CN113747644B - Method for inhibiting expansion of cavity wall plasma of black cavity radiation source by utilizing ion separation - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of high-energy density physics, and particularly discloses a method for inhibiting plasma expansion of a black cavity radiation source cavity wall by utilizing ion separation, which comprises the following steps: constructing a cavity wall of a black cavity radiation source by using a solid composite material formed by mixing high Z elements and low Z elements, wherein the cavity wall comprises a laser X-ray conversion layer and an ion separation layer; filling hydrocarbon gas into the cavity of the black cavity to ensure that the air pressure is less than or equal to 0.3 times of atmospheric pressure; a laser with a pulse width of 1-30 ns is used for driving the black cavity to form a radiation source with limited crown area plasma expansion. According to the method disclosed by the invention, under the condition of the same inflation pressure, the composite material ion separation method has a better inhibition effect on crown expansion; the energy loss generated by the interaction of laser plasmas is reduced, and the energy coupling efficiency of the laser and the black cavity is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of high-energy density physics, in particular to a high-performance black cavity radiation source for various high-energy density physics researches such as inertial confinement fusion and the like. Aiming at the problem that the excessive expansion of the plasma in the crown area of the cavity wall of the laser-driven black cavity radiation source affects the intensity and uniformity of a radiation field, a method for inhibiting the expansion of the plasma in the cavity wall of the black cavity radiation source by utilizing ion separation is specifically disclosed.
Background
The black cavity radiation source driven by the laser can convert nanosecond high-power laser into an extremely strong X-ray radiation field in a cavity made of high-Z materials. The ideal black cavity source is required to have high conversion efficiency, clean energy spectrum and uniform distribution, but the actual performance and quality of the existing black cavity cannot reach ideal design indexes, and therefore cannot completely meet various application requirements. An important problem with current black cavity radiation sources is the excessive expansion of the cavity wall crown plasma. The laser irradiates the inner wall of the black cavity, which is rapidly ionized into a plasma, the high temperature and low density portion of which is called crown plasma. The swelling of the crown region towards the cavity sensitively changes the radiation field properties and thus significantly influences its effect in various applications. In inertial confinement fusion, crown region plasmas generated by outer ring lasers easily enter an inner ring laser channel when expanding, so that the problems of inner ring laser transmission blockage, inner ring channel laser plasma interaction process change, energy transfer change between inner and outer ring beams and the like are caused, and the energy coupling efficiency of a black cavity is reduced and the radiation symmetry is deteriorated.
In order to inhibit crown region plasma expansion, the existing cavity is filled with low Z gas, cavity wall materials are foamed, and the black cavity geometry is optimized. Intra-luminal inflation is the most common and effective means of inhibition. If the normal temperature black cavity is filled with neopentane C5H12, and the frozen black cavity is filled with helium He. The gases are rapidly ionized into low Z plasmas in the early stage of laser injection, and the generated thermal pressure can resist the central expansion of high Z crown region plasmas formed near a focal spot to a certain extent, so that the effective transmission of inner and outer ring lasers in pulse width time is ensured. However, large scale and relatively uniform low Z gas plasmas are well suited for parametric instability to occur, forming back or near back stimulated cloth Li Yuan scattering, stimulated raman scattering, etc., resulting in laser energy losses of up to 20% or more. Thus, in some high temperature black chamber designs, suppressing crown expansion by inflation alone, while maintaining a high radiant temperature, is a difficult conflict. For this reason, inhibition schemes based on low density foam cell walls have been proposed. According to the scheme, a low-density foamed cavity wall (foam gold is relatively mature at present) or lining low-density foamed Ta 2O5 and the like are prepared on the inner wall of the black cavity, and the expansion speed lower than that of the solid density material after the foam material is ionized is formed by utilizing the low sparse fluctuation energy loss of the foam material after the foam material is ionized. However, the foam cavity wall consists of a complex micro-nano structure comprising a framework and a gap, and the preparation, regulation and control of the micro-structure and the assurance of the consistency of the micro-structure are difficult. Meanwhile, the simulation of the microstructure by the current radiation fluid program can only be processed through the equivalent average density, so that the difference between the simulation design and the experimental result is obvious, and the engineering application of the foam cavity wall is hindered. Recently, in order to inhibit crown expansion, research groups at home and abroad have developed innovative designs for cavity walls near focal spots from the black cavity geometry. For example, a hole wall black cavity designed by CEA in France and a peanut-shaped cavity designed by Beijing applied physics and computational mathematics research in China are designed to increase the distance between the cavity wall and the cavity shaft by adopting a back-off design on the gold cavity wall near a focal spot, and meanwhile, a layer of ultrathin solid gold is combined in a concave part in the original cavity wall to delay the core focusing time of crown plasma together, so that the crown expansion is equivalently inhibited. The practical effect of the special-shaped black cavity scheme is that the wide application possibility is only realized by experimental confirmation after the target preparation technology is perfected.
Therefore, the plasma expansion condition of the cavity wall of the existing black cavity radiation source cannot be directly and effectively restrained, a more reasonable technical scheme needs to be provided, and the defects in the prior art are overcome.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting the expansion of the wall plasma of a black cavity radiation source by using ion separation, which is based on the inflated composite material black cavity, and uses the characteristics of light and heavy ion motion separation in dual-component or even multi-component plasmas formed by ionization of the composite material to increase the low-Z plasma density of the boundary area between a crown area and a gas area, so as to generate the effect of inhibiting the expansion of the high-Z plasmas in the crown area.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
The method for inhibiting the plasma expansion of the cavity wall of the black cavity radiation source by utilizing ion separation is applied to the cavity wall and the cavity of the black cavity radiation source and comprises the following method steps:
Constructing a cavity wall of a black cavity radiation source by using a solid composite material formed by mixing high Z elements and low Z elements, wherein the cavity wall comprises a laser X-ray conversion layer and an ion separation layer; the thickness of the ion-separated composite coating is more than or equal to 300nm;
Filling hydrocarbon gas into the cavity of the black cavity to ensure that the air pressure is less than or equal to 0.3 times of atmospheric pressure;
a laser with a pulse width of 1-30 ns is used for driving the black cavity to form a radiation source with limited crown area plasma expansion.
The method for inhibiting expansion disclosed above uses ion separation to regulate and control the spatial and temporal distribution of plasma density in and around the crown region of the black cavity. Ion separation refers to the phenomenon that in a bi-component or even multi-component plasma, different kinds of ions show macroscopic separation in space in terms of fluid motion under the influence of certain external factors such as pressure gradient, temperature gradient and self-generated electromagnetic field due to the difference of self mass, charge and mean free path.
In the invention, a high Z element and a low Z element are adopted to form a composite material in an atomic mixing mode and are used for a region which is directly ablated by laser in the wall of a black cavity, and meanwhile, the black cavity is filled with low Z gas with certain pressure; the inner wall of the black cavity forms high-low Z mixed crown region plasma after being directly ablated by laser, and due to the mass difference of high-low Z ions, the low-Z light ions of the cavity wall are faster than the high-Z heavy ions of the cavity wall when moving towards the cavity axis; the nuclear mass ratio of the low Z ions in the cavity wall is close to that of the low Z ions in the gas area, so that the separated low Z ions in the cavity wall are easy to mix with the low Z ions in the junction of the crown area and the gas area, the density of the low Z ions in the mixing area is greatly increased, and the effect of inhibiting the expansion of the high Z ions in the cavity wall and the plasma in the crown area is equivalent to that of increasing the initial inflation pressure in the local area.
Further, in the present invention, the solid composite material may be made of various materials, and the following possible choices are optimized and listed here: the solid composite material comprises pure gold of a gold-boron alloy coating, wherein Au is used as a laser X-ray conversion layer, and AuB is used as an ion separation layer.
Still further, here, optimization is performed to mention another possible solid composite material: the solid composite material comprises depleted uranium of a uranium nitride coating, wherein DU is a laser X-ray conversion layer, and UN is an ion separation layer.
Further, in the present invention, the wall material of the black chamber needs to be optimized, where the solid composite material for the chamber wall is optimized, as one possible choice: the nuclear charge number of the atomic nucleus of the high Z element in the cavity wall solid composite material is more than or equal to 72.
Further, the present invention optimizes the solid composite material for the cavity wall, as one possible option: the atomic nucleus charge number of the low Z element in the cavity wall composite material is less than or equal to 10.
Further, the invention optimizes the composition ratio of the solid composite material used in the cavity wall, and the following one of the possible choices is given: the atomic number of the low Z element in the cavity wall is more than or equal to 30% of the atomic number of the composite material.
Further, the invention optimizes the thickness of the solid composite material on the cavity wall, and the following possible choices are given here: the thickness of the high Z material and the low Z material on the cavity wall is more than or equal to 300nm.
Still further, the invention optimizes the gas composition in the black cavity, as one possible choice: the mass ratio of the low Z element of the gas filled in the cavity to the low Z element in the cavity wall composite material is 0.8-1.2.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. Under the condition of the same inflation pressure, the composite material ion separation method has better inhibition effect on crown expansion.
2. In order to achieve the same level of inhibition effect, the composite material ion separation method allows lower inflation pressure, which is better for reducing energy loss generated by laser plasma interaction and improving energy coupling efficiency of laser and a black cavity.
3. The existing technology for preparing the composite material mixed at the atomic level based on magnetron sputtering is mature, and compared with the preparation difficulty of the black cavity specially designed by the wall of the foaming cavity and the focal spot area, the technical scheme disclosed by the invention has a better application prospect.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be considered limiting the scope, and other related drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of laser ablation of a chamber wall to form a crown plasma for motion separation.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the crown ion separation inhibition of the crown expansion of the composite material.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the inhibition method disclosed by the invention.
Fig. 4 shows the contrast effect of pure Au cavity crown motion X-ray observation images with du+un cavity crown motion X-ray observation images.
Fig. 5 is a diagram showing a comparison of two-ring focal spot distribution of pure Au cavity crown motion X-ray observation images and du+un cavity crown motion X-ray observation images.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following description of specific embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
It should be noted that the description of these examples is for aiding in understanding the present invention, but is not intended to limit the present invention. Specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative of example embodiments of the invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
Example 1
Aiming at the condition that the existing black cavity radiation source has plasma expansion, the embodiment provides a suppression method which can effectively suppress the phenomenon of plasma expansion.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, in ICF related physical experiments, the injection port images of different cavity wall material black cavity sources were measured by an X-ray vacuum camera. At a peak radiation temperature of 210eV formed by the action of 3ns square wave laser, the crown expansion scale of DU+UN black cavity is estimated to be reduced by 55% compared with that of pure Au cavity.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 3, the technical scheme disclosed in this embodiment is as follows:
The method for inhibiting the plasma expansion of the cavity wall of the black cavity radiation source by utilizing ion separation is applied to the cavity wall and the cavity of the black cavity radiation source and comprises the following method steps:
S01: constructing a cavity wall of a black cavity radiation source by using a solid composite material formed by mixing high Z elements and low Z elements, wherein the cavity wall comprises a laser X-ray conversion layer and an ion separation layer; the thickness of the ion-separated composite coating is more than or equal to 300nm;
S02: filling hydrocarbon gas into the cavity of the black cavity to ensure that the air pressure is less than or equal to 0.3 times of atmospheric pressure;
preferably, neopentane is used as the hydrocarbon gas in this embodiment.
S03: a laser with a pulse width of 1-30 ns is used for driving the black cavity to form a radiation source with limited crown area plasma expansion.
The method for inhibiting expansion disclosed above uses ion separation to regulate and control the spatial and temporal distribution of plasma density in and around the crown region of the black cavity. Ion separation refers to the phenomenon that in a bi-component or even multi-component plasma, different kinds of ions show macroscopic separation in space in terms of fluid motion under the influence of certain external factors such as pressure gradient, temperature gradient and self-generated electromagnetic field due to the difference of self mass, charge and mean free path.
In the embodiment, a high Z element and a low Z element are adopted to form a composite material in an atomic mixing mode and are used for a region which is directly ablated by laser in the wall of the black cavity, and meanwhile, the black cavity is filled with low Z gas with certain pressure; the inner wall of the black cavity forms high-low Z mixed crown region plasma after being directly ablated by laser, and due to the mass difference of high-low Z ions, the low-Z light ions of the cavity wall are faster than the high-Z heavy ions of the cavity wall when moving towards the cavity axis; the nuclear mass ratio of the low Z ions in the cavity wall is close to that of the low Z ions in the gas area, so that the separated low Z ions in the cavity wall are easy to mix with the low Z ions in the junction of the crown area and the gas area, the density of the low Z ions in the mixing area is greatly increased, and the effect of inhibiting the expansion of the high Z ions in the cavity wall and the plasma in the crown area is equivalent to that of increasing the initial inflation pressure in the local area.
Preferably, in this embodiment, the solid composite material may be made of a plurality of materials, and the following possible choices are optimized and listed here: the solid composite material comprises pure gold of a gold-boron alloy coating, wherein Au is used as a laser X-ray conversion layer, and AuB is used as an ion separation layer. AuB is a composite material layer which is developed in the past for reducing the scattered light loss of a black cavity radiation source, has the capability of precisely controlling the thickness and the atomic ratio at home and abroad through the accumulation of preparation technology for many years, and has feasibility and practicability compared with other high-low Z material combinations AuB which are not verified by experiments.
In this embodiment, the wall material of the black cavity needs to be optimized, where the solid composite material for the cavity wall is optimized, as one possible choice: the nuclear charge number of the atomic nucleus of the high Z element in the cavity wall solid composite material is more than or equal to 72. The main reasons are as follows: the purpose of the black cavity radiation source is to generate high-temperature high-flux X-rays, and researches show that the laser X-ray conversion efficiency of the material with the larger atomic number is higher. The choice of materials is therefore focused on the sixth and above period of the periodic table of elements, taking into account both cost and stability. Wherein Au and U are most commonly used, and the Au has higher conversion efficiency and relatively easy preparation; u is the material with the highest atomic number which can be used at present, has better conversion efficiency, and is easy to oxidize but has more mature antioxidation technology at present.
Preferably, the number of nuclear charges of the nuclei of the high-Z element employed in this embodiment is 72, and a single high-Z element is employed in this embodiment.
In other embodiments, a plurality of high-Z elements may be used for combination, for example, a plurality of materials formed by a plurality of elements with nuclear charges of 75, 80, 82, 85 are used, and the combination ratio of the different materials is adjusted according to actual requirements.
This example optimizes the solid composite material for the cavity wall, as one possible option: the atomic nucleus charge number of the low Z element in the cavity wall composite material is less than or equal to 10. Referring to experiments for purely researching the ion separation phenomenon of CH materials abroad, the mass ratio of two elements C and H of the composite material with obvious separation characteristics is 12, and if the mass ratio of high-low Z elements in the patent is ensured to be not lower than 12, the atomic number of low Z is required to be not higher than 10.
Preferably, a material formed of a low Z element having a nuclear charge number of 5 may be used in this embodiment, and a single material may be used in this embodiment.
In other embodiments, multiple low-Z elements may be used for combination, for example, different materials formed by low-Z elements with the nuclear charge numbers of 2, 4, 6, and 8 may be used, and the ratio combination of the materials may be set according to actual requirements.
The present example optimizes the composition ratio of the solid composite material used in the cavity wall, with one possible choice as follows: the atomic number of the low Z element in the cavity wall is more than or equal to 30% of the atomic number of the composite material. The concentration of low Z ions is a guarantee that the ion density of a gas interface region can be effectively improved after separation, the N percentage of UN which is currently applied is not lower than 50%, and the B percentage of AuB is not lower than 30%.
The thickness of the solid composite material on the cavity wall is optimized in this example, where one possible choice is as follows: the thickness of the high Z material and the low Z material on the cavity wall is more than or equal to 300nm. Comparative experiments have found that when the composite thickness is 100nm, the expansion speed is basically consistent with that of the cavity wall without the composite; the expansion rate was reduced by about 50% compared to the no composite cavity wall at a composite thickness of 600 nm. Half the thickness of 600nm is therefore taken as an effective standard. Depleted uranium, most effectively a 700nmUN coating, is currently used, with an expansion reduction of about 55% as shown in figures 4 and 5.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, in ICF related physical experiments, the injection port images of different cavity wall material black cavity sources were measured by an X-ray vacuum camera. At a peak radiation temperature of 210eV formed by the action of 3ns square wave laser, the crown expansion scale of DU+UN black cavity is estimated to be reduced by 55% compared with that of pure Au cavity.
The gas composition in the black cavity is optimized in the embodiment, and one of the following possible choices is adopted: the mass ratio of the low Z element of the gas filled in the cavity to the low Z element in the cavity wall composite material is 0.8-1.2. Its main purpose is to make the mass of the main ions in the gas zone close to the low Z ions separated in the composite wall material, so as to ensure that the fluid behavior of the two low Z ions in the contact area is close, and density accumulation is formed more quickly to block the expansion of the high Z ions.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the low Z element of the gas to the low Z element of the chamber wall conforming material is set to 1. In other embodiments, the mass ratio may also be set to 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, or 1.2.
In the radiation process of the black cavity radiation source, the movement process of the plasma is as follows:
As shown in fig. 1, when the laser directly ablates the uranium nitride coating black cavity, the solid uranium nitride material is ionized into high Wen Mianou plasma in the focal spot region, and the components of the high Wen Mianou plasma simultaneously comprise U ions and N ions; at the same time, the gas zone (neopentane) is mainly ionized by the converted X-ray effect into a relatively low-temperature gas plasma represented by C ions; the Gao Wenmian region plasma typically moves in a sparse manner toward the dense low temperature gas region, and motion separation of light (N) heavy (U) ions will occur early in the motion, i.e., N ions move faster away from the U ions.
The plasma expansion is suppressed by the scheme of the embodiment, and the specific process is as follows:
As shown in fig. 2, the movement of the crown region squeezes the ions in the gas region C, and the squeezing process causes the ion density in the boundary region C to increase, so that the reverse pressure resisting the movement of the crown region is generated, and the higher the ion density, the greater the reverse pressure resisting effect is; at the same gassing pressure, the U, N ions formed by uranium nitride will rapidly and significantly increase the density of low Z ions (including C, N) in the interface region due to motion segregation, increasing the counter pressure and thus suppressing the motion of the U ions.
Example 2
The embodiment discloses a method for inhibiting the expansion of the cavity wall plasma of a black cavity radiation source by utilizing ion separation, which is different from embodiment 1 in that the embodiment is improved on a solid composite material applied to a black cavity, and specifically:
The optimization is carried out by adopting a feasible solid composite material: the solid composite material comprises depleted uranium of a uranium nitride coating, wherein DU is a laser X-ray conversion layer, and UN is an ion separation layer.
The UN is a composite material layer developed for resisting the evolution of pure U materials in the past, has the capability of precisely controlling the thickness and the atomic ratio after being accumulated in China through a preparation technology for many years, and has feasibility and practicability compared with other high-low Z material combinations UN which are not verified by experiments.
Other steps and features not described in this embodiment are the same as those in embodiment 1, and will not be described here again.
The above is an embodiment exemplified in this example, but this example is not limited to the above-described alternative embodiments, and a person skilled in the art may obtain various other embodiments by any combination of the above-described embodiments, and any person may obtain various other embodiments in the light of this example. The above detailed description should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present embodiments, which is defined in the claims and the description may be used to interpret the claims.
Claims (6)
1. A method for inhibiting plasma expansion of a cavity wall of a black cavity radiation source by utilizing ion separation, which is applied to the cavity wall and a cavity of the black cavity radiation source, and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
Constructing a cavity wall of a black cavity radiation source by using a solid composite material formed by mixing high Z elements and low Z elements, wherein the cavity wall comprises a laser X-ray conversion layer and an ion separation layer; the thickness of the ion-separated composite coating is more than or equal to 300nm;
Filling hydrocarbon gas into the cavity of the black cavity to ensure that the air pressure is less than or equal to 0.3 times of atmospheric pressure;
Laser with pulse width of 1 ns-30 ns is adopted to drive the black cavity to form a radiation source with limited crown area plasma expansion;
the solid composite material comprises pure gold of a gold-boron alloy coating, wherein Au is used as a laser X-ray conversion layer, and AuB is used as an ion separation layer;
The solid composite material comprises depleted uranium of a uranium nitride coating, wherein DU is a laser X-ray conversion layer, and UN is an ion separation layer.
2. The method of suppressing plasma expansion of a black chamber radiation source chamber wall using ion isolation of claim 1, wherein: the nuclear charge number of the atomic nucleus of the high Z element in the cavity wall solid composite material is more than or equal to 72.
3. The method of suppressing plasma expansion of a black chamber radiation source chamber wall using ion isolation of claim 1, wherein: the atomic nucleus charge number of the low Z element in the cavity wall composite material is less than or equal to 10.
4. The method of suppressing plasma expansion of a black chamber radiation source chamber wall using ion isolation of claim 1, wherein: the atomic number of the low Z element in the cavity wall is more than or equal to 30% of the atomic number of the composite material.
5. The method of suppressing plasma expansion of a black chamber radiation source chamber wall using ion isolation of claim 1, wherein: the thickness of the high Z material and the low Z material on the cavity wall is more than or equal to 300nm.
6. The method of suppressing plasma expansion of a black chamber radiation source chamber wall using ion isolation of claim 1, wherein: the mass ratio of the low Z element of the gas filled in the cavity to the low Z element in the cavity wall composite material is 0.8-1.2.
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