CN105563893A - 烧穿保护系统 - Google Patents

烧穿保护系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105563893A
CN105563893A CN201510977672.2A CN201510977672A CN105563893A CN 105563893 A CN105563893 A CN 105563893A CN 201510977672 A CN201510977672 A CN 201510977672A CN 105563893 A CN105563893 A CN 105563893A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
protection system
cushion
burn
fireprotection layer
burn protection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201510977672.2A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
J.A.费尔南多
C.E.加维
R.里乌
K.B.米勒
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unifrax I LLC
Original Assignee
Unifrax Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Unifrax Corp filed Critical Unifrax Corp
Publication of CN105563893A publication Critical patent/CN105563893A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62CFIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/07Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places in vehicles, e.g. in road vehicles
    • A62C3/08Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places in vehicles, e.g. in road vehicles in aircraft
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

一种烧穿保护系统,其包括防火层压板和泡沫隔离材料,其中所述防火层压板包括防火层和缓冲层,所述缓冲层被布置在所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离材料之间,其中所述缓冲层被调适为在高温下避免所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离之间的粘附。所述烧穿保护系统可以能够通过14C.F.R.§25.856(a)和(b)、附录F、部分VI和部分VII的防火焰传播和烧穿测试协议。此外,一种飞机,其包括外部外层、内部衬垫和布置在所述外部外层和所述内部衬垫之间的烧穿保护系统。

Description

烧穿保护系统
本申请为一项发明专利申请的分案申请,其母案的申请日为2011年11月18日、申请号为201180055338.1(PCT/US2011/061300)、发明名称为“烧穿保护系统”。
技术领域
本申请要求在来自2011年4月29日申请的美国临时专利申请序列号61/480,711的35U.S.C.119(e)下的归档日期的权益。
提供一种烧穿保护系统,其用作隔热和隔音系统,诸如但不限于,用在商用飞机中的那些系统。
发明背景
联邦航空管理局(FAA)已经在14C.F.R.§25.856(a)和(b)中颁布法规,要求商用飞机中的隔热和隔音覆盖层系统提供改善的烧穿保护和防火焰传播性。这些常规隔热和隔音系统一般包括密封在膜覆盖物或包囊中的隔热和隔音覆盖层。由于隔热和隔音系统是依照惯例构造,所以烧穿法规主要针对隔离系统包囊的内容物且防火焰传播性法规主要针对用于制造包囊的膜覆盖物。常规膜覆盖物一般被用作层或覆盖物,例如,隔热和隔音材料的外包或内衬层,或用作部分或完全密封一个或多个隔热和隔音材料层的覆盖物或包囊。
附图简述
图1A是本发明烧穿保护系统的一个实施方案的示意性横截面视图。
图1B是图1A实施方案的本发明烧穿保护系统的圈出部分B’的分解横截面视图。
发明概要
提供一种烧穿保护系统,其可用作隔热和隔音系统,诸如但不限制于,用在商用飞机中的那些系统。所述烧穿保护系统包括防火层压板和泡沫隔离材料,其中所述防火层压板包括防火层和缓冲层,所述缓冲层被布置在所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离材料之间,其中所述缓冲层被调适为在高温下避免所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离之间的粘附。
本发明烧穿保护系统解决了之前与使用包括封装在防火层压板中的泡沫隔离材料的传统隔热隔音系统相关的问题。在这些传统的系统中,所述泡沫隔离通常与所述防火层压板直接接触。
具体实施方式
不希望受理论限制,据认为当泡沫隔离材料与防火层压板之间的界面加热到至少一种接合材料开始熔化的点时,这些传统的基于泡沫隔离的隔热隔音系统的一种可能的失效模式发生。当所述材料开始熔化,在泡沫隔离材料和防火层压板之间的粘附可发生,从而造成层压板中的撕裂或其它缺陷。这些撕裂或其它缺陷允许热和/或火焰穿过防火层压板,而当这些相同的防火层压板用于不利用泡沫隔离的隔离系统中时,它们提供足够的防火焰传播和烧穿保护。其它失效模式是可能的,其可通过本发明烧穿保护系统得以缓和。
合并本发明缓冲层到防火层压板中已显示基本上阻止泡沫隔离材料粘附到防火层压板的防火层。因此,所述防火层和通过延长所述防火层压板能保留其物理完整性。
本发明烧穿保护系统提供轻基重隔离系统,其具有惊人的耐破坏(与操作和使用相关)性,而且具有如14C.F.R.§25.856(a)和(b)所定义的防火焰传播和火焰穿透能力。术语“基重”被定义为每单位面积的重量,一般定义为克/平方米(gsm)。本发明系统可用于为商用飞机机身的隔热和隔音结构提供火烧穿保护。本发明防火层压板可具有约50gsm至约150gsm之间,且在某些实施方案中,约75gsm至约105gsm的基重。
所述缓冲层可包括非膨胀和/或膨胀材料,且可任选地包括粘结剂。包括膨胀材料的缓冲层可当所述缓冲层经历约200°F(93.3℃)至约1,950°F(1,066℃)的温度时能够膨胀。不管缓冲层在存在热下膨胀的能力,当系统暴露至热和/或火焰时,所述缓冲层将能够避免泡沫隔离材料和防火层之间的粘附。
所述缓冲层可包括至少一种薄片和/或非薄片材料,所述材料可包括氮化硼、蛭石、云母、石墨或滑石中的至少一种。所述薄片材料可以基于缓冲层总重量约5重量百分比至约95重量百分比,在某些实施方案中,约40重量百分比至约60重量百分比的量存在于缓冲层中。
在其中所述缓冲层包括薄片材料的实施方案中,据信(不希望受理论限制),缓冲层的单个薄片彼此和/或与其所接触的表面相互作用,以避免泡沫隔离材料和防火层之间的粘附。
所述缓冲层可包括无机粘结剂。不作限制地,合适无机粘结剂包括氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化锆和其混合物的胶状分散液。如果存在,那么所述无机粘结剂可以基于缓冲层总重量0至约80重量百分比,在一些实施方案中,40至约60重量百分比范围内的量使用。
所述缓冲层还可以包括一种或多种有机粘结剂。所述有机粘结剂可以固体、液体、溶液、分散液、乳胶或类似形式提供。合适有机粘结剂的实例包括但不限制于,丙烯酸系乳胶、(甲基)丙烯酸系乳胶、酚系树脂、苯乙烯与丁二烯的共聚物、乙烯吡啶、丙烯腈、丙烯腈与苯乙烯的共聚物、氯乙烯、聚氨酯、乙酸乙烯酯与乙烯的共聚物、聚酰胺、有机硅酮、有机官能性硅烷、不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂、聚乙烯酯(诸如聚乙烯乙酸酯或聚乙烯丁酸酯乳胶)和类似物。
如果存在,那么所述有机粘结剂可以基于防火层总重量0至约80重量百分比,在一些实施方案中40至约60重量百分比的量包括在缓冲层中。
如果需要,那么用于所述粘结剂的溶剂可包括水或合适有机溶剂,诸如丙酮,取决于所使用的粘结剂。在溶剂(如果使用)中的粘结剂的溶液强度可以通过常规方法,基于所需的粘结剂负荷和粘结剂系统的可使用性(粘度、固体含量等)确定。
所述缓冲层可另外包括至少一种功能性填充物。所述功能性填充物可包括但不限制于,粘土、煅制二氧化硅、堇青石和类似填充物。根据某些实施方案,所述功能性填充物可包括细粒金属氧化物,其可包括发热二氧化硅、弧二氧化硅、低碱沉淀二氧化硅、煅制二氧化硅、二氧化硅气凝胶、铝氧化物、二氧化钛、氧化钙、氧化镁、氧化钾或其混合物中的至少一种。
在某些实施方案中,所述功能性填充物可包括吸热填充物,诸如氧化铝三水合物、碳酸镁和其它水合无机材料,包括水泥、水合硼酸锌、硫酸钙(石膏)、磷酸镁铵、氢氧化镁或其组合。在其它实施方案中,所述功能性填充物可包括含锂矿物质。在另外其它实施方案中,所述功能性填充物可包括焊剂和/或熔剂。
在某些实施方案中,所述功能性填充物可包括阻燃填充物,诸如锑化合物、氢氧化镁、水合氧化铝化合物、硼酸盐、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、无机卤化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、有机卤素或有机磷酸盐。在某些实施方案中,功能性填充物可保护或提高烧穿保护系统的防火焰传播性。
所述缓冲层可与防火层压板的防火层直接或间接接合。所述缓冲层可被涂布到防火层上,例如,但不作限制,通过辊式或逆辊式涂布、凹板或逆凹板涂布、转移涂布、喷涂、刷涂、浸涂、薄带成型、刮刀涂布、模缝涂布、或沉积涂布来涂布。在某些实施方案中,所述缓冲层是以在溶剂(诸如水)中的成分的泥浆形式被涂布到防火层上,且经过干燥,然后合并所述防火层到所述防火层压板中。所述缓冲层可以被制成单个层或涂层,从而利用单个通道,或可以通过利用多个通道、层或涂层制造。通过利用多个通道,在缓冲层中形成缺陷的可能性得以降低。如果需要多个通道,那么可以在第一通道仍基本湿润时,即,干燥前,将第二和更多后续通道在第一通道上形成,以使第一和后续通道能够在干燥时形成单个一体式缓冲层。
所述缓冲层也可与所述防火层压板的另一层接合和/或涂布在其上,在这种情况下,这种另一层将与防火层和/或另外层接合。这些另一层和/或另外层可包括粘合剂层,诸如层压粘合剂、稀松纱布层或其它结构或功能层。
例如,所述防火层压板可包括至少一个内部防火层和至少一个外部防火焰传播膜。所述防火层可包括无机纤维、有机增强纤维、无机粘结剂或有机粘结剂中的至少一种、和任选耐火陶瓷纤维或无机非纤维材料(诸如薄片材料)中的至少一种。
作为另一实施例,所述防火层压板可包括具有机外表面和机内表面的防火层和粘附到所述机内表面或所述机外表面中的至少一种的防火焰传播膜,其中所述缓冲层在防火层的表面上与所述防火层直接或间接接合,与所述防火焰传播膜相背。所述防火焰传播膜可为聚酯、聚酰亚胺、聚醚酮、聚醚醚酮、聚氟乙烯、聚酰胺、聚四氟乙烯、聚芳基砜、聚酯酰胺、聚酯酰亚胺、聚苯硫醚或其组合。
所述泡沫隔离材料可包括聚酰亚胺泡沫、三聚氰胺泡沫或硅酮泡沫中的至少一种。
所述防火层可包括包含纤维或非纤维材料的纸或涂层。所述非纤维材料可包括矿物质材料,诸如云母或蛭石中的至少一种。云母或蛭石可以被剥离,且可以进一步脱落。剥离意指使云母或蛭石化学或热膨胀。脱落意指处理剥离的云母或蛭石以将云母或蛭石缩小成基本上为薄片的形式。合适云母可包括但不限制于白云母、金云母、黑云母、锂云母、海绿石、钠云母或铁锂云母,且可包括合成云母,诸如氟金云母。
虽然防火层和独特的缓冲层可包括类似的材料,但是根据不同的所需性质选择这些材料。所述防火层将包括一种材料,其将至少部分有助于提供所得烧穿保护系统的所需防火焰传播和烧穿性。所述独特的缓冲层将包括一种材料,当将所述烧穿保护系统暴露至与暴露于热和/或火焰相关的高温下时,其将至少部分避免在所述防火层和泡沫隔离之间的粘附。因此,虽然防火焰传播性和防烧穿性是所述缓冲层的合人心意的性质,但是为缓冲层所选择的材料无需具有这些性质。
如图1A中所示出,以横截面方式描绘烧穿保护系统10的一个实施方案,其中两个隔离层13、14,诸如泡沫隔离被布置在朝外的防火层压板16与朝内的机内覆盖膜18组成的覆盖物内。隔离层13可非此即彼地包括MICROLITEAAPremiumNR纤维玻璃隔离(可购自JohnsManvilleInternational,Inc.),且可存在两个或更多个隔离层,其包括泡沫和/或纤维玻璃隔离层的组合。朝外的层压板16和机内膜18可用粘合剂12热封合,以至少部分包围或封装隔离层13、14。显示火焰20邻接朝外的防火层压板16。
在图1A中以B’圈出的防火层压板16的一个实施方案的详细截面是以分解横截面视图方式在图1B中示出。防火层压板16包括防火层102、粘合剂104、防火焰传播膜106(诸如聚醚醚酮膜)、稀松纱布108和第二膜110。所述缓冲层可合并到粘合剂104,可在施涂粘合剂104之前施涂到防火焰传播膜106,可在将粘合剂104施涂到膜106之后施涂到粘合剂104,可在膜106的表面上与粘合剂104相背地施涂到膜106,或可合并到粘合剂116中。
任选地,组装的防火层压板16包括毗连聚合膜106的密封粘合剂层116以将隔离层13、14密封在防火层压板16与机内膜18之间。另外或非此即彼地,防火层压板16可利用机械紧固件或胶带将隔离层13、14密封在防火层压板16与机内膜18之间。
以下实施例仅用于进一步说明本发明烧穿保护系统。说明性实施例不应被理解为以任何方式限制所述烧穿保护系统。
用不同的薄片材料和添加剂制备多种缓冲层。通过组合161.8g硅酮弹性体和54.1g可膨胀石墨(具有大于约300μm的标称尺寸和碳含量大于约95%),制备涂料1。通过组合169.3g硅酮弹性体和56.6g滑石粉末(FDC粉末,可购自LuzenacGroup,GreenwoodVillage,Colorado),制备涂料2。通过组合162.4g硅酮弹性体和54g氮化硼(具有约30μm的平均粒径、约1m2/g的表面积和约0.6g/cm3的堆密度),制备涂料3。涂料4包括热密封粘合剂和膨胀石墨。
通过在先前已经用3gsm的层压粘合剂涂布的聚醚醚酮膜上以如表1中所示的量喷涂涂料1至3中的一种,来制备以下实施例。干燥后,进一步用防火层以如表1中所示的量喷涂所述层压板。通过在包括剥离的蛭石薄片的阻火层的层压板上喷涂涂料4,来制备实施例7的层压板。将所得层压板与如图1A中所示的1″聚酰亚胺泡沫和覆盖膜组合,以产生实施例1至7的烧穿保护系统。使实施例1至7进行如下所述的烧穿测试。“通过”的标识意指在测试达5.5分钟后,实施例未显示烧穿的迹象。
表1
烧穿保护系统的测试可以有一定的不可预知性。在用于制造烧穿保护系统,诸如实施例1至7的那些烧穿保护系统的涂布方法的过程中,有时可能存在烧穿保护系统内的缺陷,从而导致烧穿测试期间系统的故障。当特定样品未能满足烧穿要求,通常将制造和测试另外的样品,并且只要具有显著相同的组成的所有样本是能够承受可接受的平均时间长,特定的烧穿保护系统组成将可能被认定为通过烧穿测试。
例如,如果在三个基本相同的烧穿保护系统样品上进行三次测试,且这些测试中的一次失败,那么将进行第四次测试。如果第四个样品通过,且四个样品的平均时间长度是能够承受烧穿超过特定的最小时间量,那么烧穿保护系统将通过烧穿测试。如果第四个样品也未能通过测试,那么可对额外的两个样本进行测试。如果六个样品中的四个通过烧穿测试,且四个样品的平均时间长度能够承受烧穿超过特定的最小时间量,那么所述烧穿保护系统将通过烧穿测试。
本文所述的烧穿保护系统可以能够通过14C.F.R.§25.856(a)和(b),附录F,部分VI和VII的防火焰传播和烧穿测试协议。所述烧穿保护系统可布置在飞机的外部外层和内部衬垫之间,诸如在外部外层和内部客舱衬垫或内部保持衬垫之间。
测试协议
根据14C.F.R.§25.856(a)和(b),附录F,部分VI和VII的协议,测试上述受防火膜保护的隔热/隔音覆盖层,所述协议的全文内容是以引用方式并入本文,并完整地书写在下文中。
14C.F.R.§25.856(a)和(b)在相关部分中提供:
表2
§25.856隔热/隔音材料
(a)安装在机身中的隔热/隔音材料必须符合这部分附录F的部分VI的火焰传播测试要求,或其它认可的等效测试要求。
(b)对于载客量为20或更大的飞机来说,安装在飞机机身下半部中的隔热/隔音材料(包括将所述材料固定在机身的构件)必须符合这部分附录F的部分VII的防火焰穿透测试要求,或其它认可的等效测试要求。
附录F部分VI在相关部分中提供:
表3
部分VI--确定隔热/隔音材料的可燃性和火焰传播特性的测试方法
利用这个测试方法来评价当暴露于辐射热源和火焰时,隔热/隔音材料的可燃性和火焰传播特性。
(a)定义
“火焰传播”意指明火向试样远端传播的最远距离,从点火源火焰的中点开始测量。在开始应用点火源到试样上的火焰完全熄灭之间的时间内测量这个距离。测量值不是测试后确定的燃烧长度。
“辐射热源”意指电或空气-丙烷面板。
“隔热/隔音材料”意指用于提供热和/或声音保护的材料或材料系统。实例包括用膜覆盖物和泡沫密封的纤维玻璃或其它棉絮材料。
“零点”意指将引燃器应用到试样时的点。
(b)测试器材
(4)引燃器。用于点燃试样的引燃器应是BernzomaticTM市售丙烷文氏喷灯,其具有轴对称焰尖和喷嘴直径为0.006英寸(0.15mm)的丙烷供应管。引燃器管的长度应为27/8英寸(71mm)。应利用穿过同轴调节器的气压来调节丙烷流量以产生3/4英寸(19mm)的蓝色内焰长度。可以将3/4英寸(19mm)引物(诸如薄金属条)焊接到引燃器顶部以帮助设置火焰高度。整个火焰长度应为约5英寸长(127mm)。提供将引燃器移出点火位置的路径,使得火焰呈水平且高出试样平面至少2英寸(50mm)。
(5)热电偶。将24个AmericanWireGauge(AWG)K型(Chromel-Alumel)热电偶安装在测试腔中用于温度监测。通过钻穿腔背部的小孔将热偶插入腔内。放置热电偶,以使其从腔壁背部向外延伸11英寸(279mm),离腔壁右侧111/2英寸(292mm),且位于辐射面板下方2英寸(51mm)处。任选使用其它热电偶。
(6)热量计。热量计应是一英寸圆柱形水冷、总热通密度、箔状GardonGage,其具有0至5BTU/ft2-秒(0至5.7瓦特/cm2)的范围。
(c)试样
(1)试样制备。制备并测试至少三个试样。如果使用定向膜覆盖材料,那么应制备并测试弯曲和填充方向。
(2)构造。试样应包括用于构造绝热体的所有材料(包括棉絮、膜、稀松纱布、胶带等)。切割一件核心材料,诸如泡沫或纤维玻璃,和切割一件足够大的膜覆盖材料(如果使用)来覆盖所述核心材料。热封合是制备纤维玻璃样本的优选方法,因为它们可以在不压缩纤维玻璃(“盒式样本”)下完成。不可热封合的覆盖材料可以被钉住、缝合或用胶带封合,只要所述覆盖材料被过切割成足以拉下侧边且不会压缩所述核心材料。固定构件应沿着接缝的长度尽可能延伸。试样厚度应为如安装在飞机时的相同厚度。
(3)试样尺寸。为了促进试样被正确放置在滑移平台外罩中,将非刚性核心材料(诸如纤维玻璃)切割成121/2英寸(318mm)宽乘23英寸(584mm)长。将刚性材料(诸如泡沫)切割成111/2±1/4英寸(292mm±6mm)宽乘23英寸(584mm)长,以正确适配在滑移平台外罩中并提供匹配外罩开口的平整暴露表面。
(d)试样调适。在测试前,将试样在70±5°F(21°±2℃)和55%±10%相对湿度下调适至少24小时。
(f)测试程序。
(1)点燃引燃器。确保其高出平台顶面至少2英寸(51mm)。引燃器应在测试开始时才接触试样。
(2)将试样放置在滑移平台座架中。确保测试样本表面与平台顶面平齐。在“零”点时,试样表面应在辐射面板下方的71/2英寸±1/8英寸(191mm±3)处。
(3)在试样上放置保持/紧固框。可能需要(由于压缩)调节样本(向上或下)以维持样本到辐射面板的距离(在“零”位置时为71/2英寸±1/8英寸(191mm±3))。对于膜/纤维玻璃组装件来说,在膜覆盖中形成裂缝很关键,以排净内部的任何空气。这允许操作人员在测试期间维持正确试样位置(与平台顶面平齐)和允许气体流通。约2英寸(51mm)长的纵向裂缝应以距离紧固框左凸缘3英寸±1/2英寸(76mm±13mm)为中心。可接受划刀在膜覆盖上开缝。
(4)立即将滑移平台推入腔内并关闭底门。
(5)在“零”点时使引燃器火焰与试样中心接触并同时启动计时器。引燃器应与样本成27°角且高出样本约1/2英寸(12mm)。一次中止...允许操作人员每次正确地定位引燃器。
(6)使引燃器在合适位置上停留15秒且随后移到高出样本至少2英寸(51mm)的位置。
(g)报告。
(1)识别并描述试样。
(2)报告试样的任何收缩或熔化。
(3)报告火焰传播距离。如果这个距离小于2英寸,那么将这个样本报告为通过(不需要测量)。
(4)报告续燃时间。
(h)要求
(1)向引燃火焰应用的中心线左侧的火焰传播不应超出2英寸(51mm)。
(2)在任何试样上,移除引燃器后的燃烧时间不可超过3秒。
附录F部分VII在相关部分中提供:
表4
部分VII--确定隔热/隔音材料的抗烧穿性的测试方法
利用以下测试方法来评价当暴露于高强度明火时飞机隔热/隔音材料的抗烧穿特性。
(a)定义。
烧穿时间意指在距离绝热覆盖层测试框的前表面12英寸(30.5cm)下,引燃器火焰穿透试样的时间(以秒计),和/或在机内侧上的热通量达到2.0Btu/ft2秒(2.27W/cm2)所需的时间,取较快者。烧穿时间是在每个绝热覆盖层试样的机内侧上测量。
绝热覆盖层试样意指定位在测试台任一侧,相对法线成30°角的两个试样中的一个。
试样组意指两个绝热覆盖层试样。这两个试样应表示相同生产绝热覆盖层构造和材料,对应试样大小成适当比例。
(b)器材。
(3)校正台和设备。
(i)构造个别校正台以将热量计与热电偶耙合并,用于测量热通量和温度。定位所述校正台以使引燃器以最轻易方式从测试台位置移动到热通量或温度位置。
(ii)热量计。热量计应为具有诸如0至20Btu/ft2-秒(0至22.7W/cm2)的合适范围,指示读数精确到±3%的总热通量、箔状GardonGage。热通量校正方法应参照本附录的段落VI(b)(7)。
(iv)热电偶。提供7个具有标称24AmericanWireGauge(AWG)号导体的1/8英寸(3.2mm)陶瓷包装、金属铠装、K型(Chromel-alumel)、接地热电偶用于校正。将所述热电偶附接到钢制角形托架以形成热电偶耙,用于在引燃器校正期间放置在校正台中。
(5)背面热量计。将两个总热通量Gardon型热量计安装在位于试样安装框的背侧(冷)区域上的绝热试样背后。将所述热量计定位在引燃器内焰中心线的相同平面上,距离测试框的垂直中心线为4英寸(102mm)。
(i)所述热量计应为具有诸如0至5Btu/ft2-秒(0至5.7W/cm2)的合适范围,指示读数精确到±3%的总热通量、箔状GardonGage。热通量校正方法应按照本附录的段落VI(b)(7)。
(6)仪表测量。提供具有合适范围的记录电位计或其它合适的已校正仪表来测量和记录热量计和热电偶的输出。
(7)计时装置。提供精确到±1%的秒表或其它装置,以测量引燃器火焰的应用时间和烧穿时间。
(c)试样。
(1)试样制备。制备具有相同构造和配置的至少三个试样组用于测试。
(2)绝热覆盖层试样。
(i)对于诸如纤维玻璃的棉絮型材料来说,所构造、完成的覆盖层试样组装件在减去热封合膜边缘后应为32英寸宽乘36英寸长(81.3乘91.4cm)。
(3)构造。使用主组件(即,绝热体、防火材料(如果使用)和防水膜)和组装方法(典型缝合和封闭)制造测试的每个试样。
(i)防火材料。如果构造具有防火材料的绝热覆盖层,那么将所述防火材料按照反映安装布局的方式放置。例如,如果将所述材料放置在绝热材料的机外侧、防水膜内,那么在试样中将其按照相同方式放置。
(v)调适。在测试前,使试样在70°±5°F(21°±2℃)和55%±10%相对湿度下调适至少24小时。
(f)测试程序。
(1)将两个绝热覆盖层试样固定到测试框。应使用四个弹簧夹将所述绝热覆盖层附接到测试台中心垂直样板(参考本附录的这个部分的段落(c)(4)或(c)(4)(i)的标准)。
(2)确保引燃器内焰的垂直平面与试样框的水平纵梁的外表面相距4±0.125英寸(102±3mm)的距离,且引燃器和测试框都相对于法线成30°角。
(3)当准备开始测试时,将引燃器从测试位置引导离开到暖机位置以使火焰不过早侵犯试样。打开并点着引燃器并使其稳定2分钟。
(4)为了开始测试,旋转引燃器进入测试位置并同时启动计时装置。
(5)将试样暴露于引燃器火焰持续4分钟且随后关闭引燃器。随即旋转引燃器离开测试位置。
(6)确定(当适用时)烧穿时间,或热通量超过2.0Btu/ft2-秒(2.27W/cm2)的点。
(g)报告。
(1)识别并描述所测试的试样。
(2)报告所测试的绝热覆盖层试样的编号。
(3)报告烧穿时间(如果采用),和在绝热覆盖层试样的背面上的最大热通量,和最大值出现的时间。
(h)要求。
(1)两个绝热覆盖层试样中的每个试样应不允许在少于4分钟内被明火或火焰穿透。
(2)当两个绝热覆盖层试样中的每个试样位于离测试台面12英寸(30.5cm)的点时,绝热试样的冷侧不得超过2.0Btu/ft2-秒(2.27W/cm2)。
在第一实施方案中,本发明烧穿保护系统可包括:防火层压板和泡沫隔离材料,其中所述防火层压板包括防火层和缓冲层,所述缓冲层被布置在所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离材料之间,其中所述缓冲层被调适为在高温下避免所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离之间的粘附。
第一实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括缓冲层,其包括非膨胀材料和任选的粘结剂。
第一实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括缓冲层,其包括膨胀材料和任选的粘结剂。所述缓冲层可以当所述缓冲层经历约200°F至约1,950°F的温度时能够膨胀。
第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括缓冲层,其包括氮化硼、蛭石、云母、石墨或滑石中的至少一种。所述缓冲层可进一步包括至少一种功能性填充物。
第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括缓冲层,其与所述防火层接合。所述缓冲层可被涂布在所述防火层上。所述缓冲层可被涂布在所述防火层的主表面上,其中被所述缓冲层涂布的主表面是与所述泡沫隔离材料接合。
第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括缓冲层,其包括约5重量百分比至约95重量百分比的薄片材料,在某些实施方案中,约40重量百分比至约60重量百分比的薄片材料。所述薄片材料可包括氮化硼、蛭石、云母、石墨或滑石中的至少一种。
第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括泡沫隔离,其包括聚酰亚胺泡沫、三聚氰胺泡沫或硅酮泡沫中的至少一种。
第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括防火层,其包括包含纤维或非纤维材料的纸或涂层,任选地其中所述非纤维材料包括矿物质材料。所述矿物质材料可包括云母或蛭石中的至少一种。所述云母或蛭石可为剥离和脱落的。
第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括防火层压板,其包括至少一个内部防火层和至少一个外部防火焰传播膜。所述至少一个防火层可包括五级纤维、有机增强纤维、无机粘结剂或有机粘结剂中的至少一种、和任选耐火陶瓷纤维或无机填充物中的至少一种。
第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步包括防火层压板,其包括具有机外表面和机内表面的防火层、和通过粘合剂粘附到所述防火层机外表面或所述防火层机内表面中的至少一种的防火焰传播膜,其中所述缓冲层是在所述防火层的表面上与所述防火层接合,与所述防火焰传播膜相背。所述防火焰传播膜可为聚酯、聚酰亚胺、聚醚酮、聚醚醚酮、聚氟乙烯、聚酰胺、聚四氟乙烯、聚芳基砜、聚酯酰胺、聚酯酰亚胺、聚苯硫醚或其组合中的至少一种。
第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统可进一步能够通过14C.F.R.§25.856(a)和(b),附录F,部分VI和VII的防火焰传播和烧穿测试协议。
在第二实施方案中,本发明飞机可包括外部外层、内部衬垫和布置在所述外部外层和所述内部衬垫之间的第一或后续实施方案中的任一个实施方案的烧穿保护系统。

Claims (24)

1.一种烧穿保护系统,其包括防火层压板和泡沫隔离材料,其中所述防火层压板包括防火层和缓冲层,其中所述缓冲层包括粘结剂和氮化硼、蛭石、云母、石墨或滑石中的至少一种,其中所述缓冲层被布置在所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离材料之间,并且其中所述缓冲层在高温下至少部分地避免所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离之间的粘附。
2.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层包括可膨胀石墨和粘结剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述粘结剂包括粘合剂粘结剂。
4.根据权利要求2所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层当所述缓冲层经历200°F至1,950°F的温度时能够膨胀。
5.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层包括氮化硼和有机粘结剂。
6.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层进一步包括至少一种功能性填充物。
7.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层与所述防火层接合。
8.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层包括5重量百分比至95重量百分比的薄片材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层包括40重量百分比至60重量百分比的所述薄片材料。
10.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述泡沫隔离包括聚酰亚胺泡沫、三聚氰胺泡沫或硅酮泡沫。
11.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述防火层包括包含纤维或非纤维材料的纸或涂层,任选地其中所述非纤维材料包括矿物质材料。
12.根据权利要求11所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述矿物质材料包括云母或蛭石中的至少一种。
13.根据权利要求12所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述云母或蛭石为被剥离和脱落的。
14.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述防火层压板包括至少一个内部防火层和至少一个外部防火焰传播膜。
15.根据权利要求14所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述至少一个防火层包括无机纤维、有机增强纤维、无机粘结剂或有机粘结剂中的至少一种、和任选耐火陶瓷纤维或无机填充物中的至少一种。
16.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述防火层压板包括具有机外表面和机内表面的防火层、和通过粘合剂粘附到所述防火层机外表面或所述防火层机内表面中的至少一个的防火焰传播膜,其中所述缓冲层与所述防火层直接或间接接合,与所述防火焰传播膜相背。
17.根据权利要求16所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述防火焰传播膜为聚酯、聚酰亚胺、聚醚酮、聚醚醚酮、聚氟乙烯、聚酰胺、聚四氟乙烯、聚芳基砜、聚酯酰胺、聚酯酰亚胺、聚苯硫醚或其组合中的至少一种。
18.一种烧穿保护系统,其包括防火层压板和泡沫隔离材料,其中所述防火层压板包括防火层和缓冲层,其中所述缓冲层包括粘结剂和氮化硼、蛭石、云母、石墨或滑石中的至少一种,其中所述缓冲层被布置在所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离材料之间,并且其中所述缓冲层在高温下至少部分地避免所述防火层和所述泡沫隔离之间的粘附,并且其中所述烧穿保护系统能够通过14C.F.R.§25.856(a)和(b)、附录F、部分VI和部分VII的防火焰传播和烧穿测试协议。
19.一种飞机,其包括外部外层、内部衬垫、和布置在所述外部外层和所述内部衬垫之间的根据权利要求1-18任一项所述的烧穿保护系统。
20.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层包括滑石和有机粘结剂。
21.根据权利要求1所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层包括云母和有机粘结剂。
22.根据权利要求7所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层被涂布在所述防火层上。
23.根据权利要求24所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述缓冲层被涂布在所述防火层的主表面上,其中受所述缓冲层涂布的主表面与所述泡沫隔离材料接合。
24.根据权利要求16所述的烧穿保护系统,其中所述防火焰传播膜包括聚醚醚酮。
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