CN105656116A - Constant-current charging circuit adopting floating ground mode - Google Patents
Constant-current charging circuit adopting floating ground mode Download PDFInfo
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- CN105656116A CN105656116A CN201610030336.1A CN201610030336A CN105656116A CN 105656116 A CN105656116 A CN 105656116A CN 201610030336 A CN201610030336 A CN 201610030336A CN 105656116 A CN105656116 A CN 105656116A
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- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000010277 constant-current charging Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H02J7/0026—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
- H02J7/00304—Overcurrent protection
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种采用浮地式的恒流充电电路，其包括：输入正极和输入地、连接电池组的输出正极和浮地、连接在输出正极和浮地之间的续流储能模块、依次串接在浮地与输入地之间的电感元件和电子开关（Q1）、控制电子开关通断的PWM控制模块；本发明利用浮地的结构方式，结合普通的拓扑电路，对多个串联的电池进行恒流充电，有效地提高了充电电路的电压范围和充电效率，实用性强可控性好；本发明具有输出短路保护和过流保护灵敏的优点，当输出短路或过载后，电路完全处于空载状态，使电路始终处于最节能的状态；采用本发明可实现对2节到32节电池恒流的充电，当电池数量变化时，只要调整输入的电压即可，以便电路工作于的最佳状态。
The invention discloses a floating constant current charging circuit, which comprises: an input positive pole and an input ground, an output positive pole connected to a battery pack and the floating ground, and a freewheeling energy storage module connected between the output positive pole and the floating ground , the inductance element and the electronic switch (Q1), which are connected in series between the floating ground and the input ground, and the PWM control module that controls the on-off of the electronic switch; The batteries connected in series carry out constant current charging, which effectively improves the voltage range and charging efficiency of the charging circuit, and has strong practicability and good controllability; the invention has the advantages of sensitive output short-circuit protection and over-current protection. When the output is short-circuited or overloaded, The circuit is completely in the no-load state, so that the circuit is always in the most energy-saving state; the invention can realize the constant current charging of 2 to 32 batteries. When the number of batteries changes, just adjust the input voltage to make the circuit work at its best.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及充电电路，尤其涉及一种采用浮地式的恒流充电电路。 The invention relates to a charging circuit, in particular to a floating constant current charging circuit.
背景技术 Background technique
随着蓄电技术的发展，多级电池在人们生活工作中的应用越来越多。目前蓄电池充电大多采用恒流电路进行充电，现有的恒流电路的工作电压范围较窄，不能满足宽电压输出的要求。当电池节数变化大，会导致电池压差变化大，充电效率会降低。 With the development of power storage technology, multi-level batteries are more and more used in people's daily life and work. At present, most batteries are charged by a constant current circuit. The existing constant current circuit has a narrow operating voltage range and cannot meet the requirements of wide voltage output. When the number of battery cells changes greatly, the voltage difference of the battery will change greatly, and the charging efficiency will decrease.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明是要解决现有技术的上述问题，提出一种采用浮地式的恒流充电电路。 The present invention aims to solve the above-mentioned problems in the prior art, and proposes a floating constant current charging circuit.
为解决上述技术问题，本发明提出的技术方案是设计一种采用浮地式的恒流充电电路，其包括：连接直流电源的输入正极和输入地、连接电池组的输出正极和浮地、连接在输出正极和浮地之间的续流储能模块、依次串接在浮地与输入地之间的电感元件和电子开关、控制电子开关通断的PWM控制模块。 In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution proposed by the present invention is to design a floating constant current charging circuit, which includes: connecting the positive input pole of the DC power supply and the input ground, connecting the positive output pole of the battery pack and the floating ground, connecting The freewheeling energy storage module between the output positive pole and the floating ground, the inductance element and the electronic switch sequentially connected in series between the floating ground and the input ground, and the PWM control module for controlling the on-off of the electronic switch.
充电电路还包括：采集所述输出正极电压、并向PWM控制模块反馈所测输出电压的电压采样模块。 The charging circuit also includes: a voltage sampling module that collects the positive output voltage and feeds back the measured output voltage to the PWM control module.
所述电子开关与输入地之间串接电流取样模块，该电流取样模块将所测输出电流反馈给所述PWM控制模块。 A current sampling module is connected in series between the electronic switch and the input ground, and the current sampling module feeds back the measured output current to the PWM control module.
所述续流储能模块包括：并联在所述输入正极和所述浮地之间的第六电容、第七电容、正向串接在电感元件和电子开关连接点与所述输入正极之间的第三二极管。 The freewheeling energy storage module includes: a sixth capacitor and a seventh capacitor connected in parallel between the input positive pole and the floating ground, positively connected in series between the inductance element and the connection point of the electronic switch and the input positive pole of the third diode.
所述PWM控制模块包括PWM控制芯片及其外围电路。 The PWM control module includes a PWM control chip and its peripheral circuits.
所述电压采样模块具有比较器和三端稳压器，所述输入正极和浮地之间串接第七电阻和第八电阻，第七电阻和第八电阻的接点连接比较器的反相输入端，所述输入正极和浮地之间串接第十二电阻、第九电阻和第十电阻，第九电阻和第十电阻的接点连接比较器的同向输入端，第十二电阻和第九电阻的接点连接三端稳压器的阴极和控制极，三端稳压器的阴极接浮地，比较器的反相输入端通过串联的第六电阻和第五电容接比较器的输出端，比较器的输出端通过第五电阻向PWM控制芯片反馈所测输出电压。 The voltage sampling module has a comparator and a three-terminal regulator, the seventh resistor and the eighth resistor are connected in series between the positive input and the floating ground, and the contact point of the seventh resistor and the eighth resistor is connected to the inverting input of the comparator terminal, the twelfth resistor, the ninth resistor and the tenth resistor are connected in series between the input positive pole and the floating ground, the contact point of the ninth resistor and the tenth resistor is connected to the same input terminal of the comparator, the twelfth resistor and the The contact of the nine resistors is connected to the cathode and the control pole of the three-terminal voltage regulator, the cathode of the three-terminal voltage regulator is connected to the floating ground, and the inverting input terminal of the comparator is connected to the output terminal of the comparator through the sixth resistor and the fifth capacitor connected in series , the output terminal of the comparator feeds back the measured output voltage to the PWM control chip through the fifth resistor.
所述电流取样模块包括：串接在所述电子开关与输入地之间的第三电阻，第三电阻和电子开关的接点通过第四电阻向PWM控制芯片反馈所测输出电流，PWM控制芯片的接地脚连接输入地。 The current sampling module includes: a third resistor connected in series between the electronic switch and the input ground, the contact of the third resistor and the electronic switch feeds back the measured output current to the PWM control chip through the fourth resistor, and the PWM control chip The ground pin is connected to the input ground.
所述电感元件采用变压器，所述变压器的原边绕组串接在所述浮地与电子开关之间，所述第三二极管正向串接在原边绕组和电子开关连接点与所述输入正极之间；所述变压器副边绕组一端连接所述输入地、另一端向所述PWM控制模块供电。 The inductance element is a transformer, the primary winding of the transformer is connected in series between the floating ground and the electronic switch, and the third diode is forwardly connected in series between the connection point of the primary winding and the electronic switch and the input Between positive poles; one end of the secondary winding of the transformer is connected to the input ground, and the other end supplies power to the PWM control module.
所述变压器副边绕组的另一端连接第二二极管的阳极，第二二极管的阴极向所述PWM控制芯片供电、并且连接第一稳压二极管的阴极第一电阻和第二电容的一端，第一电阻的另一端连接所述输入正极，第二电容的另一端连接所述输入地。 The other end of the secondary winding of the transformer is connected to the anode of the second diode, and the cathode of the second diode supplies power to the PWM control chip, and is connected to the cathode of the first Zener diode, the first resistor and the second capacitor. The other end of the first resistor is connected to the input anode, and the other end of the second capacitor is connected to the input ground.
所述输入正极与输入地之间连接第一电容。 A first capacitor is connected between the input positive pole and the input ground.
与现有技术相比，本发明利用浮地的结构方式，结合普通的拓扑电路，对多个串联的电池进行恒流充电，有效地提高了充电电路的电压范围和充电效率，实用性强可控性好；本发明具有输出短路保护和过流保护灵敏的优点，当输出短路或过载后，电路完全处于空载状态，使电路始终处于最节能的状态；采用本发明可实现对2节到32节电池恒流的充电，当电池数量变化时，只要调整输入的电压即可，以便电路工作于的最佳状态。 Compared with the prior art, the present invention utilizes the structure of the floating ground, combined with the ordinary topological circuit, to charge multiple batteries connected in series with a constant current, effectively improving the voltage range and charging efficiency of the charging circuit, with strong practicability and Good controllability; the invention has the advantages of sensitive output short-circuit protection and over-current protection. When the output is short-circuited or overloaded, the circuit is completely in a no-load state, so that the circuit is always in the most energy-saving state; 32 batteries are charged with constant current. When the number of batteries changes, just adjust the input voltage so that the circuit can work in the best state.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为本发明较佳实施例的原理框图； Fig. 1 is a functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
图2为本发明较佳实施例的电路图。 Fig. 2 is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式 detailed description
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明作进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用于解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。 In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention more clear, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention, not to limit the present invention.
参看图1示出的原理框图，本发明揭示的浮地式恒流充电电路其包括：连接直流电源的输入正极和输入地、连接电池组的输出正极和浮地、连接在输出正极和浮地之间的续流储能模块、依次串接在浮地与输入地之间的电感元件和电子开关Q1、控制电子开关通断的PWM控制模块。 Referring to the functional block diagram shown in Figure 1, the floating constant current charging circuit disclosed by the present invention includes: connecting the positive input pole of the DC power supply and the input ground, connecting the positive pole output of the battery pack and the floating ground, connecting the positive pole output and the floating ground The freewheeling energy storage module between them, the inductance element and the electronic switch Q1 connected in series between the floating ground and the input ground, and the PWM control module that controls the electronic switch to be turned on and off.
本发明利用浮地的结构方式，结合普通的拓扑电路，来提高电池工作电压的范围，而且浮地的处理方式非常巧妙，利用电容的储能来实现浮地，电路的基准是以输入电源的正极确定，电压的高低来决定浮地的电位，也可以说是以负压的方式来进行工作；由于是以电压正极为基准，所以电流取样只能在电源的正极进行取样，用一个独立的比较器来做电流取样，同样可以做到精准，提高效率。加上输出保护电路，使两部份电路完美结合，从而提高了电路的可靠性。 The present invention utilizes the structure of the floating ground, combined with the common topological circuit, to improve the range of the working voltage of the battery, and the processing method of the floating ground is very ingenious, using the energy storage of the capacitor to realize the floating ground, and the reference of the circuit is based on the The positive pole is determined, and the level of the voltage determines the potential of the floating ground. It can also be said to work in the form of negative voltage; since the positive pole of the voltage is used as the reference, the current sampling can only be sampled at the positive pole of the power supply, using an independent The comparator is used for current sampling, which can also be accurate and improve efficiency. Coupled with the output protection circuit, the two parts of the circuit are perfectly combined, thereby improving the reliability of the circuit.
参看图2示出的较佳实施例的电路图，主电路以PWM控制芯片U1来进行PWM产生开关信号及恒压控制，U1的4脚与8脚组成PWM驱动，通过Q1的导通及截止，输入能量通过T1传输到后级，并且通过Q1的隔离，使输出地电位与输入地电位不同，输出地成为浮地。浮地压差与Q1的导通程度相关。Q1、R3构成限压电路，通过Q1的通断来让T1进行输入及输出能量的转换，R3限定最大的输出电流。 Referring to the circuit diagram of the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 2, the main circuit uses the PWM control chip U1 to perform PWM generation switching signals and constant voltage control. The 4 pins and 8 pins of U1 form a PWM drive, and through the conduction and cut-off of Q1, The input energy is transmitted to the subsequent stage through T1, and through the isolation of Q1, the output ground potential is different from the input ground potential, and the output ground becomes a floating ground. The floating voltage difference is related to the conduction degree of Q1. Q1 and R3 constitute a voltage-limiting circuit, which allows T1 to convert input and output energy through the on-off of Q1, and R3 limits the maximum output current.
在较佳实施例中，充电电路还包括：采集所述输出正极电压、并向PWM控制模块反馈所测输出电压的电压采样模块。所述电子开关与输入地之间串接电流取样模块，该电流取样模块将所测输出电流反馈给所述PWM控制模块。 In a preferred embodiment, the charging circuit further includes: a voltage sampling module that collects the output positive voltage and feeds back the measured output voltage to the PWM control module. A current sampling module is connected in series between the electronic switch and the input ground, and the current sampling module feeds back the measured output current to the PWM control module.
参看图2示出的较佳实施例的电路图，所述续流储能模块包括：并联在所述输入正极和所述浮地之间的第六电容C6、第七电容C7、正向串接在电感元件和电子开关Q1连接点与所述输入正极之间的第三二极管D3。C6、C7、D3组成续流储能、滤波的续流供电电路。C6和C7的主要工功能是将因拓扑电路在开关状态时所产生的动态影响进行消除，使浮地处于稳定的工作状态。 Referring to the circuit diagram of the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 2, the freewheeling energy storage module includes: a sixth capacitor C6, a seventh capacitor C7 connected in parallel between the input positive pole and the floating ground, and a positive serial connection A third diode D3 between the connection point of the inductive element and the electronic switch Q1 and said input anode. C6, C7, and D3 form a freewheeling energy storage and filtering freewheeling power supply circuit. The main function of C6 and C7 is to eliminate the dynamic influence caused by the topology circuit in the switching state, so that the floating ground is in a stable working state.
所述PWM控制模块包括PWM控制芯片U1及其外围电路。 The PWM control module includes a PWM control chip U1 and its peripheral circuits.
参看图2示出的较佳实施例的电路图，所述电压采样模块具有比较器(U2A)和三端稳压器U3，所述输入正极和浮地之间串接第七电阻R7和第八电阻R8，第七电阻和第八电阻的接点连接比较器的反相输入端，所述输入正极和浮地之间串接第十二电阻R12、第九电阻R9和第十电阻R10，第九电阻和第十电阻的接点连接比较器的同向输入端，第十二电阻和第九电阻的接点连接三端稳压器的阴极和控制极，三端稳压器的阳极接浮地，比较器的反相输入端通过串联的第六电阻R6和第五电容C5接比较器的输出端，比较器的输出端通过第五电阻R5向PWM控制芯片U1反馈所测输出电压。由于本充电电路是以正极为基准，所以取样电路必需是在正极，当输入电压高时，浮地会同时的升高，因为浮地是一变量，它会随着输入电压的变化而变化。为了实现输出电压的恒定，通过R12、U3、R9、R10为电路中提供了一个恒定的基准点，而R7与R8分压后的电压取样信号与基准点进行电压比较，通过U2A比较器来调节PWM控制芯片U1的FB电压，从而调整Q1的脉宽，从而达到输出恒压的目的。 Referring to the circuit diagram of the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 2, the voltage sampling module has a comparator (U2A) and a three-terminal regulator U3, the seventh resistor R7 and the eighth resistor R7 are connected in series between the positive input and the floating ground. Resistor R8, the junction of the seventh resistor and the eighth resistor is connected to the inverting input terminal of the comparator, and the twelfth resistor R12, the ninth resistor R9 and the tenth resistor R10 are connected in series between the positive input terminal and the floating ground, and the ninth resistor R9 and the tenth resistor R10 are connected in series. The junction of the resistor and the tenth resistor is connected to the same input terminal of the comparator, the junction of the twelfth resistor and the ninth resistor is connected to the cathode and control pole of the three-terminal voltage regulator, and the anode of the three-terminal voltage regulator is connected to the floating ground. The inverting input terminal of the comparator is connected to the output terminal of the comparator through the sixth resistor R6 and the fifth capacitor C5 connected in series, and the output terminal of the comparator feeds back the measured output voltage to the PWM control chip U1 through the fifth resistor R5. Since the charging circuit is based on the positive pole, the sampling circuit must be on the positive pole. When the input voltage is high, the floating ground will rise at the same time, because the floating ground is a variable, and it will change with the change of the input voltage. In order to achieve a constant output voltage, a constant reference point is provided for the circuit through R12, U3, R9, and R10, and the voltage sampling signal after voltage division by R7 and R8 is compared with the reference point, and adjusted by the U2A comparator The PWM controls the FB voltage of the chip U1, thereby adjusting the pulse width of Q1, so as to achieve the purpose of outputting a constant voltage.
参看图2示出的较佳实施例的电路图，所述电流取样模块包括：串接在所述电子开关Q1与输入地之间的第三电阻R3，第三电阻和电子开关的接点通过第四电阻R4向PWM控制芯片U1反馈所测输出电流，PWM控制芯片的接地脚连接输入地。R3为限流电阻，通过Q1串接在输入地与浮地之间，当Q1导通，输出因电池充电时负载加大，此时通过Q1与R3的电流加大，在R3两端会产生压差，此压差通过R4及C3传输到U1的CS脚，通过CS电位的高低来调节Q1的脉宽，从而达到输出恒流的目的。当R3流过在电流过大，造成R3上的电位差高于U1设定的CS保护电压时，U1关闭4脚GATA波形输出，使输入地与浮地间完全隔离，电源过流保护。过流保护电的大小取决于R3阻值的大小。 Referring to the circuit diagram of the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 2, the current sampling module includes: a third resistor R3 connected in series between the electronic switch Q1 and the input ground, the third resistor and the contact of the electronic switch pass through the fourth The resistor R4 feeds back the measured output current to the PWM control chip U1, and the ground pin of the PWM control chip is connected to the input ground. R3 is a current-limiting resistor, which is connected in series between the input ground and the floating ground through Q1. When Q1 is turned on, the output load increases due to battery charging. At this time, the current through Q1 and R3 increases, and a voltage will be generated at both ends of R3. The voltage difference is transmitted to the CS pin of U1 through R4 and C3, and the pulse width of Q1 is adjusted through the level of CS potential, so as to achieve the purpose of outputting constant current. When the current flowing through R3 is too large, causing the potential difference on R3 to be higher than the CS protection voltage set by U1, U1 will turn off the 4-pin GATA waveform output, so that the input ground and floating ground are completely isolated, and the power supply is over-current protected. The magnitude of the overcurrent protection depends on the magnitude of the resistance of R3.
所述电感元件采用变压器T1，所述变压器的原边绕组串接在所述浮地与电子开关Q1之间，所述第三二极管（D3）正向串接在原边绕组和电子开关（Q1）连接点与所述输入正极之间；所述变压器副边绕组一端连接所述输入地、另一端向所述PWM控制模块供电。所述变压器T1副边绕组的另一端连接第二二极管D2的阳极，第二二极管的阴极向所述PWM控制芯片U1供电、并且连接第一稳压二极管ZD1的阴极第一电阻R1和第二电容C2的一端，第一电阻的另一端连接所述输入正极，第二电容的另一端连接所述输入地。所述输入正极与输入地之间连接第一电容C1。C1能对输入直流电进行滤波。当输出短路时，变压器T1长时间处于短路状态，U1因得不到T1的反馈，没有电源供U1正常工作，所以Q1会一直处于截止状态，造成输入地与浮地间完全隔离，电源输入处于空载状态。当输出短路消除时，U1重新启动，通过PWM开关驱动控制Q1，使浮地与输入地产生压差，从而维持输出的恒压输出。 The inductance element adopts a transformer T1, the primary winding of the transformer is connected in series between the floating ground and the electronic switch Q1, and the third diode (D3) is forwardly connected in series between the primary winding and the electronic switch ( Q1) between the connection point and the input positive pole; one end of the secondary winding of the transformer is connected to the input ground, and the other end supplies power to the PWM control module. The other end of the secondary winding of the transformer T1 is connected to the anode of the second diode D2, the cathode of the second diode supplies power to the PWM control chip U1, and is connected to the cathode of the first Zener diode ZD1 and the first resistor R1 and one end of the second capacitor C2, the other end of the first resistor is connected to the input anode, and the other end of the second capacitor is connected to the input ground. A first capacitor C1 is connected between the input positive pole and the input ground. C1 can filter the input direct current. When the output is short-circuited, the transformer T1 is in the short-circuit state for a long time, U1 cannot get the feedback from T1, and there is no power supply for U1 to work normally, so Q1 will always be in the cut-off state, resulting in complete isolation between the input ground and the floating ground, and the power input is at empty state. When the output short circuit is eliminated, U1 restarts, and drives and controls Q1 through the PWM switch to generate a voltage difference between the floating ground and the input ground, thereby maintaining the constant output voltage.
参看图2，输入正极还串接保险丝F1，对充电电路起保护作用。 Referring to Figure 2, the positive pole of the input is also connected in series with the fuse F1 to protect the charging circuit.
以上实施例仅为举例说明，非起限制作用。任何未脱离本申请精神与范畴，而对其进行的等效修改或变更，均应包含于本申请的权利要求范围之中。 The above examples are illustrative only and not limiting. Any equivalent modification or change made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application shall be included in the scope of the claims of the present application.
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