed on the bottom plate 2, the right-angled side is perpendicular to the long side of the bottom plate 2, and the hypotenuse surface is parallel to the bottom plate 2; similarly, the top plate prism 4 is two parallel rows of total reflection prisms, 4 in each row , arranged along the two long sides of the lower surface of the top plate 1, the arrangement form is the same as that of the bottom plate prism 3; and the top plate prism 4 is opposite to the bottom plate prism 3 in a staggered manner, the top plate prism 4 is arranged near the left side of the top plate 1, and the bottom plate prism 3 is close to the bottom plate 2 The right side of the top plate prism 4 is arranged so that the right-angled side of each prism of the top plate prism 4 and the bottom plate prism 3 of its bottom are in the same vertical plane.
如图1和图2所示,底板2上表面后侧左角、顶板1下表面的前侧右角和后侧右角均设有转向棱镜5,所述转向棱镜5的一个直边面与底板2及顶板1平面垂直,另一个直边面与相邻的底板棱镜3(顶板棱镜4)斜边面相连,其直角边与底板2和顶板1的长边平行,转向棱镜5的斜边面朝向外侧,直角边靠近底板2和顶板1的中心。As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, the rear left corner of the upper surface of the bottom plate 2, the front right corner and the rear right corner of the top plate 1 lower surface are all provided with a turning prism 5, and a straight side surface of the turning prism 5 is connected to the bottom plate 2 And the plane of top plate 1 is vertical, and another straight side is connected with the hypotenuse of adjacent bottom plate prism 3 (top plate prism 4), and its right angle side is parallel with the long side of bottom plate 2 and top plate 1, and the hypotenuse of steering prism 5 faces Outer, right-angled sides are near the centers of the bottom plate 2 and the top plate 1 .
如图3所示为本装置正视图及正视图可见的光路图,从激光发射器6发射出的激光垂直向上经顶板棱镜4和底板棱镜3的反射,发生8次无损失180°转向,而后通过顶板1前侧右角处的转向棱镜5形成水平向内传播的激光信号。As shown in Figure 3, it is the front view of the device and the visible optical path diagram of the front view. The laser light emitted from the laser transmitter 6 is vertically upward reflected by the top plate prism 4 and the bottom plate prism 3, and there are 8 times of 180 ° turning without loss, and then The laser signal propagating horizontally inward is formed by the turning prism 5 at the right corner of the front side of the top plate 1 .
如图4为本装置后视图及后视图可见的光路图,如图6为本装置右视图及右视图可见的光路图,可见,经顶板1前侧右角处的转向棱镜5水平传播来的激光信号,通过顶板1后侧右角的转向棱镜5发生90°转向,进而垂直向下传播;而后经顶板棱镜4和底板棱镜3的反射,发生8次无损失180°转向,而后通过底板2后侧左角处的转向棱镜5形成水平向外的激光信号。Figure 4 is the visible light path diagram of the device's rear view and rear view, and Figure 6 is the visible light path diagram of the device's right view and right view. The signal turns 90° through the turning prism 5 at the right corner on the rear side of the top plate 1, and then propagates vertically downward; then it is reflected by the prism 4 on the top plate and the prism 3 on the bottom plate, turns 180° without loss for 8 times, and then passes through the back side of the bottom plate 2 The turning prism 5 at the left corner forms a horizontally outward laser signal.
如图5所示,为本装置左视图及左视图可见的光路图,经底板2后侧左角处的转向棱镜5水平传来的激光信号,由激光接收器7接收。As shown in FIG. 5 , it is the left view of the device and the optical path diagram visible in the left view. The laser signal transmitted horizontally through the turning prism 5 at the left corner of the rear side of the base plate 2 is received by the laser receiver 7 .
如图5和图6所示,底板2和顶板1的中心设置有连接柱11,连接柱11的高度等于底板棱镜3和顶板棱镜4高的一半,即h/2;所述实验用细丝9连接于两个连接柱11之间。As shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, the center of base plate 2 and top plate 1 is provided with connecting post 11, and the height of connecting post 11 is equal to half of the height of base plate prism 3 and top plate prism 4, i.e. h/2; 9 is connected between two connecting posts 11.
本实施例以测量细丝竖向伸长量为例,介绍主要实验步骤和方法。In this embodiment, taking the measurement of the vertical elongation of the filament as an example, the main experimental steps and methods are introduced.
(1)如图1、图5所示,将细丝9连接于两个连接柱11之间,调整底板2位置,使底板2水平且与顶板1上下对称,单个竖向光路长度为H,初始状态下细丝9的长度为L;(1) As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 5, connect the filament 9 between the two connecting columns 11, adjust the position of the bottom plate 2, make the bottom plate 2 horizontal and symmetrical with the top plate 1, and the length of a single vertical optical path is H, The length of the filament 9 in the initial state is L;
(2)接通激光发射器6、激光接收器7和激光测距仪8电源,测量初始状态下整体装置的激光回路长度S,根据已知所述实验装置形成的激光回路中水平传播过程总长度为定值S1,本装置激光全部传播过程包含18个竖向传播光路,得到激光回路的竖向传播距离S2=18H=S-S1,则初始状态下细丝的长度为L=H=(S-S1)/18;(2) Connect the laser transmitter 6, the laser receiver 7 and the laser range finder 8 power supplies, measure the laser circuit length S of the overall device under the initial state, according to the total horizontal propagation process in the laser circuit formed by the known experimental device The length is a fixed value S 1 , the entire laser propagation process of this device includes 18 vertical propagation optical paths, and the vertical propagation distance of the laser circuit is obtained S 2 =18H=SS 1 , then the length of the filament in the initial state is L=H= (SS 1 )/18;
(3)如图1所示,在底板下表面中心处悬挂砝码10,使细9发生伸长,重复前述步骤(1)和(2),重新测量激光回路长度S`,如图4和图6所示,拉伸后细丝9的长度为L`,单个竖向光路长度为H`,根据已知装置激光回路所有水平传播过程距离仍为定值S1,得到激光回路的竖向传播距离S`2=18H`=S`-S1,则初始状态细丝的长度为L`=H`=(S`-S1)/18;(3) As shown in Figure 1, hang a weight 10 at the center of the lower surface of the bottom plate to make the thin 9 elongate, repeat the aforementioned steps (1) and (2), and re-measure the length S of the laser circuit, as shown in Figure 4 and As shown in Figure 6, the length of the filament 9 after stretching is L`, and the length of a single vertical optical path is H`. According to the known device, the distance of all horizontal propagation processes of the laser circuit is still a fixed value S 1 , and the vertical length of the laser circuit is obtained. Propagation distance S` 2 =18H`=S`-S 1 , then the length of the filament in the initial state is L`=H`=(S`-S 1 )/18;
(4)计算细丝的伸长量ΔL=L`-L=(S`-S)/18。(4) Calculate the elongation of the filament ΔL=L`-L=(S`-S)/18.
根据本实施例所采用的激光测距仪8的精度和单个竖向光路的个数,可得理论上本实施例的测量精度可达0.1mm。According to the accuracy of the laser rangefinder 8 used in this embodiment and the number of single vertical optical paths, it can be obtained that the measurement accuracy of this embodiment can theoretically reach 0.1 mm.
以上实施例仅是本发明所述装置和实验方法的一种应用,并不是对其的限制。The above embodiment is only an application of the device and experimental method of the present invention, and is not a limitation thereto.
本发明利用不同布置形式的全反射棱镜,结合激光收发和测距装置,形成闭合的激光回路,通过分析细丝长度变化前后整体光路长度的变化,进而得到细丝的长度变化。实验装置和方法受外部环境和实验者操作水平的影响小,测量精度高,适合于大学物理实验教学。The present invention utilizes total reflection prisms arranged in different forms, combined with laser transceiver and distance measuring devices to form a closed laser circuit, and obtains the length change of the filament by analyzing the change of the overall optical path length before and after the filament length change. The experimental device and method are less affected by the external environment and the operation level of the experimenter, and have high measurement accuracy, which is suitable for university physics experiment teaching.
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CN2896220Y (en) * | 2006-05-20 | 2007-05-02 | 西南大学 | An Optical Lever Device for Measuring Tiny Lengths with Laser |
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