CN105543732A - Preparation method of C(F)/Cu composite material for electric locomotive pantograph slide plate - Google Patents
Preparation method of C(F)/Cu composite material for electric locomotive pantograph slide plate Download PDFInfo
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- CN105543732A CN105543732A CN201610047588.5A CN201610047588A CN105543732A CN 105543732 A CN105543732 A CN 105543732A CN 201610047588 A CN201610047588 A CN 201610047588A CN 105543732 A CN105543732 A CN 105543732A
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- 230000003137 locomotive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 210000000245 forearm Anatomy 0.000 claims description 28
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005551 mechanical alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- AHADSRNLHOHMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidenecopper Chemical compound [Cu].[C] AHADSRNLHOHMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003064 anti-oxidating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000002683 foot Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011156 metal matrix composite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxosilane oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[K+].[K+].O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000003 hoof Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052627 muscovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/02—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the matrix material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L5/00—Current collectors for power supply lines of electrically-propelled vehicles
- B60L5/18—Current collectors for power supply lines of electrically-propelled vehicles using bow-type collectors in contact with trolley wire
- B60L5/20—Details of contact bow
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/02—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments
- C22C47/04—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments by coating, e.g. with a protective or activated covering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/14—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments by powder metallurgy, i.e. by processing mixtures of metal powder and fibres or filaments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/14—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the fibres or filaments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
- B22F2009/041—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by mechanical alloying, e.g. blending, milling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
- B60L2200/26—Rail vehicles
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Current-Collector Devices For Electrically Propelled Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a C(F)/Cu composite material for an electric locomotive pantograph slide plate. The composite material is scientific and reasonable in formula; graphite is adopted as a solid lubricating agent to achieve a protection effect on basal body copper by excellent lubricity and welding resistance; and copper-plated carbon fibers are adopted as a reinforcing body to improve the material strength. A three-dimensional swing type high-energy ball mill is used for preparing high-quality copper powder and graphite alloying powder. The obtained composite material is used for producing the electric locomotive pantograph slide plate through SPS sintering; through detection, the density is 7.34-7.41 g/cm3; the surface hardness is 139-154 HB; the electrical resistivity is 0.037-0.078 u omega.m; the friction coefficient is 0.12-0.24; the compressive strength is 300-380 MPa; and the slide plate is higher in strength, lower in resistivity, lower in friction coefficient and excellent in comprehensive performance. The slide plate is more excellent in comprehensive performance.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to new material technology field, be specifically related to a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F) preparation method of/Cu matrix material.
Background technology
Pantograph pan (abbreviation slide plate) is that electric locomotive obtains the important current collection of power by fluid element from contact system.Electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate mainly experienced by the development course of pure metal slide plate (copper shoe, mild steel slide plate), pure carbon slipper, powder shaped charge liner (iron-based and copper base), metal-impregnated carbon slide, compound slide plate, metal matrix or non-metal-matrix composite slide plate.Due to the development along with railway electrification and high speed, the requirement of sliding material is constantly improved, the development trend of slide plate is by based on carbon fiber slide plate, steel fiber slide plate, replace carbon plate and powder shaped charge liner with the metal-base composites (as copper/carbon composite) of self-lubricating and its lubricating function, non-metal-matrix composite (as C-base composte material), and copper/C-base composte material is the main development direction of electric locomotive sliding-collecting_current material from now on.But in C (F)/Cu matrix material research, the problem still existed in a lot of practical application is not yet satisfactorily resolved both at home and abroad, mainly because its compound interface can only be mechanical interlocked, bonding strength is low, often causes extracting, peel off or coming off of reinforcement when carry load or when impacting.And due to this kind of sliding conduction material in use, except being subject to the effect of mechanical force and frictional force, the calcination also having joule heating, electric arc and the material transfer produced because of current polarity, therefore, usually require that material has good electroconductibility, high-wearing feature and good mechanical strength.How under the prerequisite keeping high conductance level, the problem improving intensity, hardness and wear resistance has significantly become the central task of copper base skateboard composite material method for making.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve prior art Problems existing, provide intensity, a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F of electroconductibility and the functional cooperation of antifriction self-lubricating) preparation method of/Cu matrix material.
A kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F of the present invention) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, the formulating of recipe science of described matrix material, adopt the three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill of novel designed, designed and manufacture to carry out the mechanical alloying of copper powder and Graphite Powder 99, and adopt carbon fiber surface surface alloying to be prepared.Obtained matrix material prepares electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate by SPS sintering technology, improve the interface bond strength of the sliding matrix material in electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate, obtain intensity, a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate of electroconductibility and antifriction self-lubricating performance coordinated.
A kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F of the present invention) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, component and the weight percent of described matrix material are as follows:
Cu：72%-81.6%；
C：3%-3.4%；
CF：15%-25%；
Described Cu is electrolytic copper powder, and preferred average particle size is 300 orders, and density is 8.96g/cm
3.
Described C is flaky graphite powder, preferred average particle size 25 μm, and its density is 2.09-2.23g/cm
3.
Described CF to be copper coating layer thickness the be carbon fiber of 30-40 μm, preferred carbon fiber cross section is horseshoe-shaped carbon fiber, and mean diameter is 7 μm, and density is 1.76g/cm
3, carbon content>=93%, tensile strength>=3.0GPa, Young's modulus 210-240GPa, elongation>=1.5%.
Step and the condition of described method for making are as follows:
(1) the mechanical alloying preparation of copper powder and Graphite Powder 99: according to proportioning, in the glove box rushing argon shield, described copper powder and graphite mixed powder are loaded in the ball grinder of three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill of designed, designed and manufacture, be that 0.2:100 adds acetone by the volume mL of acetone and the ratio of Graphite Powder 99 quality g, acetone is as tack reducing material, then every 3h adds once, ratio of grinding media to material 4:1, rotating speed 500r/min, ball milling 24h, obtain the mechanical alloying powder of copper powder and Graphite Powder 99, its granularity is 1-2 μm;
Described mechanical alloying (MechanicalAlloying, be called for short MA) refer to metal or alloy powder in high energy ball mill by impacting intensely for a long time between powder particle and abrading-ball, colliding, powder particle is made repeatedly to produce cold welding, fracture, cause powder particle Atom to spread, thus obtain a kind of powder preparation technology of alloying powder.
(2) Copper Plating of Carbon Fiber: the composite plating method adopting electroless plating pre-treatment and electro-coppering to combine makes carbon fiber surface covering copper coating, first carbon fiber is carry out degumming process 10min in the NaOH solution of 20% at the massfraction of 80 DEG C, then cleans with clear water; The volume fraction that carbon fiber after washing is placed on 80 DEG C is the HNO of 20%
3carry out roughening treatment 10min in solution, then wash, dry up; Disperseed to be pasted onto in pure copper sheet to make negative electrode by pretreated carbon fiber with adhesive tape, pure copper sheet makes anode, and in the electroplate liquid of preparation, current density is 3A/dm
2, electroplating time is 1h, finally obtains the copper carbon fiber that coating is even, fine and close, particle is tiny, thickness is 30-40 μm; Carbon fiber after copper facing is cut to 1-2mm;
The preparation of electroplate liquid used: add distilled water in the reactor, is heated to 50 DEG C; Press distilled water and CuSO again
45H
2the mass ratio of O is that 1000:220-240 adds CuSO
45H
2o, constantly stirs until dissolve completely;
By quality g and the dense H of distilled water
2sO
4the ratio of volume mL is that 1000:35 adds dense H in solution
2sO
4; Dense H
2sO
4mass concentration be 98%;
By quality g and the H of distilled water
2o
2the ratio of volume mL is that 1000:2 adds H again
2o
2, stir 10min, after leaving standstill 1h, be warmed up to 70 DEG C and drive H away
2o
2;
Be that 1000:2 adds activated carbon by the mass ratio of distilled water and activated carbon, stir 1h, static filtration;
Do negative electrode with pure iron sheet, pure copper sheet does anode, with the electric current being less than 0.01mA, carries out electrolysis removal of impurities 24h to solution; Obtain electroplate liquid.
(3) mixed powder: according to proportioning, copper and graphite alloy powder are mixed with the copper carbon fiber cut to 1-2mm, obtains electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F)/Cu matrix material, its granularity is 1-2 μm; In order to anti-oxidation, by described matrix material anti-oxidation storage vessel in.
With obtaining described electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F)/Cu matrix material prepares electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate, step and condition as follows: adopt SPS sintering technology to be prepared.Electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F by obtaining)/Cu matrix material mixes, load in WC sintered-carbide die, for convenience of molding, and prevent powder to be further oxided, use graphite paper as inner liner in sintering process, then be placed in SPS device sinter molding, rate of heating 150 DEG C/min, be heated to sintering temperature 700 DEG C, soaking time 15min, unidirectional peak pressure 170MPa, in sintering chamber, vacuum tightness is 0.0094MPa, obtains electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate.
Introduce the three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill of contriver's designed, designed and manufacture below.Being constructed as follows of described three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill:
Motor is installed on electric machine support, and the size utilizing frequency transformer to change output voltage controls the rotating speed of motor; Install multiple vibroshock between mounting plate and base plate, ball grinder frame, follow-up pulley support, electric machine support are all installed on mounting plate; Base plate installs multiple adjustable bottom feets of levelling, and the bottom of multiple adjustable bottom feet is installed at the end of outer cover;
The motion-work wheel of motor is installed on axle sleeve, and motion-work wheel is connected with follow-up pulley by Timing Belt; Two bearing supports are installed on two stand plates of planer-type support, and driven shaft passes and is arranged in the bearing in two described bearing supports, and follow-up pulley to be connected with driven shaft by key and to be positioned in the middle of two stand plates of planer-type support;
One end of two identical ball grinder framves installs the bearing support that there is bearing inside respectively, and one end of two identical forearms is each passed through and is arranged in the bearing of this bearing support; The other end of two identical forearms is arranged on the two ends of driven shaft respectively by bearing pin passing hole, two identical forearms can rotate the size of the angle α that regulate between the medullary ray of forearm and the axial line of driven shaft respectively around bearing pin, adjust rear trip bolt fastening; The other end of two identical ball grinder framves fixedly mounts two identical ball grinders respectively;
The axle sleeve of motor drives motion-work wheel to rotate, and motion-work wheel drives follow-up pulley to rotate by Timing Belt, and follow-up pulley drives driven shaft to rotate, and driven shaft drives the other end of two identical forearms to be the circumferential motion of 2 α as cone angle around the axial line of driven shaft; Angle α is larger, and the radius of the circumference that the other end of forearm circles is larger; Material to be processed and abrading-ball is added in ball grinder.
beneficial effect:a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F of the present invention) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, the scientific formulation of described matrix material is reasonable, adopt graphite as solid lubricant, the oilness good with it and resistance fusion welding play a protective role to matrix copper; Adopt copper carbon fiber as reinforcement, improve the intensity of material.The good electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate of the material property that obtains is sintered by SPS.The three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill of contriver's designed, designed and manufacture is used to obtain high-quality copper powder and graphite alloy powder.
The matrix material obtained with the present invention sinters the electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate made by SPS, after testing, density is 7.34g/cm
3-7.41g/cm
3; Surface hardness is 139-154HB; Resistivity is 0.037-0.078 μ Ω m; Frictional coefficient is 0.12-0.24; Ultimate compression strength 300-380MPa; Therefore, this slide plate has higher intensity and lower resistivity and lower frictional coefficient, high comprehensive performance.At present, the Typical Representative that powder metallurgy class pantograph pan is applied on high speed railway is Japan, and its copper system powder shaped charge liner electromechanical properties index is: resistivity 0.16 μ Ω m; Impelling strength is 10J/cm
2, Muscovite copper system powder shaped charge liner electromechanical properties index is: resistivity 10 μ Ω m; Frictional coefficient 0.20.Contrast known, this slide plate over-all properties is outstanding.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the front view of three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill.
Fig. 2 is the vertical view of three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill.
Fig. 3 is the left view of three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill.
Fig. 4 is the front view of the fundamental diagram of three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill.
Fig. 5 is the vertical view of the fundamental diagram of three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill.
Embodiment
embodiment 1:a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, component and the weight percent of described matrix material are as follows: Cu is 72%; C is 3%; CF is 25%.Described Cu is electrolytic copper powder, and mean particle size is 300 orders, and density is 8.96g/cm
3.Described C is flaky graphite powder, mean particle size 25 μm, and its density is 2.09-2.23g/cm
3.Described CF to be copper coating layer thickness the be carbon fiber of 30-40 μm.Described carbon fiber cross section is shape of a hoof carbon fiber, and mean diameter is 7 μm, and density is 1.76g/cm
3, carbon content>=93%, tensile strength>=3.0GPa, Young's modulus 210-240GPa, elongation>=1.5%.
Step and the condition of described method for making are as follows:
(1) the mechanical alloying preparation of copper powder and Graphite Powder 99: according to proportioning, in the glove box rushing argon shield, described copper powder and graphite mixed powder are loaded in the ball grinder of three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill of designed, designed and manufacture, be that 0.2:100 adds acetone by the volume mL of acetone and the ratio of Graphite Powder 99 quality g, acetone is as tack reducing material, then every 3h adds once, ratio of grinding media to material 4:1, rotating speed 500r/min, ball milling 24h, obtain the mechanical alloying powder of copper powder and Graphite Powder 99, its granularity is 1-2 μm;
Described mechanical alloying (MechanicalAlloying, be called for short MA) refer to metal or alloy powder in high energy ball mill by impacting intensely for a long time between powder particle and abrading-ball, colliding, powder particle is made repeatedly to produce cold welding, fracture, cause powder particle Atom to spread, thus obtain a kind of powder preparation technology of alloying powder.
(2) Copper Plating of Carbon Fiber: the composite plating method adopting electroless plating pre-treatment and electro-coppering to combine makes carbon fiber surface covering copper coating, first carbon fiber is carry out degumming process 10min in the NaOH solution of 20% at the massfraction of 80 DEG C, then cleans with clear water; The volume fraction that carbon fiber after washing is placed on 80 DEG C is the HNO of 20%
3carry out roughening treatment 10min in solution, then wash, dry up; Disperseed to be pasted onto in pure copper sheet to make negative electrode by pretreated carbon fiber with adhesive tape, pure copper sheet makes anode, and in the electroplate liquid of preparation, current density is 3A/dm
2, electroplating time is 1h, finally obtains the copper carbon fiber that coating is even, fine and close, particle is tiny, thickness is 30-40 μm; Carbon fiber after copper facing is cut to 1-2mm;
The preparation of electroplate liquid used: add distilled water in the reactor, is heated to 50 DEG C; Press distilled water and CuSO again
45H
2the mass ratio of O is that 1000:220-240 adds CuSO
45H
2o, constantly stirs until dissolve completely;
By quality g and the dense H of distilled water
2sO
4the ratio of volume mL is that 1000:35 adds dense H in solution
2sO
4; Dense H
2sO
4mass concentration be 98%;
By quality g and the H of distilled water
2o
2the ratio of volume mL is that 1000:2 adds H again
2o
2, stir 10min, after leaving standstill 1h, be warmed up to 70 DEG C and drive H away
2o
2;
Be that 1000:2 adds activated carbon by the mass ratio of distilled water and activated carbon, stir 1h, static filtration;
Do negative electrode with pure iron sheet, pure copper sheet does anode, with the electric current being less than 0.01mA, carries out electrolysis removal of impurities 24h to solution; Obtain electroplate liquid.
(3) mixed powder: according to proportioning, copper and graphite alloy powder are mixed with the copper carbon fiber cut to 1-2mm, obtains electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F)/Cu matrix material, its granularity is 1-2 μm; In order to anti-oxidation, by described matrix material anti-oxidation storage vessel in.
With obtaining described electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F)/Cu matrix material prepares electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate, step and condition as follows: adopt SPS sintering technology to be prepared.Electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F by obtaining)/Cu matrix material mixes, load in WC sintered-carbide die, for convenience of molding, and prevent powder to be further oxided, use graphite paper as inner liner in sintering process, then be placed in SPS device sinter molding, rate of heating 150 DEG C/min, be heated to sintering temperature 700 DEG C, soaking time 15min, unidirectional peak pressure 170MPa, in sintering chamber, vacuum tightness is 0.0094MPa, obtains electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate.
After testing, the electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F that makes of above-described embodiment 1) the slide plate density made of/Cu matrix material is 7.35g/cm
3; Surface hardness is 139HB; Resistivity is 0.078 μ Ω m; Frictional coefficient is 0.24; Ultimate compression strength is 300MPa.
Introduce the three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill of contriver's designed, designed and manufacture below.
As Figure 1-3, being constructed as follows of described three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill: motor (1) is installed on electric machine support (17), the size utilizing frequency transformer to change output voltage controls the rotating speed of motor (1); Install multiple vibroshock (11) between mounting plate (9) and base plate (10), ball grinder frame (15), follow-up pulley support (16), electric machine support (17) are all installed on mounting plate (9); Base plate (10) installs multiple adjustable bottom feets (12) of levelling, and multiple adjustable bottom feet (12) is installed at the end of outer cover (13);
The motion-work wheel (2) of motor (1) is installed on axle sleeve, and motion-work wheel (2) is connected with follow-up pulley (4) by Timing Belt (3); Two bearing supports are installed on two stand plates of planer-type support (16), driven shaft (5) passes and is arranged in the bearing in two described bearing supports, and follow-up pulley (4) to be connected with driven shaft (5) by key and to be positioned in the middle of two stand plates of planer-type support (16);
One end of two identical ball grinder framves (15) installs the bearing support that there is bearing inside respectively, and one end of two identical forearms (7) is each passed through and is arranged in the bearing of this bearing support; The other end of two identical forearms (7) uses bearing pin (6) passing hole to be arranged on the two ends of driven shaft (5) respectively, two identical forearms (7) can rotate the size of the angle α that regulate between the medullary ray of forearm (7) and the axial line of driven shaft (5) respectively around bearing pin (6), adjust rear trip bolt fastening; The other end of two identical ball grinder framves (15) fixedly mounts two identical ball grinders (8) respectively;
The axle sleeve of motor (1) drives motion-work wheel (2) to rotate, motion-work wheel (2) drives follow-up pulley (4) to rotate by Timing Belt (3), follow-up pulley (4) drives driven shaft (5) to rotate, and driven shaft (5) drives the other end of two identical forearms (7) to be the circumferential motion of 2 α as cone angle around the axial line of driven shaft (5); Angle α is larger, and the radius of the circumference that the other end of forearm (7) circles is larger; Material to be processed and abrading-ball (13) is added in ball grinder (8).
introduce the dynamic duty process of described three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill below:
The size that three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill utilizes frequency transformer to change output voltage controls the rotating speed of motor (1), the axle sleeve of motor (1) drives motion-work wheel (2) to rotate, motion-work wheel (2) drives follow-up pulley (4) to rotate by Timing Belt (3), follow-up pulley (4) drives driven shaft (5) to rotate, thus the forearm (7) driving two of the one end being installed on two identical ball grinder framves (15) identical ball grinders (8) respectively with two identical is the circumferential motion of 2 α together as cone angle around the axial line of driven shaft (5).
Forearm (7) is when to do cone angle around the axial line of driven shaft (5) be the circular-rotation of 2 α, because gravity pulls ball grinder (8) downwards, although forearm (7) one end is rotated around the axial line of driven shaft (5), but, do not swing between ball grinder (8) and forearm (7).
If angle α the value of the top of the horizontal plane at the axial line place of driven shaft (5) be on the occasion of, be denoted as+α, otherwise the value of angle α is negative value, is denoted as-α; Angle α the value in the front of vertical at the axial line place of driven shaft (5) be on the occasion of, be denoted as+α, otherwise the value of angle α is negative value, is denoted as-α; Material to be processed and abrading-ball (13) is added in ball grinder (8).
When forearm (7) and axial line angle are+α, tank body (8) is in solid line position as shown in Figure 4, when forearm (7) and axial line angle are-α, tank body (8) is in dotted line position as shown in Figure 4, so, the relative position of ball grinder (8) there occurs change, and the angle of inclination of ball grinder (8) also there occurs change.When+alpha position, the abrading-ball (13) in ball grinder (8) is positioned at the left side of ball grinder (8), and when when-alpha position, the abrading-ball (13) in ball grinder (8) is positioned at the right side of ball grinder (8).Abrading-ball (13) impacts the interior material of ball grinder (8) relative to the side-to-side movement process of ball grinder (8), makes it pulverize, and driven shaft (5) rotates 1 week, and the abrading-ball (13) in ball grinder (8) completes about 1 time shock motion.
When forearm (7) go to level attitude and angle α in the front (bold portion see Fig. 5) of vertical at the axial line place of driven shaft (5), angle is+α, and the abrading-ball (13) in ball grinder (8) is positioned at the rear portion of ball grinder (8); When forearm (7) go to level attitude and angle α at the rear of vertical at the axial line place of driven shaft (5), when angle is-α, abrading-ball (13) in ball grinder (8) is positioned at the front portion (dotted portion see Fig. 5) of ball grinder (8), driven shaft (5) rotates 1 week, and the abrading-ball (13) in ball grinder (8) completes 1 front and back shock motion.
In sum, when forearm (7) rotates a circle, the abrading-ball (13) in ball grinder (8) completes once left and right, front and back, reciprocating impact motion under affix, i.e. 3 D stereo reciprocally swinging shock motion.
Driven shaft (5) rotates faster, and the number of shocks that the unit time completes is more; Angle α is larger, and the speed of impact is faster, and crush efficiency is higher.
Because ball grinder is horizontal installation, the bottom surface do not fixed during rotation, the upper and lower bottom surface of ball grinder and tank skin are all abrasive surfaces, so comparatively conventional bead mill substantially increases mill efficiency, what preferably resolve partial material sinks to the bottom problem.And ball mill does not in the past have speed-regulating function, do not regulate the function of Oscillation Amplitude.And novel three-dimensional swing type high energy ball mill realizes speed adjustment by frequency transformer; By adjustment forearm (7) and the angle of axial line, realize Oscillation Amplitude adjustment, realize pair regulating of grinding speed and dynamics.The three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill of contriver's designed, designed and manufacture is used to obtain high-quality copper and graphite alloy powder.
embodiment 2:a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, component and the weight percent of described matrix material are as follows: Cu is 76.8%; C is 3.2%; CF is 20%.Remaining is with embodiment 1.
The step of described method for making and condition are with embodiment 1.
Electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate is prepared with obtaining described matrix material.Step and condition are with embodiment 1.
After testing, the electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F that makes of embodiment 2) the slide plate density made of/Cu matrix material is 7.41g/cm
3; Surface hardness is 152HB; Resistivity is 0.037 μ Ω m; Frictional coefficient is 0.12; Ultimate compression strength is 380MPa.
embodiment 3:a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, component and the weight percent of described matrix material are as follows: Cu is 81.6%; C is 3.4%; CF is 15%.Remaining is with embodiment 1.
The step of described method for making and condition are with embodiment 1.
Electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate is prepared with obtaining described matrix material.Step and condition are with embodiment 1.
After testing, the electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F that makes of embodiment 3) the slide plate density made of/Cu matrix material is 7.34g/cm
3; Surface hardness is 154HB; Resistivity is 0.045 μ Ω m; Frictional coefficient is 0.17; Ultimate compression strength is 339MPa.
Claims (5)
1. electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, it is characterized in that, component and the weight percent of described matrix material are as follows:
Cu：72%-81.6%；
C：3%-3.4%；
CF：15%-25%；
Described Cu is electrolytic copper powder, and C is flaky graphite powder, CF to be copper coating layer thickness the be carbon fiber of 30-40 μm;
Step and the condition of described method for making are as follows:
(1) the mechanical alloying preparation of copper powder and Graphite Powder 99: according to proportioning, in the glove box rushing argon shield, described copper powder and graphite mixed powder are loaded in the ball grinder of three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill of designed, designed and manufacture, be that 0.2:100 adds acetone by the volume mL of acetone and the ratio of Graphite Powder 99 quality g, acetone is as tack reducing material, then every 3h adds once, ratio of grinding media to material 4:1, rotating speed 500r/min, ball milling 24h, obtain the mechanical alloying powder of copper powder and Graphite Powder 99, its granularity is 1-2 μm;
(2) Copper Plating of Carbon Fiber: the composite plating method adopting electroless plating pre-treatment and electro-coppering to combine makes carbon fiber surface covering copper coating, first carbon fiber is carry out degumming process 10min in the NaOH solution of 20% at the massfraction of 80 DEG C, then cleans with clear water; The volume fraction that carbon fiber after washing is placed on 80 DEG C is the HNO of 20%
3carry out roughening treatment 10min in solution, then wash, dry up; Disperseed to be pasted onto in pure copper sheet to make negative electrode by pretreated carbon fiber with adhesive tape, pure copper sheet makes anode, and in the electroplate liquid of preparation, current density is 3A/dm
2, electroplating time is 1h, finally obtains the copper carbon fiber that coating is even, fine and close, particle is tiny, thickness is 30-40 μm; Carbon fiber after copper facing is cut to 1-2mm;
The preparation of electroplate liquid used: add distilled water in the reactor, is heated to 50 DEG C; Press distilled water and CuSO again
45H
2the mass ratio of O is that 1000:220-240 adds CuSO
45H
2o, constantly stirs until dissolve completely;
By quality g and the dense H of distilled water
2sO
4the ratio of volume mL is that 1000:35 adds dense H in solution
2sO
4; Dense H
2sO
4mass concentration be 98%;
By quality g and the H of distilled water
2o
2the ratio of volume mL is that 1000:2 adds H again
2o
2, stir 10min, after leaving standstill 1h, be warmed up to 70 DEG C and drive H away
2o
2;
Be that 1000:2 adds activated carbon by the mass ratio of distilled water and activated carbon, stir 1h, static filtration;
Do negative electrode with pure iron sheet, pure copper sheet does anode, with the electric current being less than 0.01mA, carries out electrolysis removal of impurities 24h to solution; Obtain electroplate liquid;
(3) mixed powder: according to proportioning, copper and graphite alloy powder are mixed with the copper carbon fiber cut to 1-2mm, obtains electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F)/Cu matrix material, its granularity is 1-2 μm; In order to anti-oxidation, by described matrix material anti-oxidation storage vessel in;
Being constructed as follows of described three-dimensional oscillating formula high energy ball mill: motor (1) is installed on electric machine support (17), the size utilizing frequency transformer to change output voltage controls the rotating speed of motor (1); Install multiple vibroshock (11) between mounting plate (9) and base plate (10), ball grinder frame (15), follow-up pulley support (16), electric machine support (17) are all installed on mounting plate (9); Base plate (10) installs multiple adjustable bottom feets (12) of levelling, and multiple adjustable bottom feet (12) is installed at the end of outer cover (13);
The motion-work wheel (2) of motor (1) is installed on axle sleeve, and motion-work wheel (2) is connected with follow-up pulley (4) by Timing Belt (3); Two bearing supports are installed on two stand plates of planer-type support (16), driven shaft (5) passes and is arranged in the bearing in two described bearing supports, and follow-up pulley (4) to be connected with driven shaft (5) by key and to be positioned in the middle of two stand plates of planer-type support (16);
One end of two identical ball grinder framves (15) installs the bearing support that there is bearing inside respectively, and one end of two identical forearms (7) is each passed through and is arranged in the bearing of this bearing support; The other end of two identical forearms (7) uses bearing pin (6) passing hole to be arranged on the two ends of driven shaft (5) respectively, two identical forearms (7) can rotate the size of the angle α that regulate between the medullary ray of forearm (7) and the axial line of driven shaft (5) respectively around bearing pin (6), adjust rear trip bolt fastening; The other end of two identical ball grinder framves (15) fixedly mounts two identical ball grinders (8) respectively;
The axle sleeve of motor (1) drives motion-work wheel (2) to rotate, motion-work wheel (2) drives follow-up pulley (4) to rotate by Timing Belt (3), follow-up pulley (4) drives driven shaft (5) to rotate, and driven shaft (5) drives the other end of two identical forearms (7) to be the circumferential motion of 2 α as cone angle around the axial line of driven shaft (5); Angle α is larger, and the radius of the circumference that the other end of forearm (7) circles is larger; Material to be processed and abrading-ball (13) is added in ball grinder (8).
2. a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F as claimed in claim 1) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, it is characterized in that, described electrolytic copper powder, mean particle size is 300 orders, and density is 8.96g/cm
3;
Described flaky graphite powder, mean particle size 25 μm, its density is 2.09-2.23g/cm
3; Described copper coating layer thickness is the carbon fiber of 30-40 μm, and carbon fiber cross section is horseshoe-shaped carbon fiber, and mean diameter is 7 μm, and density is 1.76g/cm
3, carbon content>=93%, tensile strength>=3.0GPa, Young's modulus 210-240GPa, elongation>=1.5%.
3. profit requires a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F described in 1 or 2) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, it is characterized in that, component and weight percent as follows: Cu is 72%, C be 3%, CF is 25%.
4. profit requires a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F described in 1 or 2) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, it is characterized in that, component and weight percent as follows: Cu is 76.8%; C is 3.2%; CF is 20%.
5. profit requires a kind of electric locomotive pantograph sliding plate C(F described in 1 or 2) preparation method of/Cu matrix material, it is characterized in that, component and weight percent as follows: Cu is 81.6%; C is 3.4%; CF is 15%.
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