CN105617841B - 一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺 - Google Patents
一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于船舶尾气脱硫/压载水处理及环保技术领域,尤其涉及一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,该工艺能够实现低能耗、高效率、可靠运行,充分利用脱硫副产物亚硫酸钠达到脱氧处理船舶压载水的目的,其包括以下步骤:船舶尾气进入钠碱吸收塔通过氢氧化钠溶液将SOX吸收脱除;氢氧化钠溶液吸收SOX后形成亚硫酸钠溶液;压载水经过过滤器去除水中的生物和杂质,过滤后的压载水与亚硫酸钠溶液混合,混合亚硫酸钠的压载水经紫外杀菌后进入船舶压载舱;在压载舱中,亚硫酸钠逐步和压载水中溶解氧发生反应生成硫酸钠,同时使压载水脱氧;压载水排放时,先经过紫外杀菌,然后向排放管路内的压载水中注入空气实现曝气。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于船舶尾气脱硫/压载水处理及环保技术领域,尤其涉及一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺。
背景技术
船舶航运承担了全球90%的贸易运量,而CO2的排放量仅占全球总排放量的1.8%。因此,船舶航运是相对于航空和陆路运输较为绿色的运输方式。随着全球船舶航运业的快速发展,船舶排放的尾气对大气造成的污染也日趋严重,其中最具代表性的例子就是船舶排放的硫氧化物(SOx)不仅严重影响人体健康,还会引起酸雨,破坏全球生态系统。除了大气污染问题,船舶压载水引起的海洋外来生物入侵性传播危害早已引起了国际社会的高度重视。船舶压载水是为控制船舶纵倾、横倾、吃水、稳性或应力而在船上加装的水及其悬浮物。当船舶空载或部分装载以及在恶劣的海况条件下,船舶通过装载压载水来保证航行的安全,当船舶到达目的港口时会将装载的压载水排放以便装载货物,这样船舶压载水的异地排放就成为造成地理性隔离水体间有害生物传播的主要途径。
为了防止船舶造成的空气污染以及有效防治海洋外来入侵生物对海洋环境造成的危害,国际海事组织(IMO)制定了一系列船舶防污染公约以限制船舶尾气的排放和防治船舶压载水异地排放引起的海洋外来生物入侵。为了满足IMO对船舶尾气SOx的排放限值以及对压载水处理的排放标准,必须对船舶排放尾气中的SOx和压载水进行处理。
目前,脱硫技术主要有石膏法、旋转喷雾干燥法、海水法、钠碱法等。石膏法是利用石灰石浆液吸收SO2生成CaSO3,经氧化转变为CaSO4排出收回,但存在初期投资大、设备占地面积大、系统复杂、需要在船上储备石灰石等问题。旋转喷雾干燥法是利用旋转喷雾吸收塔将雾化的尾气与熟石灰浆液接触进行脱硫,但存在脱硫效率不高,脱硫后产物容易腐蚀、堵塞设备等问题。海水法是利用海水自身的碱度来吸收SO2,该方法实质上是将污染转移给了海洋,目前部分国家禁止在其200海里范围内使用此法。钠碱法是利用NaOH吸收SO2生成Na2SO3,经氧化转变为无害的Na2SO4排放或回收,该法是目前脱硫的主流的方法,已经成功应用到船舶尾气脱硫处理中。
可实船应用、满足D-2标准的压载水处理技术主要包括过滤联合电解法、过滤联合臭氧法、过滤联合紫外处理法(专利号CN101948204 A)、过滤联合脱氧法等。它们的共同点是前端均采用过滤技术,过滤精度一般在50μm,用以去除体积大于50μm的生物和杂质,所不同的是过滤后采取不同的处理技术。电解法存在的主要问题是使用浓度至少大于2 mg/L,否则对囊孢几乎无效、产生化学副产物(如氯代烃、三卤甲烷)、处理效果受海水盐度的影响、电解产生的氢气需进行气液分离,否则会造成爆炸隐患。臭氧法存在的主要问题是对较大体积微生物效果不明显、需要足够的空间存放臭氧发生器、产生对人体健康有潜在危害的溴酸盐、三溴甲烷等化学副产物、能耗高。紫外法存在的最大问题是杀灭效果和UV线在水中穿透性有关,只有较为干净的水和无污浊的石英管才能达到较好的杀灭效果。脱氧法是通过把脱氧后的压载水存放于船舶压载舱内,故此法是专门针对压载水处理而研发的。脱氧法在杀灭水中生物的同时,还因降低了水中的溶解氧减少了船体的腐蚀。
综上所述,目前不乏有单独船舶尾气脱硫方法和设备(或系统),以及单独船舶压载水处理方法和设备(或系统)。若用两套系统分别尾气脱硫和船舶压载水处理,不但占地面积大,而且投资、操作费用高。因此同时能够脱硫和处理船舶压载水的方法必将受到期待。目前,尚无能够同时船舶尾气脱硫兼顾船舶压载水处理的方法。因此,研究开发高效、节能的船舶脱硫及压载水一体化处理设备具有现实和重大的意义。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,该工艺能够实现低能耗、高效率、可靠运行,充分利用脱硫副产物亚硫酸钠达到脱氧处理船舶压载水的目的。
一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,其包括以下步骤:
(1)钠碱吸收脱硫获取亚硫酸钠
船舶尾气进入钠碱吸收塔通过氢氧化钠溶液将SOX吸收脱除,同时洗涤船舶尾气中的PM,净化后的船舶尾气进行排放;氢氧化钠溶液吸收SOX后形成亚硫酸钠溶液;
(2)压载水过滤、脱氧和杀菌
压载水经过过滤器去除水中的生物和杂质,过滤后的压载水与步骤(1)中的亚硫酸钠溶液混合,混合亚硫酸钠的压载水经紫外杀菌后进入船舶压载舱;在压载舱中,亚硫酸钠逐步和压载水中溶解氧发生反应生成硫酸钠,同时使压载水脱氧,通过改变压载水中的浮游生物生存环境而使其窒息死亡;
(3)压载水排放
压载水排放时,先经过紫外杀菌,然后向排放管路内的压载水中注入空气实现曝气,使压载水的溶解氧含量升高后排放。
其进一步特征在于,步骤(1)中,氢氧化钠溶液吸收SOX后形成的亚硫酸钠溶液经沉淀、絮凝去除截留在溶液中的PM,获得干净的亚硫酸钠溶液与步骤(2)中的压载水混合,PM收集并转岸处理;
步骤(2)中压载水经过滤器去除大于50μm的生物及杂质,滤除的生物和杂质排回取水海域;
步骤(2)和(3)中,紫外杀菌通过紫外消毒单元杀灭压载水中兼氧或厌氧性微生物,紫外消毒单元紫外波长范围200nm-380nm,紫外剂量18-20mJ/cm2;
步骤(3)中向排放管路内的压载水中注入空气通过空气曝气头或文丘里管实现;
在步骤(2)中压载水与亚硫酸钠溶液混合前设置溶解氧监测仪检测溶解氧含量,步骤(3)中曝气前设置溶解氧监测仪检测溶解氧含量。
采用本发明的工艺后,通过船舶尾气钠碱吸收脱硫、船舶压载水过滤、脱氧、紫外杀菌、曝气的工艺,实现了船舶尾气净化和压载水一体化处理,船舶尾气中硫氧化物和压载水满足IMO的排放标准,本发明利用钠碱脱硫后的副产物亚硫酸钠与压载水中溶解氧反应生成硫酸钠,既实现了脱除压载水中的溶解氧,又使得亚硫酸钠变为硫酸钠无害物质,可直接排海,实现了低能耗、高效率、可靠运行;进一步的,本发明在排放压载水时经过紫外消毒单元,可有效杀灭压载水中兼氧或厌氧型微生物,确保排放的压载水满足IMO的排放标准,溶解氧监测仪的设置,一个可根据压载水中溶解氧含量调节亚硫酸钠的量,能够进一步确保有效脱除压载水中的溶解氧,另一个可根据排放压载水中溶解氧含量调节曝气空气进气量,确保排放压载水中溶解氧恢复至正常水平,不会对海洋环境造成危害。
附图说明
图1本发明步骤(1)和(2)流程示意图;
图2为本发明步骤(3)流程示意图;
图3为本发明曝气系统结构示意图。
具体实施方式
见图1,图2所示,一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水同时处理的工艺,其包括以下步骤:
(1)钠碱吸收脱硫获取亚硫酸钠
船舶尾气进入钠碱吸收塔,通过喷淋氢氧化钠溶液将SOX吸收脱除,同时洗涤船舶尾气中的PM等有害物质,净化后的船舶尾气经过排气管进行排放;氢氧化钠溶液吸收SOX后形成亚硫酸钠溶液;亚硫酸钠溶液经沉淀、絮凝去除洗涤尾气截留在溶液中的PM,获得干净的亚硫酸钠溶液,PM等富集污染物收集并转岸处理;
(2)压载水过滤、脱氧和杀菌
压载水经过过滤器去除水中大于50μm的生物和杂质,滤除的生物杂质排回取水海域,避免生物异地污染,过滤后的压载水与步骤(1)中的亚硫酸钠溶液混合,混合亚硫酸钠的压载水经紫外杀菌后进入船舶压载舱;在压载舱中,亚硫酸钠逐步和压载水中溶解氧发生反应生成硫酸钠,同时使压载水脱氧,通过改变压载水中的浮游生物生存环境而使其窒息死亡;海水中的溶解氧为5-8mg/升时,理论计算无水亚硫酸钠的注入量为40-64mg/升,实际注入量为理论计算量的1-1.3倍,杀灭时间为48小时,亚硫酸钠溶液的注入量可按不同温度下的溶解度计算得出。
(3)压载水排放
压载水排放时,先经过紫外杀菌,然后向排放管路内的压载水中注入空气实现曝气,使压载水的溶解氧含量升高(排出压载水中的溶解氧恢复至5-8mg/升的正常水平)后排放,曝气通过空气曝气头或文丘里管实现。
步骤(2)和(3)中,紫外杀菌通过紫外消毒单元杀灭压载水中兼氧或厌氧性微生物,紫外消毒单元紫外波长范围200nm-380nm,紫外剂量18-20mJ/cm2。
在步骤(2)中压载水与亚硫酸钠溶液混合前设置溶解氧监测仪检测溶解氧含量,步骤(3)中曝气前设置溶解氧监测仪检测溶解氧含量。
图3为本发明曝气时具体采用的一种结构,但不限于上述结构。
以下根据一个具体实施例进一步说明:
压载水试验原水取自离洋山深水港港口20海里,水中原始溶解氧含量:7.55 mg/L;水体温度26.2oC,由于自然海区≥50um生物含量不能满足试验原水要求,所以在实验开始前每个模拟压载舱添加了富集后的自然群落生物,原水的生物密度达到了1.26×105个/m3。经添加硅藻类新月筒柱藻,10~50um生物初始密度达到了1.39×105cells/mL,完全满足D-2标准(103~104cells/mL)陆基试验的密度要求。主要优势种为新月筒柱藻、中肋骨条藻、角毛藻等硅藻类和原甲藻、裸甲藻和环沟藻等甲藻类。
试验时,压载水首先经精度为50μm的过滤器过滤后,在压载水的主管路上注入亚硫酸钠饱和溶液(添加量是理论计算量的1倍),采用紫外波长范围200nm-380nm,紫外剂量18-20mJ//cm2的紫外消毒单元对压载水进行处理,然后进入模拟压载水舱。
120h取样时,样品中已无≥50um任何活体生物。
直径小于50μm的藻类变化剧烈的时间段为0~12h和12h~24h,细胞数量迅速降低,48h~120h均处于满足D-2标准要求。
有毒霍乱弧菌(O1和O139)在原水和试验结束时均未检出;大肠杆菌在原水和12h内有发现(3.6x102cfu/100ml),其余时间未检出;肠道球菌在整个实验期间均为未检出。
相比于现有技术,本发明的益处在于充分利用尾气脱硫副产物资源,结合钠碱吸收、亚硫酸钠脱氧技术,首次将船舶尾气脱硫和压载水处理相结合,是同时船舶尾气脱硫和压载水处理技术领域的一种全新理念。排放尾气中的SOX经钠碱吸收塔被脱除,后经脱硫副产品亚硫酸钠将压载水中的溶解氧脱除,加上紫外对兼氧及厌氧微生物的杀灭作用,足以使压载水中的生物和微生物缺氧窒息而亡,实现了对残余的微生物、细菌抑制生长和杀灭,使之满足IMO压载水排放标准。该工艺具有有效利用资源、低能耗、高效率、安全可靠运行、占地面积小、绿色环保的特点,是具有良好应用前景的同时船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水处理的新工艺和新系统。
Claims (6)
1.一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,其特征在于,其包括以下步骤:
(1)钠碱吸收脱硫获取亚硫酸钠
船舶尾气进入钠碱吸收塔通过氢氧化钠溶液将SOX吸收脱除,同时洗涤船舶尾气中的PM,净化后的船舶尾气进行排放;氢氧化钠溶液吸收SOX后形成亚硫酸钠溶液;
(2)压载水过滤、杀菌和脱氧
压载水经过过滤器去除水中的生物和杂质,过滤后的压载水与步骤(1)中的亚硫酸钠溶液混合,混合亚硫酸钠的压载水经紫外杀菌后进入船舶压载舱;在压载舱中,亚硫酸钠逐步和压载水中溶解氧发生反应生成硫酸钠,同时使压载水脱氧,通过改变压载水中的浮游生物生存环境而使其窒息死亡;
(3)压载水排放
压载水排放时,先经过紫外杀菌,然后向排放管路内的压载水中注入空气实现曝气,使压载水的溶解氧含量升高后排放。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,氢氧化钠溶液吸收SOX后形成的亚硫酸钠溶液经沉淀、絮凝去除截留在溶液中的PM,获得干净的亚硫酸钠溶液与步骤(2)中的压载水混合,PM收集并转岸处理。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,其特征在于,步骤(2)中压载水经过滤器去除大于50μm的生物及杂质,滤除的生物和杂质排回取水海域。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,其特征在于,步骤(2)和(3)中,紫外杀菌通过紫外消毒单元杀灭压载水中兼氧或厌氧性微生物,紫外消毒单元紫外波长范围200nm-380nm,紫外剂量18-20mJ/cm2。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,其特征在于,步骤(3)中向排放管路内的压载水中注入空气通过空气曝气头或文丘里管实现。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种船舶尾气脱硫和船舶压载水一体化处理工艺,其特征在于,在步骤(2)中压载水与亚硫酸钠溶液混合前设置溶解氧监测仪检测溶解氧含量,步骤(3)中曝气前设置溶解氧监测仪检测溶解氧含量。
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