CN105609318A - Preparation method of lithium pre-embedded negative plate and obtained lithium pre-embedded negative plate - Google Patents
Preparation method of lithium pre-embedded negative plate and obtained lithium pre-embedded negative plate Download PDFInfo
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- CN105609318A CN105609318A CN201610009533.5A CN201610009533A CN105609318A CN 105609318 A CN105609318 A CN 105609318A CN 201610009533 A CN201610009533 A CN 201610009533A CN 105609318 A CN105609318 A CN 105609318A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a lithium pre-embedded negative plate. The preparation method comprises the following steps of (1) attaching an active substance mixture containing a lithium salt onto a porous current collector by a physical method to form an active substance layer and obtain the negative plate with physically pre-embedded lithium; and (2) placing the negative plate with physically pre-embedded lithium obtained in the step (1) in an organic electrolyte containing a lithium salt for constant-current charging/discharging processing to obtain the negative electrode with electrochemically pre-embedded lithium. Through the combination of physically pre-embedded lithium and electrochemically pre-embedded lithium, the non-uniformity of micro lithium embedment through physically pre-embedded lithium is made up, and the problem of long time consumption by deep electrochemically pre-embedded lithium is solved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet and the negative plate obtaining by the method, belong toIn energy storage device field.
Background technology
Energy storage device that can suitability for industrialized production mainly comprises lithium ion battery (LIB) and double layer capacitor(EDLC, i.e. ultracapacitor), has obtained application widely. It is high that lithium ion battery has energy densityAdvantage, exists the shortcoming that service life is short, power density is low, ultracapacitor have power output large, follow, there is the problem that energy density is low in the advantage that the ring life-span is long.
Lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) adopts lithium ion battery and double layer capacitor mixed structure, anodal employingActive carbon, negative pole adopts the materials such as graphite. Height output, long-life characteristics and the lithium that has double layer capacitor concurrently fromThe characteristic of sub-battery high energy metric density.
No matter be lithium ion battery or lithium-ion capacitor, all relate to the pre-embedding lithium of negative pole. And pre-embedding lithium is sameBoth core technologies. Most of embedding lithium electrodes all exist in varying degrees not in first charge-discharge processReversible embedding lithium. Meanwhile, in lithium-ion capacitor, the behavior also can cause the anion with same molar to existAnodal active surface Irreversible Adsorption. Can cause body ion concentration decrease to some degree in electrolyte, withAnd further cause the minimizing of capacitance, finally can have a strong impact on the charge-discharge characteristic of lithium-ion capacitor. CauseThis, anticathode carries out pre-embedding lithium to a certain degree, can address the above problem on the one hand, can make on the other hand to bearElectrode potential significantly declines, thereby improves energy density and service life cycle.
The pre-embedding lithium method of setting forth in patent CN101138058B, is taking lithium metal as lithium source, and use has logicalThe metal forming in hole is collector, and lithium metal is placed in to negative pole relative position, utilizes between them by short circuit modeElectrical potential difference electric discharge, thereby realize pre-embedding lithium. But because the activity of lithium is very high, need strict control water andThe content of oxygen, causes preparation process to require harsh; Adopt multicellular metal foil simultaneously, increased manufacturing cost;In addition, short circuit mode is difficult for control, can cause the inhomogeneities of embedding lithium.
In patent CN103915262A, lithium sheet is connected at-30 DEG C～60 DEG C to electric discharge 1h～60h with negative pole.Lithium sector-meeting is slowly dissolved into and in electrolyte, forms lithium ion, thereby is embedded in negative pole. The method is used lithium sheet,Increased the requirement of operating environment, and lithium sheet itself has certain danger, and pretreatment time is long.In patent CN104681311A, both positive and negative polarity is connected on charge-discharge test instrument, carries out once with after once chargingElectric discharge is a circulation, 100 times repeatedly, reach the method for pre-embedding lithium, and these two kinds of length consuming time, and embedding lithiumUniformity is not good enough.
The pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry can well be realized the evenly pre-embedding lithium of both macro and micro aspect, but shortcoming is consuming timeFor a long time, adopt the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry inevitably can on negative pole, produce one deck SEI film, this has not only slowed down lithiumEmbedding and the speed that goes out of embedding, and the internal resistance that has increased accumulate device. Shi Zhiqiang seminar (J.Zhang, H.Wu,J.Wang,J.Shi,Z.Shi,Pre-lithiationdesignandlithiumionintercalationplateausutilizationofmesocarbonmicrobeadsanodeforlithium-ioncapacitor,ElectrochimicaActa, 182 (2015) 156 – 164) study and find in initial cycle, the oxidation peak surface SEI film of 1.2VForm. (M.Yuan, W.Liu, Y.Zhu, Y.Xu, the Electrochemical such as the Yuan Mei Rong of Tsing-Hua UniversityPerformanceofPre-LithiatedGraphiteasNegativeElectrodeinLithiumIonCapacitors, RussianJournalofElectrochemistry, 50 (2014) 1050 – 1057) research shows lithiumIonistor can reach optimum efficiency at the pre-embedding lithium of 10C 8h. T.S.Ong etc. (T.S.Ong, H.Yang,LithiumIntercalationintoMechanicallyMilledNaturalGraphite-ElectrochemicalandKineticCharacterization, 149 (2002) 1-8) research shows, in pre-embedding lithium technology, to adopt disordered carbonUnder oxygen atmosphere, grind and can keep good granularity and degree of crystallinity.
After mixing with stabilized lithium metal and binding agent in patent CN104409224A, be coated on active matterMatter layer surface, is arranged at negative electrode active material with the mixture of lithium powder and lithium salts in patent CN104392846ALayer surface. These two kinds of methods, because be has applied two-layerly on same collector, being similar to lithium layer is the 3rd electricityThe utmost point, and used equally lithium metal.
Patent CN104157463A has introduced the new method of the pre-embedding lithium of a kind of negative pole, under protective atmosphere, and willLithium powder and organic catalyst are dissolved in and in organic solvent, obtain organolithium solution; Under protective atmosphere, by this solution sprayBe coated with or brush negative pole surface of semi-finished. Patent CN102385991A sinks by vacuum gas-phase at membrane surfaceThe long-pending lithium film that forms, makes lithium film relative with negative pole, is embedded in advance in negative pole with the lithium ion in lithium film. These are two years oldThe equal complicated operation of kind method, and the amount of pre-embedding lithium is few.
In patent CN103021675A, introduce by coating machine and be coated with or screen process press brush plating or flush coaterThe mode of spraying is at the pre-lithiumation slurry of negative electrode active material layer plated surface one deck. The method is by brush plating or spraying sideFormula forms pre-lithiumation layer, and method is simple, but has equally the problem that pre-lithium-inserting amount is few.
In the pre-embedding lithium of above physics method, all can well realize the upper uniformly pre-embedding lithium of profound level and macroscopic view,But having a problem is exactly the even mixing that cannot reach microcosmic.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide the method for the pre-embedding lithium of a kind of negative pole, by the pre-embedding of physicsThe combination of the pre-embedding lithium of lithium and electrochemistry, makes up the microcosmic embedding lithium inhomogeneities by the pre-embedding lithium of physics, solves electrochemistryThe pre-embedding lithium of the degree of depth long problem consuming time.
For solving above technical problem, the invention discloses a kind of preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet, comprise asLower step:
(1), will be attached on porous collector and form containing the active material admixture of lithium salts by PhysicalActive material layer, obtains the negative plate through the pre-embedding lithium of physics;
(2), step (1) gained is inserted with the organic electrolyte containing lithium salts through the negative plate of the pre-embedding lithium of physicsIn carry out constant current charge-discharge processing, obtain the negative plate through the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry;
Further, the described Physical of step (1) comprises any one in sputter, coating, spraying or brushingKind.
Further, the described active material admixture containing lithium salts of step (1) is by representing by quality percentage compositionFollowing component be mixed to get: active material 75%-85%, conductive agent 10%-20% and binding agent 5%-10%;After described active material is mixed by the following component representing by quality percentage composition under oxygen atmosphere through fully grindingMill obtains: disordered carbon 50%-70%, lithium salts 30%-50%; Adopting the Physical that applies, sprays or brushTime, organic solvent used is for comprising dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propene carbonate(PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), 1-fluoro carboxylic acid vinyl ester, 1-(fluoroformBase) carboxylic acid vinyl ester, gamma-butyrolacton, acetonitrile, dimethoxy-ethane, oxolane, dioxolanes, twoA kind of in chloromethanes or sulfolane, 1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE (NMP) or any two kinds or arbitrarily two or moreMixture; Described Ginding process comprises: mechanical ball-milling method, mechanical rod milling method (stainless steel bar), agate polishingDeng; Described disordered carbon is any one of unordered hard carbon or unordered soft carbon;
The described organic electrolyte of step (2) is the mixed liquor of lithium salts and organic solvent, and lithium salt scope is1.0mol/L～1.5mol/L。
Further, step (1) lithium salts used is cobalt acid lithium, lithium titanate, lithium molybdate, tungstate lithium, mangaic acidA kind of in lithium, lithium nickelate, LiFePO4, lithium nickel cobalt dioxide, nickel LiMn2O4 or nickle cobalt lithium manganate or any two kindsOr any two or more mixture.
Further, the described collector of step (1) adopts copper, nickel or stainless steel, and its thickness is 10 μ m-50 μ m,The porosity is 30-70%; The described active material layer thickness of step (1) is 30 μ m-100 μ m.
Further, the described conductive agent of step (1) is gas-phase growth of carbon fibre (VGCF), acetylene black, conductionA kind of in carbon black (SuperP), graphitized carbon fibre or CNT or any two kinds or arbitrarily two or moreMixture.
Further, described binding agent is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), propyleneAcid, polyethylene glycol oxide, CMC (CMS), butadiene-styrene rubber (SBR), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,A kind of or any two kinds or any two or more mixture in carboxylic styrene butadiene latex or polyvinyl alcohol.
Further, the lithium salts in the described organic electrolyte of step (2) is LiClO4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiBOB、LiBFX、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(FSO2)2、LiTFSI(LiN(SO2CF3)2)、LiFSI(LiN(SO2F)2) a kind of or any two kinds or arbitrarily two or moreMixture;
The described organic electrolyte of step (2) organic solvent used is dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate(DEC), propene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), 1-fluoro ethyleneAlkenyl esters, 1-(trifluoromethyl) carboxylic acid vinyl ester, gamma-butyrolacton, acetonitrile, dimethoxy-ethane, tetrahydrochysene furanMutter, a kind of in dioxolanes, carrene or sulfolane, 1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE (NMP) or any two kindsOr any two or more mixture.
Further, the multiplying power scope of the described constant current charge-discharge of step (2) is 8C～12C, voltage rangeFor 1.5V～3.8V, the time of discharging and recharging is 6～10h.
The invention also discloses a kind of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet preparing according to preceding method.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is as follows:
The present invention adopts the method for the pre-embedding lithium of physics and the combination of the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry, makes up by the pre-embedding lithium of physicsMicrocosmic embedding lithium inhomogeneities, solves the pre-embedding lithium of the electrochemistry degree of depth long problem consuming time.
The present invention adopts the pre-embedding lithium of physics method to make negative pole, applicable to lithium ion battery, lithium-ion capacitor,Disordered carbon material and lithium salts fully grind under oxygen atmosphere, and this not only can realize disordered carbon material and lithium salts and existAbundant mixing in macroscopic view, but also can ensure that disordered carbon material has certain degree of crystallinity and larger ratio tableArea, makes can to suppress SEI film in the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry and forms.
The present invention adopts the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry method anticathode to carry out the pre-embedding lithium of microcosmic point, suitable voltage modelThe selection of enclosing can be avoided the formation of SEI film, reduces because SEI film forms the part internal resistance producing, andAnd provide the speed of pre-embedding lithium.
The present invention adopts the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry method anticathode to carry out the pre-embedding lithium of microcosmic point, its pre-embedding lithium timeChoose and can make the cycle performance of the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry in preferable states, improved the effect of the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistryRate.
Pre-embedding lithium method of the present invention, the degree of depth that not only can realize lithium embeds, and can realize lithium grandThe embedding of sight and microcosmic point.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with embodiment, more specifically set forth content of the present invention. Below enforcement of the present invention is not limited toEmbodiment, any pro forma accommodation that the present invention is made or change all should be in protection scope of the present inventionIn.
Embodiment 1
(1) cladding process is prepared lithium-ion capacitor negative pole
The unordered hard carbon of mass fraction 60% and 40% Li2TiO3After mixing under oxygen atmosphere through mechanical ballGrinding machine obtains the active material admixture containing lithium salts after fully grinding.
By the active material of mass fraction 80%, 10% VGCF, 10% PVDF in appropriate NMPStir 12h.
Adopt cladding process to be coated on the Copper Foil of 50% porosity, then transfer in 85 DEG C of vacuum drying chambers permanentTemperature 8h, and took out one time vacuum every two hours, obtain being attached with active material layer through the pre-embedding lithium of physicsNegative plate.
(2) the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry
The negative plate preparing and do not carry out compacting is put into the organic electrolyte of 1.5mol/L, Qi ZhongrongMatter is LiPF6, and organic solvent is EC:EMC volume ratio=3:7, with 10C multiplying power at 1.5V～3.8V voltage modelIn enclosing, carry out constant current charge-discharge 8h, check capability retention when lithium-inserting amount is with end first.
Embodiment 2
(1) cladding process is prepared lithium-ion capacitor negative pole
The unordered soft carbon of mass fraction 50% and 50% LiMn2O4After mixing under oxygen atmosphere through machineryBall mill obtains active material after fully grinding, and obtains being attached with the negative pole through the pre-embedding lithium of physics of active material layerSheet.
By the active material of mass fraction 75%, 15% VGCF, 10% PVDF in appropriate NMPStir 12h.
Adopt cladding process to be coated on the Copper Foil of 30% porosity, then transfer in 85 DEG C of vacuum drying chambers permanentTemperature 8h, and took out one time vacuum every two hours.
(2) the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry
The negative plate preparing and do not carry out compacting is put into the organic electrolyte of 1.2mol/L, Qi ZhongrongMatter is LiPF6, and organic solvent is EC:EMC volume ratio=3:7, with 8C multiplying power at 1.5V～3.8V voltage modelIn enclosing, carry out constant current charge-discharge 6h, check capability retention when lithium-inserting amount is with end first.
Embodiment 3
(1) cladding process is prepared lithium-ion capacitor negative pole
The unordered soft carbon of mass fraction 70% and 30% LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2After mixing at oxygen atmosphereAfter fully grinding, mechanical ball grinding machine obtains active material down.
The active material of mass fraction 85%, 10% VGCF, 5% PVDF are stirred in appropriate NMPMix 12h.
Adopt cladding process to be coated on the Copper Foil of 70% porosity, then transfer in 85 DEG C of vacuum drying chambers permanentTemperature 8h, and took out one time vacuum every two hours, obtain being attached with active material layer through the pre-embedding lithium of physicsNegative plate.
(2) the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry
The negative plate preparing and do not carry out compacting is put into the organic electrolyte of 1.5mol/L, Qi ZhongrongMatter is LiPF6, and organic solvent is EC:EMC volume ratio=3:7, with 12C multiplying power at 1.5V～3.8V voltage modelIn enclosing, carry out constant current charge-discharge 10h, check capability retention when lithium-inserting amount is with end first.
In above embodiment:
| Charging and discharging currents | Discharge and recharge the time | Lithium-inserting amount first | Capability retention | |
| Embodiment 1 | 10C | 8h | 243mAh/g | 99.1％ |
| Embodiment 2 | 8C | 6h | 200.5mAh/g | 98.6％ |
| Embodiment 3 | 12C | 10h | 275.9mAh/g | 98.2％ |
Claims (10)
1. a preparation method for pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet, is characterized in that the method comprises the steps:
(1), will be attached on porous collector and form containing the active material admixture of lithium salts by PhysicalActive material layer, obtains the negative plate through the pre-embedding lithium of physics;
(2), step (1) gained is inserted in the organic electrolyte containing lithium salts through the negative plate of the pre-embedding lithium of physicsCarry out constant current charge-discharge processing, obtain the negative plate through the pre-embedding lithium of electrochemistry.
2. the preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet according to claim 1, is characterized in that: step (1)Described Physical comprises any one in sputter, coating, spraying or brushing.
3. the preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet according to claim 1, is characterized in that: step (1)The described active material admixture containing lithium salts is mixed to get by the following component representing by quality percentage composition: activityMaterial 75%-85%, conductive agent 10%-20% and binding agent 5%-10%; Described active material is by pressing quality hundredAfter the following component mixing that divides content to represent, under oxygen atmosphere, obtain through abundant grinding: disordered carbon 50%-70%,Lithium salts 30%-50%;
The described organic electrolyte of step (2) is the mixed liquor of lithium salts and organic solvent, and lithium salt scope is1.0mol/L～1.5mol/L。
4. the preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet according to claim 3, is characterized in that: step (1)Lithium salts used is cobalt acid lithium, lithium titanate, lithium molybdate, tungstate lithium, LiMn2O4, lithium nickelate, LiFePO4, nickelA kind of or any two kinds or any two or more mixture in cobalt acid lithium, nickel LiMn2O4 or nickle cobalt lithium manganate.
5. the preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet according to claim 1, is characterized in that: step (1)Described collector adopts copper, nickel or stainless steel, and its thickness is 10 μ m-50 μ m, and the porosity is 30-70%; StepSuddenly (1) described active material layer thickness is 30 μ m-100 μ m.
6. the preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet according to claim 1, is characterized in that: step (1)Described conductive agent is in gas-phase growth of carbon fibre, acetylene black, conductive carbon black, graphitized carbon fibre or CNTA kind of or any two kinds or any two or more mixture.
7. the preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described bondingAgent is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride, acrylic acid, polyethylene glycol oxide, CMC, butylbenzeneA kind of in rubber, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxylic styrene butadiene latex or polyvinyl alcohol or any two kinds or arbitrarilyTwo or more mixtures.
8. the preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet according to claim 1, is characterized in that: step (2)Lithium salts in described organic electrolyte is LiClO4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiBOB、LiBFX、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(FSO2)2、LiTFSI(LiN(SO2CF3)2)、LiFSI(LiN(SO2F)2) a kind of or any two kinds or any two or more mixture;
The described organic electrolyte of step (2) organic solvent used is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, carbonic acidPropylene, ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, 1-fluoro carboxylic acid vinyl ester, 1-(trifluoromethyl) ethyleneAlkenyl esters, gamma-butyrolacton, acetonitrile, dimethoxy-ethane, oxolane, dioxolanes, carrene or ringA kind of or any two kinds or any two or more mixture in fourth sulfone, 1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE.
9. the preparation method of pre-embedding cathode of lithium sheet according to claim 1, is characterized in that: step (2)The multiplying power scope of described constant current charge-discharge is 8C～12C, and voltage range is 1.5V～3.8V, discharges and recharges the timeBe 6～10h.
10. the pre-embedding lithium preparing according to method described in claim 1-9 any one claim is negativePole piece.
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| CN106409529A (en) * | 2016-11-09 | 2017-02-15 | 清华大学 | Lithium-ion capacitor lithium intercalation method |
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