CN105542387B - A kind of biological fiber enhancing friction material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of biological fiber enhancing friction material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
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- C08L2205/16—Fibres; Fibrils
Abstract
A kind of biological fiber enhancing friction material and preparation method thereof category brake friction material technical field, each group of the present invention is divided into：The gross weight (%) of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine needle powder is 6 21, and the content ratio of the two is：5.5:1≤k1≤7.5:1；Phenolic resin (%) 12 61, graphite 2 18, alundum (Al2O3) 2 or 10, rubber powder 03, barium sulfate 10 23, Frication powder 13, foam ferrous powder 2 15, carbon black 1 10；The super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber surface coating and surface micro-structure of the present invention carries out Coupling Design, the coupling synergy of increase between the two, the influence to reinforcing fiber performance such as water, oil and ice can be avoided, fiber surface micro-structural can improve the bond strength between fiber and friction material matrix；Natural pine needle powder can stablize friction factor well, reduce friction catch noise, weaken to secondary damage；The present invention can improve the combination property of friction material, reduction wear extent, increase the service life, can also prevent the pollution of the environment, save resource, environmental protection.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to brake friction material technical field, and in particular to a kind of biological fiber enhancing friction material and its preparation
Method.
Background technology
Brake friction material is to ensure that the vehicle arrangements such as automobile, oil-well rig, train are capable of the key portion of safe operation
Part, therefore, requirement of the people to Properties of Friction Materials are also increasingly harsher.First, the constituent of friction material, especially makees
To strengthen the fiber of component, there is excellent stability not influenceed by outside environmental elements such as water and oil, fiber and material
Tool is well bonded between matrix, secondly, and friction material will have stable friction factor and excellent anti-wear performance, this
Outside, friction material is to secondary friction is smaller, noise that is producing is weaker.The presence of these requirements promotes scientific research technical staff continuous
Progress study, the satisfactory friction materials of of development of new.
At present, in terms of the friction material for meeting and requiring is studied by the change and process optimization of friction material formulation,
There is Patents report both at home and abroad, such as：
1. China Patent Publication No. is 104788906, publication date is 2015.07.22, and entitled " traction engine brakes
The innovation and creation of piece high-abrasive material " describe a kind of friction material and its manufacture method；
2. China Patent Publication No. is 103498388, the day for announcing is 2014.01.08, and entitled " a kind of height is quiet to rub
The innovation and creation of wiping coefficient paper friction material and preparation method thereof " describe a kind of paper friction material and its manufacture method；
3. China Patent Publication No. is 103453057, the day for announcing is 2013.12.18, and entitled " one kind is mixed with waterside
The innovation and creation of low noise environmental protection automobile brake sheet of moss fiber and preparation method thereof " describe a kind of environmentally-friendly friction material and its
Manufacture method；
4. China Patent Publication No. is 103396764, the day for announcing is 2013.11.20, a kind of entitled " silicate
The innovation and creation of cement enhancing paper friction material and preparation method thereof " describe a kind of paper friction material and its manufacturer
Method；
5. China Patent Publication No. is 103045163, the day for announcing is 2013.04.17, entitled " comprehensive friction
The innovation and creation of material " describe a kind of comprehensive friction material and its manufacture method；
6. Chinese patent notification number is 101929515, the day for announcing is 2012.07.04, entitled " automobile specified without
The innovation and creation of asbestos softy type semimetal braking material " describe a kind of automobile asbestos-free friction material and its manufacturer
Method；
7. Chinese patent notification number is 101514251, the day for announcing is 2011.03.16, a kind of entitled " natural fibre
The innovation and creation of dimension vehicle braking composite material enhanced with whisker hybrid and preparation method thereof " describe a kind of automobile brake and rubbed
Wipe material and its manufacture method；
8. Chinese patent notification number is 1300483, the day for announcing is 2007.02.14, entitled " macromolecule extrusion coating paper
The innovation and creation of base frication material " describe a kind of paper friction material and its manufacture method；
With the fast development of society, the industry such as automobile oil railways for Properties of Friction Materials requirement also increasingly
Height, has only increasingly come not in terms of the improving and optimizating of the component of friction material and technique to design and prepare friction material
Requirement at this stage to friction material can be met, it is therefore desirable to comprehensive to plan as a whole material prescription component structures and technological design to grind
New-type friction material processed.The manufacture method of friction and wear behavior of friction material is improved by carrying out structure design to fiber
Through being seen in patent report, such as：Chinese patent notification number is 102295783, and the day for announcing is 2013.04.03, entitled " one
The innovation and creation of the heat resistance modified bamboo fibre of kind and its method for automotive brake friction material " describe a kind of automotive friction material
Material and its manufacture method；It can be seen that carry out structure design to the reinforcing fiber of friction material core constituent, and with formula and work
Skill optimization is considered, and can prepare the friction material of excellent performance.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to solve, friction material reinforcing fiber is long-term to be influenceed and is lost by extraneous factors such as water, oil and ice
Effect, reinforcing fiber is poor with friction material matrix adhesion, and friction material friction factor is unstable, wear extent is larger, brake noise
It is big and the problems such as to secondary serious wear, it is proposed that a kind of preparation method of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine needle powder, and
The application of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine needle powder in friction material.
The biological fiber of the present invention strengthens friction material each component content by weight percentage：Super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle is fine
The gross weight of peacekeeping pine needle powder is 6-21%, phenolic resin 12-61%, graphite 2-18%, alundum (Al2O3) 2 or 10%, rubber
Rubber powder end 0-3%, barium sulfate 10-23%, Frication powder 1-3%, foam ferrous powder 2-15%, carbon black 1-10%；Wherein, it is super-hydrophobic to dredge
The content of Chinese pine pin fiber and pine needle powder compares k1For：5.5:1≤k1≤7.5:1。
The preparation method of biological fiber enhancing friction material comprises the following steps：
1. preparing super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber, comprise the following steps：
The pine needle of collection is carried out drying and processing by 1.1, and treatment temperature T is：50 DEG C≤T≤75 DEG C, processing time, t was：
35min≤t≤50min；
1.2 step 1.1 is handled after pine needle fiber 85% be immersed in NaOH solution, carry out fiber surface micro-structural
Handle, NaOH mass fractions w is：9.5≤w≤11.5, soak time t1For：70min≤t1≤100min；
1.3 step 1.2 is handled after pine needle fiber neutralisation treatment is carried out in HCl steam, HCl concentration n is：
1.1mol/L≤n≤3.1mol/L, processing time t2For：40min≤t2≤60min；
1.4 step 1.3 is handled after pine needle fiber cleaned with distilled water, then carry out drying and processing, treatment temperature T2
For：50℃≤T2≤ 75 DEG C, processing time t3For：35min≤t3≤ 50min, the pine needle fiber moisture content ω after processing are：2%
≤ ω≤6%, surface roughness Ra is：2.05μm≤Ra≤3.68μm；
Pine needle fiber after being handled in step 1.4 is intercepted into equal length L by 1.5 is：5mm≤L≤25mm；
Pine needle fiber surface after being handled in step 1.5 is sprayed commercially available super-hydrophobic oleophobic coating, coating layer thickness δ by 1.6
For：50 μm≤δ≤70 μm, drying time t4For：120min≤t4≤ 150min, obtains super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber.
2. preparing pine needle powder, comprise the following steps：
The 15% of the 2.1 pine needle fibers for obtaining step 1.1 is crushed, and obtains pine needle powder, selected pine needle powder
Diameter D is：35μm≤D≤300μm；
The 2.2 pine needle powder for producing step 2.1 are immersed in NaOH solution, the mass fraction w of NaOH solution1For：
15wt%≤w1≤ 20wt%, processing time t5For：130min≤t5≤150min；
2.3 step 2.2 is handled after pine needle powder be immersed in the mixed solution of Silane coupling agent KH550 and methanol,
The content of Silane coupling agent KH550 and methanol compares k2For：1:36≤k2≤1:25, processing time t6For：130min≤t6≤
150min；
2.4 step 2.3 is handled after pine needle powder carry out drying and processing, treatment temperature T4For：45℃≤T4≤ 60 DEG C,
Processing time t7For：15min≤t7≤ 25min, obtains pine needle powder.
3. hot pressing-heat treatment, comprises the following steps：
3.1 strengthen biological fiber the raw material of friction material：The super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber that is prepared by step 1, by step
It is rapid 2 prepare pine needle powder, phenolic resin, graphite, alundum (Al2O3), rubber powder, barium sulfate, Frication powder, foam ferrous powder and
Carbon black is sufficiently mixed carry out hot-pressing processing, and pressure P is:50MPa≤P≤300MPa, temperature T5For：150℃≤T5≤ 400 DEG C, protect
Pressure time t8For：35min≤t8≤120min；
It is heat-treated after 3.2 completion hot pressing, by pressure P1It is down to:4MPa≤P1≤ 10MPa, heating-up temperature T5For：60℃
≤T5≤ 120 DEG C, time t9For：10min≤t9≤ 300min, produces biological fiber enhancing friction material.
Super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber of the present invention, its face coat and surface micro-structure carry out Coupling Design, increase
Plus coupling synergy between the two, it is to avoid influence of the extraneous factor such as water, oil and ice to reinforcing fiber performance, while fiber
The presence of surface micro-structure can improve the bond strength between fiber and friction material matrix, lift the comprehensive of friction material
Energy.The presence of described natural pine needle powder, can be good at stablizing friction material friction factor, reduce friction catch noise with
And weaken to secondary damage.Described super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine needle powder are mixed by a certain percentage, can be more preferable
Improvement friction material combination property, reduction wear extent, extend friction material service life, while the presence of natural constituents
It can be very good to prevent the pollution of the environment, save resource, environmental protection.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail with reference to specific embodiment.
Biological fiber enhancing friction material of the present invention and preparation method thereof, wherein, contain in brake friction material
Surface has the pine needle fiber of super-hydrophobic oleophobic coating and by handling the day pine needle powder filler prepared, brake friction material
Prepared by hot pressing-heat treatment method.
Biological fiber of the present invention strengthens friction material by pine needle fiber pine needles powder and other matrix material groups
Into content is by weight percentage：The gross weight of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine needle powder is 6-21%, wherein, it is super thin
The content of water oleophobic pine needle and pine needle powder compares k1：5.5:1≤k1≤7.5:1.The pine needle of super-hydrophobic oleophobic coating and rough surface
The material of fiber and the Coupling Design of structure, can provide bigger adhesion, while the presence energy of coating for the attachment of coating
It is enough to prevent the influences of the extraneous factor to fiber overall performance such as water oil and ice, on the other hand, pine needle fiber and pine needle meal well
Compare k by content in end1It is designed, can preferably improves combination property, the reduction wear extent of friction material, extend friction material
Service life, while the presence of natural constituents can be very good to prevent the pollution of the environment, save resource, environmental protection；Its complementary basis
Body material each component content by weight percentage is：Phenolic resin 12-65%, graphite 2-18%, alundum (Al2O3) 2-10%, rubber
Rubber powder end 0-3%, barium sulfate 10-30%, Frication powder 1-3%, foam ferrous powder 2-15%, carbon black 1-10%, determine that each component exists
Component in friction material, can preferably play the booster action of conditioning agent, lift the overall performance of friction material.
The natural fiber being made up of mentioned component can be prepared using above-mentioned processing step strengthens friction material, is preparing
During control material constituent and preparation technology, directly can control and adjust the performance of friction material, meet it
Different operating modes, different braking equipment is required the difference of Properties of Friction Materials.
Embodiment 1
1. biological fiber enhancing friction material each component content by weight percentage is：Super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine
The gross weight of pin powder is 6%, phenolic resin 12%, graphite 18%, alundum (Al2O3) 10%, rubber powder 3%, barium sulfate
23%th, Frication powder 3%, foam ferrous powder 15%, carbon black 10%；Wherein, the content ratio of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle and pine needle powder is
5.5:1。
2. described in super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber, be made through the following steps, the pine needle of collection be subjected to drying and processing,
Treatment temperature is 50 DEG C, and processing time is 35min；Then pine needle fiber is immersed in the progress micro- knot of fiber surface in NaOH solution
Structure processing, NaOH mass fractions w is 9.5, and soak time is 70min and then carries out pine needle fiber at neutralization in HCl steam
Reason, HCl concentration is 1.1mol/L, and processing time is 40min；Then the pine needle fiber after processing is cleaned with distilled water, so
After carry out drying and processing, treatment temperature is 50 DEG C, and processing time is 35min, and the pine needle fiber moisture content after processing is 2%, table
Surface roughness Ra is 2.05 μm；Then it is 5mm by the pine needle fiber interception after processing；Then the fiber surface after processing is sprayed
Super-hydrophobic oleophobic nano coating, coating layer thickness is 50 μm, and drying time is 120min, obtains super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber.
3. described in pine needle powder, be made through the following steps, pine needle fiber crushed, obtain pine needle powder, it is selected
A diameter of 35 μm of pine needle powder；Then the pine needle powder produced is immersed in 130min in 15wt%NaOH solution；Then will place
It is 1 that pine needle powder after reason, which is immersed in content ratio,:130min in 36 Silane coupling agent KH550 and the mixed solution of methanol；So
The pine needle powder after processing is subjected to drying and processing afterwards, treatment temperature is 45 DEG C, and processing time is 15min, obtains pine needle powder.
4. described in prepare the pressing die that is used of biological fiber enhancing friction material have 25 it is parallel with pressing direction
Direction on equally distributed width be 0.6mm guide groove.
5. prepared by the hot pressing used-heat-treating methods, all raw materials are sufficiently mixed carry out hot-pressing processing, pressure
For 50MPa, temperature is 150 DEG C, and the dwell time is 35min；It is heat-treated after completing hot pressing, pressing pressure is down into pressure is
4MPa, heating-up temperature is 60 DEG C, and the time is 10min, obtains friction material.
The range of friction coefficients of the friction material produced by above-described embodiment process is 0.305-0.542, abrasion
Rate is 0.25 × 10-7cm3/Nm-0.62×10-7cm3/Nm。
Embodiment 2
1. biological fiber enhancing friction material each component content by weight percentage is：Super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine
The gross weight of pin powder is 21%, phenolic resin 61%, graphite 2%, alundum (Al2O3) 2%, rubber powder 0%, barium sulfate
10%th, Frication powder 1%, foam ferrous powder 2%, carbon black 1%；The content ratio of wherein super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle and pine needle powder is 7.5:
1。
2. described in super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber, be made through the following steps, the pine needle of collection be subjected to drying and processing,
Treatment temperature is 75 DEG C, and processing time is 50min；Then pine needle fiber is immersed in the progress micro- knot of fiber surface in NaOH solution
Structure processing, NaOH mass fractions w is 11.5, and soak time is 100min and then is neutralized pine needle fiber in HCl steam
Processing, HCl concentration is 3.1mol/L, and processing time is 60min；Then the pine needle fiber after processing is cleaned with distilled water,
Then drying and processing is carried out, treatment temperature is 75 DEG C, and processing time is 50min, the pine needle fiber moisture content after processing is 6%,
Surface roughness Ra is 3.68 μm；Then it is 25mm by the pine needle fiber interception after processing；Then by the fiber surface after processing
The commercially available super-hydrophobic oleophobic coating of spraying, coating layer thickness is 70 μm, and drying time is 150min, obtains super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fine
Dimension.
3. described in pine needle powder, be made through the following steps, pine needle fiber crushed, obtain pine needle powder, it is selected
A diameter of 300 μm of pine needle powder；Then the pine needle powder produced is immersed in 150min in 20wt%NaOH solution；Then will place
It is 1 that pine needle powder after reason, which is immersed in content ratio,:150min in 25 Silane coupling agent KH550 and the mixed solution of methanol；So
The pine needle powder after processing is subjected to drying and processing afterwards, treatment temperature is 60 DEG C, and processing time is 25min, obtains pine needle powder.
4. described in prepare the pressing die that is used of biological fiber enhancing friction material identical with described in embodiment 1.
5. prepared by the hot pressing used-heat-treating methods, all raw materials are sufficiently mixed carry out hot-pressing processing, pressure
For 300MPa, temperature is 400 DEG C, and the dwell time is 120min；It is heat-treated after completing hot pressing, pressing pressure is down to pressure
For 10MPa, heating-up temperature is 120 DEG C, and the time is 300min, obtains friction material.
The range of friction coefficients of the friction material produced by above-described embodiment process is 0.326-0.498, abrasion
Rate is 0.32 × 10-7cm3/Nm-0.71×10-7cm3/Nm。
Embodiment 3
1. biological fiber enhancing friction material each component content by weight percentage is：Super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine
The gross weight of pin powder is 15%, phenolic resin 25%, graphite 10%, alundum (Al2O3) 10%, rubber powder 2%, barium sulfate
20%th, Frication powder 2%, foam ferrous powder 13%, carbon black 3%；Wherein, the content ratio of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle and pine needle powder is 6:
1。
2. described in super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber, be made through the following steps, the pine needle of collection be subjected to drying and processing,
Treatment temperature is 60 DEG C, and processing time is 45min；Then pine needle fiber is immersed in the progress micro- knot of fiber surface in NaOH solution
Structure processing, NaOH mass fractions w is 10.5, and soak time is 90min and then carries out pine needle fiber at neutralization in HCl steam
Reason, HCl concentration is 2mol/L, and processing time is 45min；Then the pine needle fiber after processing is cleaned with distilled water, then
Drying and processing is carried out, treatment temperature is 60 DEG C, and processing time is 40min, the pine needle fiber moisture content after processing is 4%, surface
Roughness Ra is 3.02 μm；Then it is 15mm by the pine needle fiber interception after processing；Then the fiber surface after processing is sprayed
Commercially available super-hydrophobic oleophobic coating, coating layer thickness is 60 μm, and drying time is 130min, obtains super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber.
3. described in pine needle powder, be made through the following steps, pine needle fiber crushed, obtain pine needle powder, it is selected
A diameter of 60 μm of pine needle powder；Then the pine needle powder produced is immersed in 140min in 18wt%NaOH solution；Then will place
It is 1 that pine needle powder after reason, which is immersed in content ratio,:140min in 30 Silane coupling agent KH550 and the mixed solution of methanol；So
The pine needle powder after processing is subjected to drying and processing afterwards, treatment temperature is 50 DEG C, and processing time is 20min, obtains pine needle powder.
4. described in prepare the pressing die that is used of biological fiber enhancing friction material identical with described in embodiment 1.
5. prepared by the hot pressing used-heat-treating methods, all raw materials are sufficiently mixed carry out hot-pressing processing, pressure
For 100MPa, temperature is 260 DEG C, and the dwell time is 90min；It is heat-treated after completing hot pressing, pressing pressure is down to pressure
For 8MPa, heating-up temperature is 80 DEG C, and the time is 150min, obtains friction material.
The range of friction coefficients of the friction material produced by above-described embodiment process is 0.296-0.521, abrasion
Rate is 0.39 × 10-7cm3/Nm-0.68×10-7cm3/Nm。
Embodiment 4
1. biological fiber enhancing friction material each component content by weight percentage is identical with described in embodiment 1；Wherein,
The content ratio of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle and pine needle powder is identical with described in embodiment 1, and pine needle fiber is original undressed
Fiber.
2. described in pine needle powder it is identical with described in embodiment 1.
3. described in prepare the compacting tool set that is used of biological fiber enhancing friction material identical with described in embodiment 1.
4. the hot pressing used-heat-treating methods prepare identical with described in embodiment 1.
The range of friction coefficients of the friction material produced by above-described embodiment is 0.286-0.564, and wear rate is 0.58
×10-7cm3/Nm-0.92×10-7cm3/Nm。
Claims (2)
1. a kind of biological fiber strengthens friction material, it is characterised in that biological fiber enhancing friction material each group by weight percentage
Point content is：The gross weight of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine needle powder is 6-21%, phenolic resin 12-61%, graphite 2-
18%th, alundum (Al2O3) 2 or 10%, rubber powder 0-3%, barium sulfate 10-23%, Frication powder 1-3%, foam ferrous powder 2-
15%th, carbon black 1-10%；Wherein, the content of super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber and pine needle powder compares k1For：5.5:1≤k1≤7.5:
1。
2. biological fiber strengthens the preparation method of friction material as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
2.1 prepare super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber, comprise the following steps：
2.1.1 the pine needle of collection is subjected to drying and processing, treatment temperature T is：50 DEG C≤T≤75 DEG C, processing time, t was：35min
≤t≤50min；
2.1.2 85% of the pine needle fiber after step 2.1.1 processing is immersed in NaOH solution, carries out fiber surface micro-structural
Handle, NaOH mass fractions w is：9.5≤w≤11.5, soak time t1For：70min≤t1≤100min；
2.1.3 the pine needle fiber after step 2.1.2 processing is subjected to neutralisation treatment in HCl steam, HCl concentration n is：
1.1mol/L≤n≤3.1mol/L, processing time t2For：40min≤t2≤60min；
2.1.4 the pine needle fiber after step 2.1.3 processing is cleaned with distilled water, then carries out drying and processing, treatment temperature T2
For：50℃≤T2≤ 75 DEG C, processing time t3For：35min≤t3≤ 50min, the pine needle fiber moisture content ω after processing are：2%
≤ ω≤6%, surface roughness Ra is：2.05μm≤Ra≤3.68μm；
2.1.5 the pine needle fiber after being handled in step 2.1.4 is intercepted into equal length L is：5mm≤L≤25mm；
2.1.6 the pine needle fiber surface after being handled in step 2.1.5 is sprayed into commercially available super-hydrophobic oleophobic coating, coating layer thickness δ
For：50 μm≤δ≤70 μm, drying time t4For：120min≤t4≤ 150min, obtains super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber；
2.2 preparing pine needle powder, comprise the following steps：
2.2.1 the 15% of the obtained pine needle fibers of step 2.1.1 is crushed, obtains pine needle powder, selected pine needle powder
Diameter D is：35μm≤D≤300μm；
2.2.2 the pine needle powder that step 2.2.1 is produced is immersed in NaOH solution, the mass fraction w of NaOH solution1For：
15wt%≤w1≤ 20wt%, processing time t5For：130min≤t5≤150min；
2.2.3 the pine needle powder after step 2.2.2 processing is immersed in the mixed solution of Silane coupling agent KH550 and methanol,
The content of Silane coupling agent KH550 and methanol compares k2For：1:36≤k2≤1:25, processing time t6For：130min≤t6≤
150min；
2.2.4 the pine needle powder after step 2.2.3 processing is subjected to drying and processing, treatment temperature T4For：45℃≤T4≤ 60 DEG C,
Processing time t7For：15min≤t7≤ 25min, obtains pine needle powder；
2.3 hot pressing-heat treatment, comprise the following steps：
2.3.1 by the raw material described in claim 1：Prepared by super-hydrophobic oleophobic pine needle fiber-step 2.1, pine needle powder-step
2.2 preparations, phenolic resin, graphite, alundum (Al2O3), rubber powder, barium sulfate, Frication powder, foam ferrous powder and carbon black are fully mixed
Close and carry out hot-pressing processing, pressure P is:50MPa≤P≤300MPa, temperature T5For：150℃≤T5≤ 400 DEG C, dwell time t8
For：35min≤t8≤120min；
2.3.2 it is heat-treated after completing hot pressing, by pressure P1It is down to:4MPa≤P1≤ 10MPa, heating-up temperature T5For：60℃≤
T5≤ 120 DEG C, time t9For：10min≤t9≤ 300min, produces biological fiber enhancing friction material.
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