CN105588983B - Conductivity testing device and electric equipment - Google Patents
Conductivity testing device and electric equipment Download PDFInfo
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- CN105588983B CN105588983B CN201410653475.0A CN201410653475A CN105588983B CN 105588983 B CN105588983 B CN 105588983B CN 201410653475 A CN201410653475 A CN 201410653475A CN 105588983 B CN105588983 B CN 105588983B
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Abstract
The invention provides a device for testing conductivity and electric equipment, wherein the device for testing conductivity comprises: a square wave generating source for generating a square wave signal; the first filter circuit is connected to the square wave generating source and obtains a sinusoidal signal without a direct current component; the test electrode unit comprises two groups of test electrodes connected in parallel, is connected to the first filter circuit and is used for applying test voltage to a medium to be tested; the current detection circuit is used for detecting a current signal flowing through the test electrode unit and converting the detected current signal into a voltage signal; a switching circuit connected between the test electrode unit and the current detection circuit; and the signal processing circuit is used for determining the conductivity of the medium to be tested. According to the technical scheme, the conductivity of the medium to be tested can be accurately tested on the premise of avoiding the polarization of the test electrodes, and the problems of inconvenience in testing and inaccurate test result caused by the adoption of a group of test electrodes can be avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of conductivity testing, in particular to a conductivity testing device and electric equipment.
Background
Conductivity is one of important characteristics of a substance, and is widely used in a substance classification technique, a material analysis technique, an environmental protection technique, and an industrial production control technique due to its simple detection principle and low detection device cost.
In the related art, the conductivity is usually detected by analyzing a current-voltage characteristic curve, specifically, a voltage signal is applied to a test electrode as an excitation signal, a current signal flowing through the test electrode is read, and the conductivity of the analyte is determined according to the voltage signal and the current signal. However, if the dc voltage signal is used as the dc excitation signal, polarization of the test electrode may be caused; if an alternating voltage signal is directly adopted as an alternating current excitation signal, the requirements on the stability of the amplitude and the frequency of the alternating current excitation signal are high, the alternating current excitation signal contains a direct current component to cause the polarization of a test electrode, and meanwhile, the test result of the alternating current excitation signal is not well compatible with a digital circuit, so that an intuitive conductivity test result cannot be provided for a user.
Meanwhile, in some scenes, different media or conductivity before and after the media are treated need to be tested, for example, for water purifier products, water quality before and after the filter element treatment needs to be respectively detected. If only one group of test electrodes is adopted, the test positions of the test electrodes need to be changed from time to time, so that the test is inconvenient and the operation of a user is complicated; and the test electrodes need to be cleaned, otherwise, the test result is inaccurate.
Therefore, how to accurately test the conductivity of the substance on the premise of avoiding the polarization of the test electrodes and avoiding the technical problems of inconvenient test and inaccurate test result caused by adopting a group of test electrodes is a urgent need to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving at least one of the problems of the prior art or the related art.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a conductivity testing apparatus capable of accurately testing the conductivity of a medium to be tested on the premise of avoiding polarization of testing electrodes, and capable of avoiding inconvenience in testing and inaccurate testing results due to the use of a group of testing electrodes.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an electric device.
To achieve the above object, according to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a conductivity testing apparatus including: a square wave generating source for generating a square wave signal; the first filter circuit is connected to the square wave generating source and used for filtering the square wave signal generated by the square wave generating source to obtain a sinusoidal signal without a direct current component so as to use the sinusoidal signal as a test voltage; the test electrode unit comprises a plurality of parallel connection electrodes, is connected to the first filter circuit and is used for applying the test voltage to a medium to be tested; the current detection circuit is used for detecting a current signal flowing through the test electrode unit and converting the detected current signal into a corresponding voltage signal; the switch circuit is connected between the test electrode unit and the current detection circuit and is used for controlling the working state of each test electrode in the two groups of test electrodes; and the signal processing circuit is connected to the current detection circuit and used for determining the conductivity of the medium to be tested according to the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the first filter circuit is connected to the square wave generating source to filter the square wave signal, so that the sinusoidal signal without the direct current component is finally obtained, and the polarization effect of the electrode caused by the direct current excitation signal adopted in the related art or the unprocessed alternating current excitation signal containing the direct current component is directly adopted can be avoided; meanwhile, the sine signal is obtained by filtering the square wave signal, so that the alternating current excitation applied to the electrode can be ensured to have stable amplitude and frequency, and the accuracy of the conductivity test result can be further ensured.
In addition, the switch circuit is arranged to control the working state of each group of test electrodes, so that the test diversity of the conductivity test device is enhanced, namely, different test electrodes can test the medium to be tested through simple switching of the switch circuit, and the problems of inconvenient test and complicated user operation caused by the fact that a group of test electrodes are adopted to test different media or conductivity before and after medium treatment are solved. Specifically, for example, the water quality before and after being treated by the water purifier is measured by two groups of test electrodes. Preferably, only one of the two sets of test electrodes may be operated at the same time to avoid interference between signals tested by the two sets of test electrodes.
In addition, the conductivity testing device provided by the invention is low in cost, and is convenient for batch production and application, such as detection of water quality of the water purifier when being applied to the water purifier, or measurement of electrolytes, meat products, grain moisture, soil moisture and the like.
In addition, the conductivity testing device according to the above embodiment of the present invention may further have the following additional technical features:
according to an embodiment of the present invention, the signal processing circuit includes: a peak detection circuit connected to the current detection circuit for detecting a peak value of the voltage signal output through the current detection circuit; the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the peak detection circuit and is used for performing analog-to-digital conversion processing on the peak detected by the peak detection circuit to obtain a digital signal; and the microprocessor is connected to the analog-to-digital converter and used for determining the conductivity of the medium to be tested according to the digital signal.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the peak value detection circuit, the digital-to-analog converter and the microprocessor are sequentially arranged in the signal processing circuit, so that the conductivity obtained by testing is compatible with the digital readout circuit and the digital processing circuit, specifically, the analog signal is quantized into the digital signal, the operation time and the memory occupancy rate of the microprocessor on the conductivity are reduced, meanwhile, a user can more visually check the tested conductivity, and the user experience is improved.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the signal processing circuit further includes: and the peak detection circuit is connected to the current detection circuit through the second filter circuit, and the second filter circuit is used for filtering and denoising the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the second filter circuit is arranged between the current detection circuit and the peak value detection circuit to filter the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit, so that the noise and fluctuation conditions of the test signal are reduced, and the accuracy of the test result can be further ensured.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the signal processing circuit further includes: and the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the peak detection circuit through the third filter circuit, and the third filter circuit is used for filtering and denoising a voltage peak signal output by the peak detection circuit.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the third filter circuit is arranged between the peak detection circuit and the analog-to-digital converter so as to filter the voltage signal output by the peak detection circuit, so that the noise and fluctuation conditions of the test signal are further reduced, and the accuracy of the test result can be further ensured.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the microprocessor comprises the square wave generating source.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the square wave generating source is arranged in the microprocessor, the parameter setting and modification can be carried out on the square wave generating source through the microprocessor, and if the microprocessor is a single chip microcomputer, a square wave signal can be output by the single chip microcomputer. In addition, the use of the square wave generating source reduces the overall cost of the conductivity test apparatus, and in particular, the square wave signal is one of the most easily obtained sinusoidal signals, and therefore, it is not necessary to use expensive equipment to obtain a sinusoidal signal without a dc component.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the microprocessor is further configured to: and controlling the way of generating the square wave signal by the square wave generating source. The microprocessor can control the square wave generating source to continuously generate square wave signals so as to realize continuous testing of a medium to be tested, such as continuous testing of the conductivity of a water path of the water purifier; of course, the microprocessor can also control the square wave generating source to generate a square wave signal at a certain moment so as to realize the intermittent test of the medium to be tested, namely, the test is carried out when the test is needed, such as the test of soil moisture, meat products and the like.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the microprocessor comprises: the judging circuit is used for judging whether the determined conductivity of the medium to be tested is in a preset conductivity range or not; and the prompting circuit is connected to the judging circuit and is used for sending a prompting signal when the judging circuit judges that the conductivity of the medium to be tested is not in the preset conductivity range.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the judgment circuit and the prompt circuit are arranged in the microprocessor, so that the material state corresponding to the conductivity can be determined according to the comparison between the conductivity and the preset conductivity range after the conductivity is determined, and the judgment result is prompted to a user, so that the user can obtain the material state more intuitively, and the user experience is improved.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the switching circuit includes: and each switch is connected with one group of test electrodes in series, and each switch is used for controlling the working state of one group of test electrodes.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the two switches are arranged to respectively control the working states of one group of testing electrodes, so that any one group of testing electrodes can be selected to be tested at the same time, and the control of two groups of testing electrodes is conveniently realized.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the microprocessor is further connected to the switch circuit for controlling each of the switches to be turned on or off to control the operation state of each of the sets of test electrodes.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the on-off state of each switch is controlled by the microprocessor, so that the effect of conveniently controlling the working state of the testing electrode is realized.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first filter circuit includes: a filter circuit is composed of a band-pass filter and a pi-type filter.
According to the conductivity testing device provided by the embodiment of the invention, the filter circuit formed by combining the band-pass filter and the pi-type filter is used as the first filter circuit, so that a sinusoidal signal without a direct-current component is effectively obtained, and an electrode polarization effect caused by a direct-current signal is further avoided; and the obtained sinusoidal signal can be ensured to have stable amplitude and frequency, and the accuracy of the conductivity test result can be further ensured.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the sinusoidal signal is a sinusoidal signal having a single waveform, or a sinusoidal signal composed of a superposition of sinusoidal signals of a plurality of waveforms. In particular, the excitation signal applied to the electrodes may be a single sinusoidal signal, or may be multiple sinusoidal signals simultaneously excited to achieve the acquisition of electrical impedance information at multiple frequencies.
There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for powering, including: the conductivity testing device according to any one of the above technical solutions. The electric equipment can be a water purifier and the like.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
The above and/or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
fig. 1 shows a schematic structural view of a device for testing electrical conductivity according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a first filter circuit in the test apparatus for electrical conductivity according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a current sampling circuit in a conductivity testing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 shows a schematic configuration diagram of a peak detection circuit of the conductivity test apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order that the above objects, features and advantages of the present invention can be more clearly understood, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other without conflict.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention, however, the present invention may be practiced in other ways than those specifically described herein, and therefore the scope of the present invention is not limited by the specific embodiments disclosed below.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic structural diagram of a device for testing electrical conductivity according to an embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the apparatus for testing electrical conductivity according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a square wave generating source 102 for generating a square wave signal; a first filter circuit 104, connected to the square wave generating source 102, for performing filtering processing on the square wave signal generated by the square wave generating source 102 to obtain a sinusoidal signal without a direct current component, so as to use the sinusoidal signal as a test voltage; a test electrode unit 106 comprising two sets of test electrodes connected in parallel, said test electrode unit 106 being connected to said first filter circuit 104 for applying said test voltage on a medium to be tested 116; a current detection circuit 108 for detecting a current signal flowing through the test electrode unit 106 and converting the detected current signal into a corresponding voltage signal; a switch circuit 114 connected between the test electrode unit 106 and the current detection circuit 108 for controlling the working state of each of the two sets of test electrodes; and a signal processing circuit 112 connected to the current detection circuit 108 for determining the conductivity of the medium to be tested 116 according to the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit 108.
The first filter circuit 104 is connected to the square wave generating source 102 to filter the square wave signal generated by the square wave generating source 102, so as to finally obtain a sinusoidal signal without a direct current component, thereby avoiding the polarization effect of the electrode caused by the direct current excitation signal adopted in the related art or the direct adoption of the unprocessed alternating current excitation signal containing the direct current component; meanwhile, the sine signal is obtained by filtering the square wave signal, so that the alternating current excitation applied to the test electrode can be ensured to have stable amplitude and frequency, and the accuracy of the conductivity test result can be further ensured.
In addition, the switch circuit 114 is arranged to control the working state of each group of test electrodes, so that the test diversity of the conductivity test device is enhanced, namely, different test electrodes can test the medium to be tested through simple switching of the switch circuit 114, and the problems of inconvenient test and complicated user operation caused by the fact that a group of test electrodes are adopted to test different media or the conductivity before and after the treatment of the media are solved. Specifically, for example, the water quality before and after being treated by the water purifier is measured by two groups of test electrodes. Preferably, only one of the two sets of test electrodes may be operated at the same time to avoid interference between signals tested by the two sets of test electrodes.
In addition, the conductivity testing device provided by the invention is low in cost, and is convenient to realize batch production and application of the conductivity testing device, such as application in conductivity measurement of water quality (drinking water and the like), heavy metal pollution, skin (human skin moisture, fat, skin diseases), electrolyte (acid or alkali), biological tissues (diseases, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer and the like), meat products (meat product deterioration detection of beef, pork, donkey meat, dog meat, chicken meat, duck meat and the like), grain (grain such as rice, wheat and the like), soil moisture, liquid medium liquid level, temperature measurement, alcohol content, water-in-oil, oil-in-water, electromagnetic nondestructive detection and the like.
The square wave generating source 102 may generate a square wave signal with a fixed frequency and a zero low level, and of course, the low level of the square wave signal generated by the square wave generating source 102 may also be greater than 0 or less than 0. The first filter circuit 104 can filter out all harmonic components except the fundamental harmonic in the square wave signal to use the fundamental harmonic as the excitation signal, and of course, other harmonic components can also be used as the excitation signal.
In addition, the conductivity testing device according to the above embodiment of the present invention may further have the following additional technical features:
according to an embodiment of the present invention, the signal processing circuit 112 includes: a peak detection circuit 1122, connected to the current detection circuit 108, for detecting a peak value of the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit 108; an analog-to-digital converter 1124 connected to the peak detection circuit 1122, for performing an analog-to-digital conversion process on the peak detected by the peak detection circuit 1122 to obtain a digital signal; a microprocessor 1126 connected to said analog-to-digital converter 1124 for determining the conductivity of said medium under test 116 from said digital signal.
By arranging the peak detection circuit 1122, the analog-to-digital converter 1124, and the microprocessor 1126 in this order in the signal processing circuit 112, the measured conductivity value can be made compatible with a digital circuit. Specifically, the analog signal is quantized into the digital signal, so that a user can check the tested conductivity more intuitively, and the user experience is improved.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the signal processing circuit 112 further includes: a second filter circuit (not shown), through which the peak detection circuit 1122 is connected to the current detection circuit 108, and which is used for filtering and denoising the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit 108.
By arranging the second filter circuit between the current detection circuit 108 and the peak detection circuit 1122 to filter the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit 108, the noise and fluctuation of the test signal are reduced, and the accuracy of the test result can be ensured.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the signal processing circuit 112 further includes: a third filter circuit (not shown), through which the analog-to-digital converter 1124 is connected to the peak detection circuit 1122, and the third filter circuit is used for filtering and denoising the voltage peak signal output by the peak detection circuit 1122.
By arranging the third filter circuit between the peak detection circuit 1122 and the analog-to-digital converter 1124, the voltage signal output by the peak detection circuit 1122 is filtered, so that the noise and fluctuation of the test signal are further reduced, and the accuracy of the test result can be ensured.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the microprocessor 1126 comprises the square wave generating source 102.
By arranging the square wave generating source 102 in the microprocessor 1126, parameters of the square wave generating source 102 can be set and modified through the microprocessor 1126, and if the microprocessor 1126 is a single chip microcomputer, a square wave signal can be output by the single chip microcomputer. In addition, the use of the square wave generating source 102 reduces the overall cost of the conductivity test apparatus, and in particular, the square wave signal is one of the most easily obtained sinusoidal signals, and therefore, it is not necessary to use expensive equipment to obtain a sinusoidal signal without a dc component.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the microprocessor 1126 is further adapted to: the manner in which the square wave signal is generated by the square wave generating source 102 is controlled. The microprocessor 1126 can control the square wave generating source 102 to continuously generate the square wave signal, so as to continuously test the medium to be tested, for example, continuously test the conductivity of the water path of the water purifier; of course, the microprocessor 1126 may also control the square wave generating source 102 to generate a square wave signal at a certain time, so as to implement an intermittent test on the medium to be tested, that is, the test is performed only when the test is needed, such as a test on soil moisture, meat products, and the like.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the microprocessor 1126 comprises: a judging circuit (not shown in the figure) for judging whether the determined conductivity of the medium to be tested is within a preset conductivity range; and the prompting circuit (not shown in the figure) is connected to the judging circuit and is used for sending a prompting signal when the judging circuit judges that the conductivity of the medium to be tested is not in the preset conductivity range.
By arranging the judging circuit and the prompting circuit in the microprocessor 1126, the material state corresponding to the conductivity can be determined according to the comparison between the conductivity and the preset conductivity range after the conductivity is determined, and the judgment result is prompted to a user, so that the user can acquire the material state more intuitively, and the user experience is improved.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the switching circuit 114 includes: two switches 120, each of the switches 120 is connected in series with a set of the test electrodes, and each of the switches 120 is used for controlling the working state of a set of the test electrodes.
By setting the two switches 120 to control the working states of one set of test electrodes respectively, any one set of test electrodes can be selected to be tested at the same time, and the control of the two sets of test electrodes is conveniently realized.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the microprocessor 1126 is further connected to the switch circuit 114 for controlling each of the switches 120 to be closed or opened to control the operation state of each of the sets of test electrodes.
The effect of conveniently controlling the operating state of the test electrodes is achieved by the microprocessor 1126 controlling the closed state of each switch 120. The switch circuit 114 may be an analog switch circuit.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first filter circuit 104 includes: a filter circuit is composed of a band-pass filter and a pi-type filter.
A filter circuit formed by combining a band-pass filter and a pi-type filter is used as the first filter circuit 104, so that a sinusoidal signal without a direct-current component is effectively obtained, and an electrode polarization effect caused by a direct-current signal is further avoided; and the obtained sinusoidal signal can be ensured to have stable amplitude and frequency, and the accuracy of the conductivity test result can be further ensured.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the sinusoidal signal is a sinusoidal signal having a single waveform, or a sinusoidal signal composed of a superposition of sinusoidal signals of a plurality of waveforms. In particular, the excitation signal applied to the test electrode may be a single sinusoidal signal, or may be a plurality of sinusoidal signals simultaneously excited, so as to achieve the acquisition of electrical impedance information at multiple frequencies.
The circuit structure of the first filter circuit 104 can be as shown in fig. 2, wherein the input terminal 1042 of the first filter circuit 104 is connected to the output terminal of the square wave generating source 102, and the output terminal 1044 of the first filter circuit is connected to the test electrode unit 106.
The circuit configuration of the current detection circuit 108 may be as shown in fig. 3, where an input 1082 of the current detection circuit 108 samples the current flowing through the test electrode unit 106, and an output 1084 of the current detection circuit 108 is connected to an input of the peak detection circuit 1122.
The circuit structure of the peak detection circuit 1122 can be as shown in fig. 4, where the input terminal 112A of the peak detection circuit 1122 is connected to the output terminal 1084 of the current detection circuit 108, and the output terminal 112B of the peak detection circuit 1122 is connected to the input terminal of the analog-to-digital converter 1124.
The technical scheme of the invention is explained in detail in the above with the help of the attached drawings, and the invention provides a novel conductivity testing device which can accurately test the conductivity of the medium to be tested on the premise of avoiding the polarization of the testing electrodes and can avoid the inconvenience of testing and the inaccuracy of the testing result caused by adopting a group of testing electrodes.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. An apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity, comprising:
a square wave generating source for generating a square wave signal;
the first filter circuit is connected to the square wave generating source and used for filtering the square wave signal generated by the square wave generating source to obtain a sinusoidal signal without a direct current component so as to use the sinusoidal signal as a test voltage;
the test electrode unit comprises two groups of test electrodes connected in parallel, is connected to the first filter circuit and is used for applying the test voltage to different media to be tested simultaneously;
the current detection circuit is used for detecting a current signal flowing through the test electrode unit and converting the detected current signal into a corresponding voltage signal;
the switch circuit is connected between the test electrode unit and the current detection circuit and is used for controlling the working state of each test electrode in the two groups of test electrodes;
the signal processing circuit is connected to the analog switch circuit and used for determining the conductivity of the medium to be tested according to the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit;
the signal processing circuit includes:
the peak value detection circuit is connected to the current detection circuit and is used for detecting the peak value of the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit;
the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the peak detection circuit and is used for performing analog-to-digital conversion processing on the peak detected by the peak detection circuit to obtain a digital signal;
the microprocessor is connected to the analog-to-digital converter and used for determining the conductivity of the medium to be tested according to the digital signal;
the microprocessor is also used for controlling the square wave generating source to continuously generate square wave signals, or the microprocessor is also used for controlling the square wave generating source to generate square wave signals at a certain moment;
the microprocessor includes: the judging circuit is used for judging whether the determined conductivity of the medium to be tested is in a preset conductivity range or not; the prompting circuit is connected to the judging circuit and used for sending a prompting signal when the judging circuit judges that the conductivity of the medium to be tested is not in the preset conductivity range;
the microprocessor includes the square wave generating source.
2. The conductivity test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the signal processing circuit further comprises:
and the peak detection circuit is connected to the current detection circuit through the second filter circuit, and the second filter circuit is used for filtering and denoising the voltage signal output by the current detection circuit.
3. The conductivity test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the signal processing circuit further comprises:
and the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the peak detection circuit through the third filter circuit, and the third filter circuit is used for filtering and denoising a voltage peak signal output by the peak detection circuit.
4. The apparatus for testing conductivity of claim 1, wherein the switching circuit comprises:
and each switch is connected with one group of test electrodes in series, and each switch is used for controlling the working state of one group of test electrodes.
5. The conductivity testing device of claim 4, wherein said microprocessor is further connected to said switch circuit for controlling each of said switches to be closed or opened for controlling the operating state of each of said sets of test electrodes.
6. The apparatus for testing electrical conductivity of claim 1, wherein the first filter circuit comprises: a filter circuit is composed of a band-pass filter and a pi-type filter.
7. The conductivity testing device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the sinusoidal signal is a sinusoidal signal having a single waveform, or a sinusoidal signal composed of a superposition of sinusoidal signals of a plurality of waveforms.
8. An electrical device, comprising: the apparatus for testing electrical conductivity of any one of claims 1 to 7.
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| CN109212319B (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2020-12-18 | 古之恒信息科技（苏州）有限公司 | Fuel conductivity measuring circuit and measuring instrument |
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| CN103630753A (en) * | 2013-12-05 | 2014-03-12 | 大连世佳精工机械有限公司 | Solution conductivity measuring method based on square wave excitation |
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