CN105705734A - 具有覆层的流体机械,塑料用于覆层的应用和用于对流体机械覆层的方法 - Google Patents
具有覆层的流体机械,塑料用于覆层的应用和用于对流体机械覆层的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种流体机械,所述流体机械包括对流体机械的流体通道径向限界的内壳体,其中围绕内壳体设置有隔热层,并且其中内壳体的隔热层是由微孔塑料构成的覆层,所述微孔塑料能够添加有不同材料和不同尺寸的空心球,以及涉及一种用于对流体机械覆层的方法和一种微孔塑料用于对流体机械覆层的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种流体机械,所述流体机械包括对流体机械的流体通道径向限界的内壳体,其中围绕内壳体设置有覆层,此外本发明还涉及塑料用于覆层的应用以及用于对流体机械覆层的方法。
背景技术
术语流体机械在此涉及涡轮机,尤其涉及燃气轮机、蒸汽轮机,并且尤其涉及低压涡轮机。在本发明的说明书的上下文中,术语涡轮机理解为与蒸汽轮机或低压涡轮机同义。
蒸汽轮机能够根据流入涡轮机中的蒸汽的蒸汽压力分为高压、中压和低压涡轮机,上述涡轮机也称作部分涡轮机,因为其是整个涡轮设施的部分。在此,低压涡轮机通常根据在涡轮设施之内的蒸汽的压降设置在高压或中压涡轮机下游。在此,蒸汽的温度同样降低,其中能够经由所谓的中间过热器再次提高在部分涡轮机之间的蒸汽的温度。
在部分涡轮机之内,温度在内壳体的废蒸汽区域和入流区域之间不是均匀的,因为入流的蒸汽的温度与废蒸汽相比是非常高的。此外,在内壳体的壁的外侧和内侧之间存在温降。由此产生在材料之内的应力,所述应力能够造成壳体变形。
为了抵抗温度梯度和由此引起的应力或变形,蒸汽轮机的内壳体通常设有板结构。所述板结构用于将内壳体向外热绝缘并且用于在涡轮机的整个内壳体上使温度均匀化。目前,用于涡轮机的热绝缘的板结构由各个板件制成。板必须根据结构来批量生产并且匹配于壳体。板安置到浇铸的或焊接的间隔件上并且在那借助于螺丝固定,使得在内壳体和板结构之间产生空腔。空腔填充有静止的蒸汽,由此实现绝缘作用。
板结构的缺点是,所述板结构必须对于每个产品系列的涡轮机重新被设计。在产品系列之内的板结构也必须对于每个结构上的变化被重新调整。在这种情况下,另一缺点是,板结构的安装是耗费的并且是时间紧张的。此外,由于振动和磨损能够造成各个板从结构中脱落以及造成板螺丝连接的松开,这不利地影响稳定性、热绝缘进而不利地影响涡轮机的效率。
EP0374603A1公开一种用于引导热气的双壁的构件的隔热装置。US6,641,907B1公开一种具有带有密封的壁结构的紧密填充的空心的形状的材料系统。
发明内容
由此,存在下述目的:提供一种用于流体机械的热绝缘装置,其中热绝缘装置能简单地制造,以及实现一种用于制造热绝缘装置的方法。
所述目的根据独立权利要求1、14和16的特征实现。优选的设计方案在从属权利要求及附图中给出。
已证实的是,所述目的通过一种流体机械实现,所述流体机械包括对流体机械的流体通道径向限界的内壳体,其中围绕内壳体设置有隔热层,所述隔热层是覆层,所述覆层具有基材,所述基材具有微孔塑料。流体机械优选是涡轮机、更优选是蒸汽轮机、并且特别优选是低压涡轮机。
隔热层也能够称为隔热保护罩或包套;由于覆层的特性优选用术语隔热层。
内壳体的根据本发明的隔热层是有利的,因为覆层能够通过涂覆到内壳体的壁的外侧简单地制造。由此,如常规的包套那样将间隔件安装到内壳体上不是必要的。此外根据本发明的隔热层是有利的,因为其能够以任何任意的形式涂覆;由此减少用于长时间调整和安装常规的包套所需的时间、耗费、材料进而还有成本。由于有利的性价比,本发明也具有高的效率。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方式中,内壳体由隔热层环形地包套。换言之,隔热层优选完全地环绕内壳体。整个壳体的覆层是有利的,因为内壳体由此是热绝缘的;由此引起的温度均匀化减少在内壳体之内的温度梯度并且减小内壳体的变形的风险。
围绕内壳体和隔热层优选设置有外壳体。外壳体提供对位于内部的构件的机械保护并且典型地是流体机械的构件。在此,内壳体的根据本发明的隔热层的另一优点在于,保持外壳体的材料的热负荷低。
根据本发明,流体机械的覆层的基材具有微孔塑料或微孔的无机材料,例如玻璃或陶瓷。基材在此也同义地称作基质。孔径尺寸小于2mm、尤其在几微米的范围中的多孔的材料称作为是微孔的。微孔的材料的应用是有利的,因为所述材料的特征在于低的热导率进而良好的热绝缘特性,低的重量和良好的机械特性。此外,微孔塑料能够易于与不同的填充料混合。材料的孔隙度,即孔的总体积和覆层的外部体积的比在10%和90%之间、优选20%至70%、更优选25%至50%并且特别优选20%至40%。
优选地,覆层的基质的微孔塑料选自包括下述材料的组:有机聚合物,尤其聚氨酯、聚乙烯、聚烯烃、聚醚、聚丙烯、聚四氟乙烯、环氧树脂、弹性体、沸石或其混合物,或者无机材料,尤其陶瓷。在此,聚氨酯、聚乙烯、环氧树脂、酚醛树脂,例如热塑性酚醛树脂,以及弹性体是较优选的。特别优选的是应用聚氨酯。还优选的是,塑料具有热塑性的特性,以便提高覆层的热稳定性。基质在此能够作为树脂、泡沫、浇铸料、浇铸树脂、弥散体、溶液、2组分系统、湿气固化的预聚物,然而也作为颗粒材料和粉末提供用于覆层。
覆层的基质能够具有填充料,所述填充料影响由微孔塑料构成的层的特性。优选的是,覆层的基质具有空心球作为填充料。将空心球添加到基质中是有利的,因为由此尤其能够改进隔热特性,通过减小覆层的密度,降低覆层的重量。空心球的含量还抵抗基质的可能的收缩倾向,与之相应地减小覆层的材料的扭曲倾向并且有利于覆层的稳定性。因此,具有空心球的覆层是更轻、更绝缘、更稳定的并且由于较少地使用塑料也是成本更低的。
附图说明
在下文中,根据所附的示意图详细描述本发明。附图示出:
图1示出具有微孔塑料的、空心球嵌入其中的覆层的结构的示图。
具体实施方式
嵌入基质2中的空心球3的材料在此能够由有机材料、尤其上面列举的聚合物或还由聚丙烯酸酯构成,然而也由无机材料、特别是玻璃或陶瓷构成。
在此,影响覆层1的重量和隔热的重要的因素是空心球3的尺寸。空心球3越大,填充度越高并且与之相应地覆层1的重量越低并且导热的特性也越小。然而,空心球3的尺寸应选择为,使得不危及覆层的机械强度。空心球3的尺寸经由其直径限定。优选的是,空心球的直径在5μm和1000μm之间、较优选在10μm和500μm之间、更优选在20μm和300μm之间并且更优选在25μm和200μm之间。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,所有用作填充料的空心球3具有相同的直径。然而也可能的是,不同的空心球3具有不同的直径,即不同尺寸的空心球3用作填充料。不同尺寸的使用是更有利的进而是优选的,因为较小的球匹配到较大的球之间的空间中进而在覆层1中更多的空间能够由空心球3填充。换言之,能够借助于使用不同尺寸的空心球3来实现较大的充填密度。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,仅能够在空心球3的外壁本身上施加覆层4。在此,空心球3能够具有有机的和/或无机的覆层4。有机的覆层4能够由所有适合的聚合物化合物构成,然而优选由聚氨酯、聚氟乙烯或聚酯构成。无机的覆层4同样能够具有所有对此适合的材料或化合物,例如玻璃、陶瓷、硅酸盐、金属、金属合金,以及其他元素或金属的氧化物和盐。根据覆层类型,按照常规的、适合的方法进行空心球3的覆层4。空心球3的覆层4是有利的,因为其改变球的材料特性,例如关于空心球3在基质2中的分布以及机械强度和覆层1的隔热作用的提高。
相对于覆层1的总体积,空心球3的份额优选为10%至90%、较优选为20%至70%、更优选为30%至60%并且更优选为35%至50%。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,空心球3的内腔5填充有气体或液体。填充具有对空心球3的重量进而对覆层1的总重量的影响,根据填充的类型然而也特别具有对隔热特性的影响。在此,用气体填充是优选的,因为气体轻并且比液体更差地导热。在此,空心球3能够在最简单的情况下具有在近似标准压力下的简单的空气填充。然而也可能的是,气体填充处于过压下。过压是有利的,因为覆层由此能够附加地起缓冲的作用。此外过压是有利的,因为由此空心球3能够抵抗由于基质2的材料引起的机械的压力。然而也可能的是,气体填充处于略微的负压下。还可能的是,在不同的空心球3中存在不同的压力,即标准压力、过压和/或负压。
为了填充空心球3的内腔5,除了空气也能够使用任意其他适合的气体,例如氮气或二氧化碳。如果使用液体,那么在此可考虑任意适合的液体。
在另一优选的实施方式中,空心球3被抽真空,即在空心球中存在真空或至少近似真空。抽真空的空心球是有利的,因为在真空中不能导热进而隔热层的热绝缘作用变得更有效。还优选的是,抽真空的空心球以与气体和/或液体填充的空心球混合的方式存在,其中在气体填充的空心球中能够存在不同的压力。
此外,本发明的主题是微孔塑料用于对流体机械的内壳体覆层的应用。在此,流体机械优选是蒸汽轮机,并且更优选是低压涡轮机。在一个优选的实施方式中,微孔塑料用于覆层,所述微孔塑料与作为填充料的空心球混合。在此,微孔塑料的和空心球3的种类在上文中被描述。
此外,本发明的主题是一种用于将隔热层涂覆到流体机械的内壳体上的方法,所述方法具有下述步骤:
-提供材料,所述材料具有基材,所述基材具有微孔塑料;
-通过将基材涂覆到内壳体上对内壳体进行覆层;
-硬化被涂覆的材料,由此形成隔热层。
由此,所述方法用于通过借助于微孔塑料对内壳体覆层并且接着硬化来制造由微孔塑料构成的覆层1。在此,微孔塑料选自上文所描述的微孔塑料。微孔塑料能够以用于注塑法的浇铸料的形式或也以平滑料(Spachtelmasse)的形式提供。平滑料的使用是优选的,因为能够简单地通过平滑料的刮抹进行流体机械的内壳体的覆层。微孔的材料到内壳体的材料上的连结和所形成的覆层1的硬化在随后的干燥期间进行。在此,能够根据常规的方法预处理壳体的外壁的材料,以便覆层更好地粘附。
在一个优选的实施方式中,在材料硬化之前将接缝引入覆层1中。接缝的引入是有利的,因为由此在需要时存在起始部位,以便能够将覆层1简单地无损伤地去除和再次结合。
在覆层方法的另一优选的实施方式中,微孔塑料具有空心球3作为填充料。空心球3对于所述方法是有利的,因为其彼此间或上下重叠地类似于在球轴承中一样滚动并且为微孔塑料带来高的粘度和良好的流动特性。在此,如上文所述地选择空心球3的材料。
尽管通过优选的实施例详细地说明并且描述本发明,但是本发明不受所公开的实例限制并且能够由本领域技术人员由此推导出其他的变型方式,而不脱离本发明的保护范围。
Claims (17)
1.一种流体机械,包括对所述流体机械的流体通道径向限界的内壳体,
其中围绕所述内壳体设置有涂覆到所述内壳体的壁的外侧上的隔热层,所述隔热层是覆层(1),所述覆层具有基材(2),所述基材具有微孔塑料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的流体机械,
其中所述隔热层沿环周方向环形地包套所述内壳体。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的流体机械,
其中围绕内壳体和隔热层还设置有外壳体。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的流体机械,
其中所述微孔塑料选自包括下述材料的组:聚氨酯、聚乙烯、聚烯烃、聚醚、聚丙烯、聚四氟乙烯、陶瓷、环氧树脂、弹性体、沸石或其混合物,或者无机材料,如陶瓷。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的流体机械,
其中所述覆层(1)的所述基材(2)具有空心球(3)作为填充料。
6.根据权利要求5所述的流体机械,
其中所述空心球(3)的材料选自聚合物、玻璃或陶瓷。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的流体机械,
其中所述空心球(3)的直径在10μm和500μm之间。
8.根据权利要求5至7中任一项所述的流体机械,
其中不同的空心球(3)具有不同的直径。
9.根据权利要求5至8中任一项所述的流体机械,
其中所述空心球(3)具有有机的和/或无机的覆层(4)。
10.根据权利要求5至9中任一项所述的流体机械,
其中所述空心球(3)的份额占所述覆层(1)的总体积的35体积%至50体积%。
11.根据权利要求5至10中任一项所述的流体机械,
其中所述空心球(3)的内腔(5)填充有气体或液体。
12.根据权利要求5至10中任一项所述的流体机械,
其中所述空心球(3)的内腔(5)被抽真空。
13.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的流体机械,
其中所述流体机械是低压涡轮机。
14.一种微孔塑料的应用,所述应用是所述微孔塑料用于对流体机械的内壳体的壁的外侧覆层。
15.根据权利要求14所述的应用,
其中所述微孔塑料具有空心球(3)作为填充料。
16.一种用于将隔热层涂覆到流体机械的内壳体上的方法,所述方法具有下述步骤:
-提供材料,所述材料具有基材,所述基材具有微孔塑料;
-通过将所述基材涂覆到所述内壳体上对所述内壳体的壁的外侧覆层;
-硬化被涂覆的所述材料,由此形成所述隔热层。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,
其中所述微孔塑料具有空心球(3)作为填充料。
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PCT/EP2014/069875 WO2015067400A1 (de) | 2013-11-07 | 2014-09-18 | Strömungsmaschine mit beschichtung, verwendung eines kunststoffes zur beschichtung und verfahren zum beschichten der strömungsmaschine |
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Application publication date: 20160622 |
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