CN105575444B - System occurs for thermonuclear fusion - Google Patents
System occurs for thermonuclear fusion Download PDFInfo
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- CN105575444B CN105575444B CN201610083015.8A CN201610083015A CN105575444B CN 105575444 B CN105575444 B CN 105575444B CN 201610083015 A CN201610083015 A CN 201610083015A CN 105575444 B CN105575444 B CN 105575444B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of thermonuclear fusion method for generation and system.Wherein, method includes：Pre-set and at least one laser hand-hole is provided with the cavity that internal layer contains thermonuclear material, and the cavity；Laser is injected by the laser hand-hole to the cavity, and the internal layer thermonuclear material of cavity described in ablation, produces the crown area plasma expanded to the chamber central；Crown area plasma is converged in the chamber central, and plasma kinetic energy is converted into the ion interior energy of plasma, forms the highly dense convergence plasma of high temperature；Nuclear fusion reaction occurs for the convergence plasma, releases energy.The technical scheme provided in the embodiment of the present invention can improve the temperature of igniting hot spot, realize stable high fusion output.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to thermonuclear fusion energy field, system occurs for particularly a kind of thermonuclear fusion.
Background technology
The fusion of nuclear fusion (nuclear fusion), also known as core, fusion reaction or fusion reaction, core refers to small by quality
Atom, is primarily referred to as deuterium (D) or tritium (T), under certain condition, under such as superhigh temperature and high pressure, allows electron outside nucleus to break away from atomic nucleus
Constraint, two atomic nucleus can be overcome coulomb repulsion each other and be collided together, occurs atomic nucleus and is aggregated with one another
Effect, generates the heavier atomic nucleus of new quality, such as helium, although neutron mass ratio is larger, is due to that neutron is not charged, therefore
Also nuclear constraint can be fled from this collision process and is discharged, the release of a large amount of electronics and neutron is shown
What is come is exactly huge energy release.This is a kind of form of nuclear reaction.Contain huge energy, nuclear change in atomic nucleus
Change, i.e., be another atomic nucleus from a kind of atom nuclear change, be usually associated with the release of energy.Nuclear fusion is split different from core
A kind of nuclear reaction form become.
The thermonuclear fusion energy is that a kind of have very much prospect and by the energy solution of extensive concern.With traditional energy phase
Source than, fusion energy can be heavy hydrogen D in seawater, therefore almost inexhaustible, and not by time and territory restriction；
In addition, nuclear fusion energy source is clear energy sources again, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and other pernicious gases and particle are not discharged；And
And compared with nuclear fission, the problems such as processing of dangerous and nuke rubbish of the criticality accident in fission reactor is not present in it.But
The thermonuclear fusion energy is obtained to first have to realize the controllable thermonuclear fusion under laboratory condition, wherein Laser Driven inertial confinement fusion
(ICF) it is one of important important channel of deuterium tritium (DT) fuel controllable nuclear fusion.
Main also most ripe technology path is center fire, the driving of use in Laser Driven fusion research at present
Mode is laser indirect driving or directly driven.Center fire Technology Ways are (can be by laser ablation using laser or X-ray
The golden black chamber of (Au) material is produced) the pellet outer layer of ablation thermonuclear containing DT material, outwards expand and spray after pellet outer substance is heated
Penetrate, outside injecting substances produce inside reaction force, inwardly promote Spherical pellet motion, utilize the implosion of inside spherical compression
Effect, makes the DT nuclear fuels at pellet center reach high density (about 100g/cm3), the fired state of high temperature (about 4keV), we claim
The highly dense Nuclei fuel region at pellet center is hot spot.Fusion nuclear fuel initial temperature is very low (about 20K), mainly by interior detonation pressure
Contracting acting improves the density and temperature of nuclear fuel.Hot spot starts after fusion burning, then little by little the relative low temperature of surrounding
The heating burning of DT fuel, finally realizes the overall thermonuclear fusion of higher-energy output.
In above-mentioned center fire, what is utilized is the rocket effect of heat wave ablation reaction force, the energy that igniting hot spot is obtained
The ratio that amount accounts for input laser energy is relatively low, less than 1%.In addition, to make the hot spot of DT Central Fuels reach a high temperature highly dense point
Fiery state is, it is necessary to carry out high compression to pellet, and compression ratio (the ratio between radius after pellet initial radium and compression) is up to~30.
Under so high compression ratio, center fire mode is very accurate to the technical requirement of links or even harshness：Reach
To than it is more uniform it is spherical compression to produce ignitable hot spot, to drive pellet implosion laser or X-ray even intensity
Property require be less than 1%；Hydrodynamic instability meeting high development in implosion, brings pellet outer layer cryogenic substance to be mixed into height
The problems such as igniting hot spot of temperature, this requires each globular interface unusual light of pellet, usually requires that the rough of each interface
Degree is less than 100 nanometers (nm).To realize DT main fuels layer under the restriction of above Multiple factors, the temperature of igniting hot spot, which is improved, is
Center fire fusion under one bottleneck problem, laboratory condition is realized extremely difficult.
The content of the invention
In view of this, a kind of thermonuclear fusion is provided in the embodiment of the present invention and occurs system, the temperature to improve igniting hot spot
Degree, realizes that stable high fusion is produced.
System occurs for a kind of thermonuclear fusion provided in the embodiment of the present invention, including：One cavity and a laser beam emitting device；
Wherein,
The internal layer of the cavity includes and is provided with least one laser hand-hole on thermonuclear material, and the cavity；
The laser beam emitting device is used to inject laser to the cavity by the laser hand-hole, with chamber described in ablation
The internal layer thermonuclear material of body, produces the crown area plasma expanded to the chamber central, and crown area plasma is in institute
State chamber central convergence, plasma kinetic energy be converted into the ion interior energy of plasma, formed highly dense convergence of high temperature etc. from
Daughter, occurs nuclear fusion reaction, releases energy.
It can be seen that, in the embodiment of the present invention, by using the thermonuclear material of the direct heating cavity internal layer of laser, and to produce
Plasma converged at a high speed in cavity, it will improve laser-fusion hot spot energy efficiency, generate HTHP convergence
Plasma, and then produce nuclear fusion and release energy, realize stable high fusion output.The process is not due to being related to high receipts
The high sensitive contracted than in the case of to various non-ideal factors, therefore with very high sturdy property (robustness).In addition, this
The laser coupling efficiency of scheme is higher, when the plasma of high speed expansion is in center convergence, by the kinetic energy of plasma first
It is converted into the random warm-up movement interior energy of ion so that the ion temperature of convergence plasma is higher (about 10keV), converges simultaneously
The ion temperature of plasma and the electron temperature of plasma are separated, and ion temperature is higher than electron temperature, reduces convergence
Plasma passes through electronics bremsstrahlung and the speed of Electron Heat Conduction mechanism off-energy.Therefore, it is to realize high flux neutron
Source or even a very effective technical scheme of fusion energy resource.
Brief description of the drawings
For the technical scheme in the clearer explanation embodiment of the present invention, make required in being described below to embodiment
Accompanying drawing is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, for
For those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, it can also obtain other according to these accompanying drawings
Accompanying drawing.Wherein,
Fig. 1 is the exemplary process diagram of thermonuclear fusion method for generation in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the exemplary block diagram of thermonuclear fusion generation system in the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
To make the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, by the following examples to of the invention further detailed
Describe in detail bright.
Fig. 1 is the exemplary process diagram of thermonuclear fusion method for generation in the embodiment of the present invention.As shown in figure 1, the flow can
Comprise the following steps：
Step 101, set internal layer to contain the cavity of thermonuclear material, and the injection of at least one laser is provided with the cavity
Hole.
In the present embodiment, the cavity that internal layer contains thermonuclear material can be lined with one layer of thermonuclear material (for example, the layer for inwall
The thickness of thermonuclear material is about 100 microns (μm)) metallic cavity, or can also be the housing being made up of thermonuclear material slightly
The cavity of thick (for example, the thickness of shell can be hundreds of microns).
In the present embodiment, the shape of the cavity can be spherical or almost spherical subsphaeroidal, in order to make the heat of ablation
The plasma produced after nuclear material is converged at a high speed to center.
In the present embodiment, thermonuclear material can include any one or any combination in materials described below：Deuterium, tritium, lithium -6,
Helium -3 etc..In case of comprising deuterium tritium, the form of its thermonuclear material for example can be：Deuterium tritium (DT) is freezed, be carbonized DT, low
Density foams include liquid DT etc..
In addition, at least one laser hand-hole for being opened on cavity can on the cavity symmetry be uniformly distributed
At least one laser hand-hole.
Wherein, the quantity of laser hand-hole can be set according to actual conditions, for example, can for 1,2,3
It is individual ... ..., 12 etc..
The example of two quantity on laser hand-hole is given below.
First example, sets 4 laser hand-holes, its can the position on the summit that positive tetrahedron is inscribed of respective chamber one enter
Row is set.
Second example, set 6 laser hand-holes, its can respective chamber one be inscribed regular hexahedron face center position
It is configured.
In addition, in one embodiment, can also be according to flat between thermonuclear material area and the quantity of laser hand-hole
Weighing apparatus relation, determines the quantity of laser hand-hole.For example, in several examples of the present invention, can be according to the spherical of the material containing thermonuclear
The different radii of cavity, sets 2~12 laser hand-holes on the cavity.
Step 102, laser is injected by the laser hand-hole to the cavity, and the internal layer thermonuclear of cavity described in ablation
Material, produces the crown area plasma expanded to the chamber central.
In Lao Xun (Lawson) criterion that fusion is lighted a fire, the ion temperature (T of nuclear fuel plasmai) it is a key
Parameter.Because fusion DT average response speed<συ>It is very sensitive to ion temperature.Ion temperature is improved, can be greatly increased
Nuclear reaction cross section and nuclear reaction speed, rigors of the reduction igniting to other physical quantitys.In the present embodiment, in laser ablation heat
Nuclear material produce crown area plasma in, compared with low-density (<Nc plasma) causes sink effect to obtain by inverse a piece of wood serving as a brake to halt a carriage of laser
Energy is obtained, it is higher (about 1~10keV) so as to obtain higher initial ion temperature.
In the present embodiment, radius, the radius of laser inlet of the spherical cavity by rationally designing the material containing thermonuclear, note
The key parameters such as the laser energy, pulsewidth, the intensity that enter, it is ensured that laser adds during source laser injection not by cavity and laser fluence
The plasma of porch hinders, can be in relatively effective injection cavity, and sustainable has to convergence plasma
The contribution of effect.Simultaneously using the even skating section of necessary laser beam, it can reduce as far as possible caused by laser and Plasma Interaction
The effects such as backscattering, ensure being efficiently injected into for laser as far as possible.
In one embodiment of the present embodiment, the laser intensity of laser is smaller than 1016W/cm2, laser pulse width can be 10
Psec is between 10 nanoseconds.
Step 103, crown area plasma is converged in the chamber central, and by plasma kinetic energy be converted into etc. from
The ion interior energy of daughter, forms the highly dense convergence plasma of high temperature.
In this step, crown area plasma is converged at a high speed during being expanded to chamber central to the chamber central,
And the kinetic energy of plasma is converted into the ion interior energy of plasma, further to improve the ion temperature of plasma (about
For 10keV), at the same during converging at a high speed the convergence pressure that produces also can further plasma compression, to improve its density,
Form the highly dense convergence plasma of high temperature.
It is converted into the kinetic energy of above-mentioned plasma in the ion of plasma during energy, the ion temperature of plasma
Degree is further improved, but the electron temperature of plasma improves limited, now, the ion temperature of plasma with etc.
The electron temperature of gas ions is separated, and ion temperature is higher than electron temperature, that is to say, that electron temperature is not with ion temperature
Raising and synchronous improve, it is seen then that the scheme in the present embodiment can reduce convergence plasma by electronics bremsstrahlung and
The speed of Electron Heat Conduction mechanism off-energy.
Step 104, nuclear fusion reaction occurs for the convergence plasma, releases energy.
In the present embodiment, there can be different energy outputs by using different thermonuclear materials.
For example, for needing the application scenario using neutron energy, thermonuclear material can include deuterium tritium, the energy now discharged
Higher neutron yield is also accompanied by amount.For example, by above-mentioned physical process being analyzed and being calibrated research, in can obtain
Sub- yield Scaling Laws Yn~(EL/R1.2τ0.2)2.5.That is neutron yield (fusion energy output, is proportional to neutron yield in other words)
It is directly proportional to 2.5 powers for being efficiently injected into laser energy, is inversely proportional to 3 powers of spherical cavity radius, is inversely proportional to laser pulse width
0.5 power.So can as far as possible increase while ensureing that laser is efficiently injected into the cavity of internal layer material containing thermonuclear in the present embodiment
Plus laser energy, reduce the size of spherical cavity, and reduce laser pulse width.
According to above-mentioned neutron yield Scaling Laws Yn~(EL/R1.2τ0.2)2.5On the calibration relation of laser energy, pass through reality
Checking is present：A diameter of 1.7mm 2 hole deuteriocarbon (CD) spherical cavities, deuterium deuterium alpha reaction neutron yield is 3.5 × 109；And
Neutron yield is highly stable, insensitive to the non-ideal factor in experiment.Produced using above-mentioned neutron yield Scaling Laws and neutron
Volume experimental data, can extrapolate and obtain the neutron for carrying out spherical convergence plasmon fusion on more massive laser aid
Yield and energy output.It is about on the laser of 100kJ scales, using the ball of a diameter of 2.0mm material containing thermonuclear in energy
Shape cavity, the technical program can produce 1014DT neutron yields；Radius is used for the spherical cavity of the 5.6mm material containing thermonuclear,
It is about that on the laser of 3MJ scales, the technical program can produce about 10 in energy18DT neutron yields, fusion production capacity is about
3MJ, realizes that gains and losses balance each other for fusion energy substantially；Radius is used for the 5.6mm spherical shell of material containing thermonuclear, is about 10MJ rule in energy
On the laser of mould, the technical program can produce about 2.0 × 1019DT neutron yields, production capacity is about 56MJ, and fusion is realized substantially
Energy gain × 6.
Above-mentioned neutron yield is the simple result using above-mentioned technical proposal, if arranged using other extra technologies
Apply, such as the additional confining magnetic field for being used to keep plasmoid of convergence plasma to spherical cavity center, and/or adopt
With other energy pulse measures, for example, applying an energy arteries and veins to crown area plasma and/or the convergence plasma
Punching, then can further improve the temperature and pressed density of spherical cavity center convergence plasma, it is possible to achieve higher neutron
Yield and fusion energy output.
It is above-mentioned main to needing the situation using neutron energy to carry out brief analysis.
In addition, the application scenario for neutron energy need not be utilized, the radiation danger brought in order to avoid neutron to environment
Evil, thermonuclear material can include helium -3 etc..For example, helium -3 carries out thermonuclear reaction with deuterium can only produce relatively low radioactive proton.
The thermonuclear fusion method for generation in the embodiment of the present invention is described in detail above, below again to of the invention real
The generation system of the thermonuclear fusion in example is applied to be described in detail.Thermonuclear fusion in the embodiment of the present invention occurs system and can be used for
Perform corresponding thermonuclear fusion method for generation in the embodiment of the present invention.Occurs system for the thermonuclear fusion in the embodiment of the present invention
The details not disclosed, refer to the description of corresponding thermonuclear fusion method for generation in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the exemplary block diagram of thermonuclear fusion generation system in the embodiment of the present invention.As shown in Fig. 2 the system can
Including：One cavity 201 and a laser beam emitting device 202.
Wherein, the internal layer of cavity 201 includes and is provided with least one laser hand-hole on thermonuclear material, and the cavity 201.
In the present embodiment, cavity 201 can be lined with the metallic cavity of one layer of thermonuclear material for inwall, or can also serve as reasons
The cavity of the housing that thermonuclear material is made slightly thickness.
In the present embodiment, the shape of cavity 201 can be spherical or subsphaeroidal, in order to make to be produced after heat of ablation nuclear material
Plasma to center at a high speed converge.
In the present embodiment, thermonuclear material can include any one or any combination in materials described below：Deuterium, tritium, lithium -6,
Helium -3 etc..In case of comprising deuterium tritium, the form of its thermonuclear material for example can be：Deuterium tritium (DT) is freezed, be carbonized DT, low
Density foams include liquid DT etc..
In addition, at least one laser hand-hole for being opened on cavity can on the cavity symmetry be uniformly distributed
At least one laser hand-hole.
Wherein, the quantity of laser hand-hole can be set according to actual conditions, for example, can for 1,2,3
It is individual ... ..., 12 etc..
The example of two quantity on laser hand-hole is given below.
First example, sets 4 laser hand-holes, its can the position on the summit that positive tetrahedron is inscribed of respective chamber one enter
Row is set.
Second example, set 6 laser hand-holes, its can respective chamber one be inscribed regular hexahedron face center position
It is configured.
In addition, in one embodiment, can also be according between the area of thermonuclear material and the quantity of laser hand-hole
Equilibrium relation, determines the quantity of laser hand-hole.For example, in several examples of the present invention, can be according to the ball of the material containing thermonuclear
The different radii of shape cavity, sets 2~12 laser hand-holes on the cavity.
Laser beam emitting device 202 is used to inject laser to the cavity 201 by the laser hand-hole, with ablation cavity
201 internal layer thermonuclear material, produces the crown area plasma to the center swell of cavity 201, and crown area plasma is in chamber
The center convergence of body 201, plasma kinetic energy is converted into the ion interior energy of plasma, forms the highly dense convergence plasma of high temperature
Body, occurs nuclear fusion reaction, releases energy.
In the present embodiment, laser ablation thermonuclear material produce crown area plasma in, compared with low-density (<Nc grade) from
Daughter causes sink effect to obtain energy by inverse a piece of wood serving as a brake to halt a carriage of laser, so as to obtain higher initial ion temperature it is higher (about 1~
10keV).Crown area plasma is converged at a high speed during being expanded to chamber central to the chamber central, and by plasma
The kinetic energy of body is converted into the ion interior energy of plasma, further to improve the ion temperature (about 10keV) of plasma, together
When converge at a high speed during the convergence pressure that produces also can further plasma compression, to improve its density, form high temperature height
Close convergence plasma.
In one embodiment of the present embodiment, the laser intensity of laser is smaller than 1016W/cm2, laser pulse width can be 10
Psec is between 10 nanoseconds.
In one embodiment, the system can further as shown in the dotted portion in Fig. 2, including：Magnetic field applies dress
Put 203 and/or energy pulse bringing device 204.
Wherein, magnetic field applicator 203 is used to apply a constraint for being used to keep plasmoid in the cavity
Magnetic field.
Energy pulse bringing device 204 is used to apply one to crown area plasma and/or the convergence plasma
Energy pulse.
Using the technical scheme in the present invention, it can be produced on the laser aid of the kJ (kilojoule) scale of tens kJ (kilojoule)-hundred
Stable 1014Pulsed thermonuclear DT neutrons above, or 1012More than pulsed thermonuclear DD neutrons or DD protons, can be with
As stable high-throughout neutron or proton source, in medical diagnosis and treatment, industrial diagnostic and industrial treatment, scientific research
There is great application prospect with terms of the calibration of scientific research diagnostic instrments；On the laser of 3 megajoules of scales, it is expected to relatively stablize
Realize fusion energy gains and losses balance each other that i.e. fusion is lighted a fire, be significant in terms of fusion igniting scientific research；Bigger
Scale more than 10 megajoules on the laser of scale, is expected to stably realize higher fusion energy gain, can be as poly-
Become the fusion energy resource target core design of energy source use, be that science is laid in follow-up fusion energy resource reactor and commercialized fusion power station
And engineering foundation.
The above-mentioned several embodiments of the method and system embodiment only listed in the present invention, it is not to limit this hair
It is bright.In practical application, the others that swap out can also be become specific according to the description in the inventive method embodiment or system embodiment
Embodiment, it is all in any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements within the spirit and principles in the present invention, done etc., it should be included in
Within the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. system occurs for a kind of thermonuclear fusion, it is characterised in that including：One cavity and a laser beam emitting device；Wherein,
The internal layer of the cavity includes and is provided with least one laser hand-hole on thermonuclear material, and the cavity；
The laser beam emitting device is used to inject laser to the cavity by the laser hand-hole, with cavity described in ablation
Internal layer thermonuclear material, produces the crown area plasma expanded to the chamber central, and crown area plasma is in the chamber
Body center convergence, plasma kinetic energy is converted into the ion interior energy of plasma, forms the highly dense convergence plasma of high temperature,
Generation nuclear fusion reaction, releases energy.
2. system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the cavity is spherical or subsphaeroidal cavity.
3. system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that at least one described laser hand-hole is right on the cavity
Claim property be uniformly distributed.
4. system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that at least one described laser hand-hole is 2~12 laser
Hand-hole.
5. system according to claim 4, it is characterised in that at least one described laser hand-hole is：The correspondence chamber
Four laser hand-holes on the summit of positive tetrahedron are inscribed in body one；Or be：
Six laser hand-holes at the face center of regular hexahedron are inscribed in the correspondence cavity one.
6. system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the laser intensity of the laser is less than 1016W/cm2, laser
Pulsewidth is in 10 psecs between 10 nanoseconds.
7. system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the thermonuclear material includes any one in materials described below
Or any combination：Deuterium, tritium, lithium -6, helium -3.
8. system according to any one of claim 1 to 7, it is characterised in that the system further comprises：Magnetic field applies
Device and/or energy pulse bringing device；
The magnetic field applicator is used to apply a confining magnetic field for being used to keep plasmoid in the cavity；
The energy pulse bringing device is used to apply an energy to crown area plasma and/or the convergence plasma
Pulse.
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| CN106297902B (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-09-12 | 西安交通大学 | One kind filling aeroge ICF freezing target systems |
| CN106683714B (en) * | 2017-02-10 | 2018-05-01 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | A kind of orthogonal ellipsoidal cavity of laser-produced fusion |
| CN108877958B (en) * | 2017-05-12 | 2020-10-30 | 嵊州市观东机械厂 | Spherical ICF (intensive Care and functional Filter) freezing target system |
| CN108711460A (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2018-10-26 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | A method of generating neutron source |
| CN111575709B (en) * | 2020-06-18 | 2021-12-17 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Silver black cavity manufacturing method |
| CN112566350B (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2022-02-01 | 西安交通大学 | Plasma energy storage system and energy storage method |
| CN113747644A (en) * | 2021-07-20 | 2021-12-03 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Method for inhibiting plasma expansion of black cavity radiation source cavity wall by ion separation |
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