CN105530920A - 通过纳米结构的载体系统引起的细胞特异性靶向作用 - Google Patents
通过纳米结构的载体系统引起的细胞特异性靶向作用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种纳米结构的载体系统,所述载体系统包括至少一种聚合物和/或至少一种脂质和至少一种多次甲基染料,其中至少一种多次甲基染料作为靶单元引起纳米结构的载体系统目标指向地转运到靶组织中。本发明还涉及一种药物组合物以及纳米结构的载体系统的应用,以用于将纳米结构的载体系统和必要时药物有效成分转运到靶组织中以及用于治疗肝脏和/或肾脏疾病。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种纳米结构的载体系统,所述载体系统包括一种或多种聚合物和/或脂质以及一个或多个靶单元、尤其多次甲基染料,以用于纳米结构的载体系统目标指向转运到靶组织中。本发明还涉及将一种或多种药物有效成分以细胞特异性的方式转运到特异性的靶组织中(细胞特异性靶向作用)和应用根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统用于预防和/或治疗疾病的应用。
背景技术
在现有技术中已知在临床诊断中应用具有偶联的染料的纳米颗粒,例如用于在致病状态的诊断中检测器官功能或蛋白质表达,或用于蛋白质组织学分析。在此,偶联的染料,通常荧光染料、如酞菁用作为标记,测量所述标记的荧光特性和吸收特性。
WO2012/013247A1描述了应用多次甲基荧光染料以确定器官功能、尤其肝脏或肾脏的功能。在此,染料在组织或体液、如血液或尿液中作为标记使用并且放射性激发,然后检测染料的荧光发射,检测并且评估数据以便确定所研究的器官功能。
在WO2010/116209A1中已描述如根据荧光染料和荧光光谱法能够检测基于异常的选择蛋白分泌的临床状态。
此外,在现有技术中已知的是应用纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒将有效成分目标指向地转运到确定的组织中(C.Sheridan,Proofofconceptfornext-generationnanoparticledrugsinhumans.NatBiotechnol,201230(6):pp.471-3;S.E.Grattonetal.,Theeffectofparticledesignoncellularinternalizationpathways.ProcNatlAcadSciUSA,2008105(33):pp.11613-8)。
有效成分的目标指向的或细胞特异性的转运、即“药物靶向性”或“靶向给药”理解为:目标指向的并且在期望的作用部位上选择性的积聚和释放有效成分,其中应提高有效成分的作用的效力并且应减少环绕的组织的全身性副作用。转运的有效成分通常是抗体、肽或小分子、如寡聚核苷酸或核酸。
在现有技术中已知的转运有效成分的纳米颗粒应用在肿瘤治疗中并且根据下列机制作用:纳米颗粒设有外壳层或抗体。如果纳米颗粒包被有含水的外壳层,那么所述纳米颗粒对于免疫系统是无法识别的。如果所述纳米颗粒被注入并且不被免疫系统攻击,那么所述纳米颗粒通过在肿瘤中“不密封的”开窗的血管扩散,并且通过环绕的细胞经由内吞作用吸收,其中所述有开窗的血管与正常的血管相比具有明显更大的开口(窗孔),其中所述环绕的细胞同样地与健康的细胞相比具有增加的可穿透性。缺点是:不仅期望的细胞吸收纳米颗粒,而且其他(健康的)细胞也吸收纳米颗粒,经由血管将纳米颗粒非特异性地转运至所述健康的细胞。这能够引起严重的副作用。另一缺点是:这种转运受到肿瘤组织限制,即不能够进行转运到其他组织、例如肾脏或肝脏中。这种转运被动地进行并且吸收是非特异性的或非选择性的。在第二种方法中,纳米颗粒在其制备之后在其表面上设有抗体。这种结构物的靶是具有抗原的细胞,所述抗体结合到所述抗原上。这种转运机制也是被动的和非选择性的。
纳米颗粒、脂质体或大分子的被动的积聚的这种上面描述的过程称作EPR效应(“高通透性和滞留效应”)并且是被动的“药物靶向性”。如已经提及的是,缺点是:这种转运过程非主动和非选择性地进行。
没有任何现有技术描述一种主动的和选择性的转运或载体系统,经由特异性的靶单元选择性地进行其到特异性的靶组织中的主动转运并且(药物)有效成分能够与所述转运或载体系统同时转运到靶组织(“药物靶向性”;细胞特异性靶向作用)中并且不仅引起经由靶单元在靶组织中累积载体系统和必要时(药物)有效成分,而且也能够进行跟踪和检查。
发明内容
在此,存在提供一种改进的转运或载体系统的需求,所述转运或载体系统引起将载体和有效成分主动和选择性地转运到靶组织中。此外,在疾病治疗中存在使用这种转运和/或载体系统用于药物有效成分的转运的需求。
借助本发明提供这种转运系统。本发明涉及一种独特的、可多种组合的治疗诊断系统,以便主动地和选择性地将不同的药物有效成分(例如亲水性物质、亲脂性物质、疏水性物质、两性物质、阴离子物质和阳离子物质)转运到靶组织中(目标指向的或细胞特异性的有效成分转运或“药物靶向性”)。
本发明在其第一主题中涉及一种纳米结构的载体系统,所述载体系统包括至少一种聚合物和/或至少一种脂质和至少一种多次甲基染料,其中至少一种多次甲基染料作为靶单元引起将纳米结构的载体系统目标指向转运到靶组织中。
如果根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统包括聚合物,那么其在此处称作“纳米颗粒”;如果根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统包括脂质,那么其在此处称作“脂质体”。如果根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统包括聚合物和脂质,那么其在此处称作“纳米颗粒”或“脂质体”。与此对应地,根据本发明,术语“纳米颗粒”和“脂质体”同义地使用并且同样涉及纳米结构的载体系统,所述纳米结构的载体系统包括聚合物和脂质。
纳米颗粒是小于1μm且能够由多个分子构成的结构。所述纳米颗粒通常通过特征在于较高的表面与体积比进而提供较高的化学反应性。这种纳米颗粒能够由聚合物构成,其中所述聚合物的特征在于特定的单元(单体)的重复。聚合物通过所述单体的化学反应共价地相互结合(聚合作用)。如果所述聚合物部分地具有疏水性,那么所述聚合物在含水环境中构成纳米级结构(例如纳米颗粒、微胶粒、小囊泡)。由于其疏水性,也能够使用脂质来形成纳米颗粒(微胶粒、脂质体)。
本发明的一个优选的实施方式涉及一种纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种聚合物选自:聚酯、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯衍生物、聚酰胺、聚氨酯、聚丙烯腈、聚四氟乙烯、硅酮、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯氧化物和聚恶唑啉和其共聚物,优选以不同的组分,如无规共聚物、梯度共聚物、交替共聚物、嵌段共聚物、接枝共聚物或星形共聚物,或者至少一种脂质选自:饱和的和不饱和的脂肪酸,优选胆固醇、棕榈酸甲酯、磷脂、鞘脂和糖脂。优选地,根据本发明的聚合物和/或脂质是生物相容的聚合物或脂质。
尤其优选地,根据本发明的聚合物是疏水聚合物、亲水聚合物、两性聚合物、阴离子聚合物和/或阳离子聚合物。聚合物尤其优选地选自:PLGA、PLA、PCL、PGA、PDMAEMA、PMMA、PMAA、PEI、PEtOx、PEG。
就本发明而言,如下物质称作“靶单元”,所述物质引起纳米结构的载体系统根据本发明主动地和选择性地转运到特异性的靶组织中。根据本发明的靶单元是多次甲基染料。术语“靶单元”和“多次甲基染料”根据本发明同义地使用。如上述已经描述,多次甲基染料在现有技术中作为物质使用,所述物质在组织中用作标记来确定生理状态、例如器官功能,或者用作用于特定的物质、分子或化学构造物、例如纳米颗粒的积聚的证明或检测物。在现有技术中已知的多次甲基染料作用机制,例如吲哚菁绿(ICG)、IRDye800决不是任何细胞特异性的吸收的中介,而相反地作为“标记”或“标签”或“感光剂”并且在ICG的情况下作为非特异性的花青染料使用。没有任何现有技术描述或甚至仅表明多次甲基染料作为靶单元的作用、即作为物质,所述物质可以主动地、选择性地和目标指向地将其他物质,如通常纳米颗粒或在此根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统转运到特异性的靶组织中。在此,其为多次甲基染料作为靶单元的其他、新颖的和创造性的技术上的作用,所述作用不是本领域技术人员已知的。通过多次甲基染料具有一致的特征性的化学特性和结构的方式,根据本发明的多次甲基染料可在整个要求保护的范围中应作为就本发明而言的靶单元。
本发明的一个优选的实施方式涉及一种纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种多次甲基染料是一般结构I、II、III或IV的对称的或不对称的聚甲炔:
其中
a.n代表数值0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10,
b.R1-R17是相同的或不同的并且可以是氢、一个或多个烷基、叔烷基、环烷基残基(残基“烷基”和“环烷基”也包含烯烃结构)或芳基残基、羧基芳基残基、二羧基芳基残基、杂芳基残基或脂肪杂环残基、烷氧基基团、烷疏基、芳氧基基团、芳疏基基团、杂芳氧基基团、杂芳疏基基团、氢氧基基团、硝基基团或氰基基团、烷基取代的或环状的氨基官能团和/或两个邻位的残基,例如R3和R4、R13和R14和/或R1和R2和R11和R12和/或R7和R9能够共同形成另一芳香族的、芳香杂环的、脂肪族的或脂肪杂环的环,
c.取代基R1-R17的至少一个具有增溶的和/或可电离的或离子化的取代基,如SO3 -、(-SO3H)、PO3 2、COOH、OH或NR3 +、环糊精或糖,所述取代基决定多次甲基染料的亲水性,其中取代基也能够经由间隔基团结合在多次甲基染料上,并且
d.取代基R1-R17的至少一个具有反应基团(连接体),如异氰酸盐、异硫氰酸盐、肼、胺、一氯代三嗪和二氯代三嗪或一溴代三嗪和二溴代三嗪、氮丙啶、环氧化物、磺酰卤、酰卤、羧酸酐、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、亚氨基酯、羧酸、乙二醛、乙醛、马来酰亚胺或碘乙酰胺和亚磷酰胺衍生物或叠氮化合物、炔烃或烯烃,其中取代基也能够经由间隔基团结合在多次甲基染料上,
e.芳香族的、芳香杂环的、脂肪族的或脂肪杂环的间隔基团由结构元件,如-[(CH2)a-Y-(CH2)b]c-或-[(C6H4)a-Y-(C6H4)b]-构成,其中Y是相同的或不同的并且包含CR2-、O-、S-、SO2、SO2NH-、NR-、COO-或CONR官能团,其中所述官能团在取代基R1-R17的一个上并且a和b是相同的或不同的并且具有0-18的数值并且对于c具有0-18的数值,
f.取代基R8和R9能够在相应地n=2、3、4或5的情况下同样2倍、3倍、4倍或5倍地存在并且取代基能够是相同的或不同的。
根据本发明,术语“靶单元”和“多次甲基染料”同义地使用。
靶单元(多次甲基染料)经由连接体共轭到聚合物上:
一般结构聚合物-连接体-靶单元:
聚合物^连接体^靶单元
根据本发明的连接体的一般结构如下描述为:至少一个结构单元(聚合物和/或靶单元)载有反应基团(连接体),如异氰酸盐、异硫氰酸盐、肼、胺、一氯代三嗪和二氯代三嗪或一溴代三嗪和二溴代三嗪、氮丙啶、环氧化物、磺酰卤、酰卤、羧酸酐、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、亚氨基酯、羧酸、乙二醛、乙醛、马来酰亚胺或碘乙酰胺和亚磷酰胺衍生物或叠氮化合物、炔烃或烯烃,其中所述取代基也能够经由间隔基团结合在多次甲基染料和/或聚合物上。经由所述反应基团,靶单元与聚合物(或相反)通过共价键连接。
在聚合物或靶单元和连接体之间的化学键能够选择为生物稳定的或可生物降解的。一个或多个不同的靶单元能够结合到聚合物上。同样地,设有不同的靶单元的聚合物能够混合在纳米颗粒中。在此,聚合物和靶单元以及两者都能够是不同的。替代聚合物,也能够在相同的条件下,如上面所详述的那样,使用脂质代替聚合物,并且也相应地使用脂质体代替纳米颗粒。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方式中,纳米结构的载体系统的至少一种多次甲基染料是DY染料,所述DY染料优选选自:DY-635、DY-680、DY-780、DY-880,、DY-735、DY-835、DY-830、DY-730、DY-750、DY-850、DY-778、DY-878、DY-704、DY-804、DY-754、DY-854、DY-700、DY-800、ICG和DY-IRDYE800CW。此外,优选多次甲基染料是DY-630、DY-631、DY-632、DY-633、DY-634、DY-636、DY-647、DY-648、DY-649、DY-659、DY-651、DY-652、DY-590、DY-548、DY-495和DY-405。在此,其为作为靶单元的多次甲基染料,所述靶单元引起选择性地转运到肝细胞或肾实质细胞中。在表2中和在图8中示出根据本发明的肝细胞靶单元的一般结构以及根据本发明的实质细胞靶单元的一般结构以及相应的实例。所述靶单元具有对于细胞类型(肝细胞或肾实质细胞)的选择性并且当所述靶单元与纳米颗粒或脂质体通过化学键结合时,所述靶单元将细胞选择性能够转移给纳米颗粒或脂质体。由于与内流转运体的相互作用,在此形成靶单元的选择性,所述转运体由靶细胞表达。此外,靶单元具有在红色至红外线区域中的荧光特性。这种荧光特性也能够转移给纳米结构的载体系统,更准确地转移到纳米颗粒或脂质体上,由此在血液中和在组织中不仅能够证实染料的累积,而且(当与纳米颗粒和/或脂质体连接时)能够证实纳米颗粒和/或脂质体的累积。
作为靶单元的根据本发明的多次甲基染料选择性地将纳米结构的载体系统转运到靶组织中。选择性对于成功转运到“正确的”组织中是关键性的并且仅仅转运到所述组织中并且相对于现有技术显示出极大的优点。多次甲基染料用作为用于组织特异性的转运体的转运体配体。在一个优选的实施方式中,至少一种多次甲基染料用作为用于至少一种组织特异性的转运体的转运体配体。为了多次甲基染料适合作为这种转运体配体,下列特性是重要的:(1)疏水性和(2)与特异性结构的组合。所述特性对于由组织特异性的转运体识别为配体(染料的选择性)是关键性的。
如果多次甲基染料结合到聚合物或脂质上,那么所述多次甲基染料在纳米颗粒或脂质体的制备之后向外暴露,所述多次甲基染料将其选择性转移到纳米颗粒和/或脂质体上。在此,在全身用药或局部涂药之后出现下列过程,所述过程决定纳米颗粒和/或脂质体的选择性:
●具有(至少一个)暴露的多次甲基染料的纳米颗粒或脂质体流经不同的组织。
●多次甲基染料由于其疏水性和结构由组织特异性的底外侧的或顶上的内流转运体识别并且与所述转运体在细胞表面上相互作用。
●多次甲基染料与内流转运体的相互作用不引起通过所述转运体直接地转运整个纳米结构的载体系统或纳米颗粒或脂质体,因为所述多次甲基染料与共价的且稳定结合的纳米颗粒或脂质体具有过高的分子量和尺寸。相反地,多次甲基染料与内流转运体的相互作用引起纳米颗粒或脂质体在细胞表面上的累积和固定。
●纳米颗粒或脂质体在细胞表面上的累积和固定提高在细胞膜和纳米颗粒或脂质体之间的相互作用,由此引起纳米颗粒或脂质体的细胞吸收(胞吞作用)。
本发明的优选的实施方式涉及一种纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种多次甲基染料由至少一种组织特异性的转运体识别并且与所述转运体在靶组织的细胞的细胞表面上相互作用,由此纳米结构的载体系统优选在细胞表面上累积和固定并且优选被吸收到靶组织的细胞中。
细胞选择性通过多次甲基染料的特异性的相互作用获得,所述多次甲基染料偶联到纳米颗粒或脂质体上,并且所述多次甲基染料由相应的组织特异性的内流转运体识别。用于根据本发明的多次甲基染料的内流转运体限定用于肝细胞和肾实质细胞。
根据本发明的多次甲基染料使纳米颗粒特异性地用于肝细胞,所述多次甲基染料通过肝细胞的基地外侧膜的内流转运体来特异性地吸收。根据FDA和当前的科技现状,下述被列为肝细胞的内流转运体:
所述转运体的配体尤其是全部具有如在表2(图8a-e)左列中示出的结构的多次甲基染料。
根据本发明的多次甲基染料使纳米颗粒特异性地用于这种细胞类型,其中所述多次甲基染料通过肾实质细胞(主要为近端肾小管上皮细胞)的基底外侧膜的内流转运体特异性地吸收。根据FDA和当前的科技现状,下述被列为肾实质细胞(主要为近端肾小管上皮细胞)的内流转运体:
名称 | 基因 |
OCT2 | SLCO1B1 |
OAT1 | SLCO1B3 |
OAT3 | SLC22A8 |
OATP4A1 | SLCO4A17 --> |
OATP4C1 | SLCO4C1 |
OCT1 | SLC22A1 |
OCT3 | SLC22A3 |
PGT | SLCO2A1 |
所述转运体的配体尤其是全部具有在表2(图8a-e)右栏中示出的结构的多次甲基染料。
本发明的又一优选的实施方式因此涉及一种纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种多次甲基染料经由至少一种组织特异性的转运体引起纳米结构的载体系统被吸收到靶组织的细胞中。组织特异性的转运体尤其优选选自:OATP1B1、OATP-C、OATP2、LST-1、OATP1B3、OATP8、OATP2B1、OATP1A2、NaDC3、SDCT2、NTCP、OCT1、OCT3、OAT2、OAT1、OAT3、PGT、OCT2、OAT1、OATP4A1、OATP4C1。
术语“组织特异性的转运体”、“转运体”和“内流转运体”根据本发明同义地使用。
根据本发明,在经由组织特异性的转运体转运到和吸收到靶组织中的上下文中,术语“纳米结构的载体系统”、“纳米颗粒”和“脂质体”同义地使用。
在纳米结构的载体系统或者纳米颗粒或脂质体吸收到靶组织中之后,引起释多次甲基染料和可选的根据本发明包括的药物有效成分的释放。
纳米颗粒作为纳米结构的载体系统的组成部分的释放:
1.内涵体的酸化→纳米颗粒的去稳定作用、通过自发的或酶法分裂来分解聚合物;
2.活性物质的释放(所述活性物质能够穿透内涵体);
3.有效成分的释放,染料从聚合物解吸;
4.聚合物组成部分输送给不同的代谢途径,染料被分泌。脂质体作为纳米结构的载体系统的组成部分的释放:
1.通过内涵体吸收→酸化→在胞吞作用之后的脂质体与内涵体膜的融合,或脂质体与细胞膜的直接的融合;
2.通过这两种途径都引起将有效成直接分释放到细胞质中;
3.如果靶单元(多次甲基染料)经由生物不稳定的键与脂质结合,那么所述键能够断裂并且所述脂质被剪切。
在使用生物不稳定的键时,多次甲基染料保留在脂质上。如果连续地引起脂质的分解,那么能够分泌多次甲基染料与小的脂质残基。可能的是:脂质的一部分能够与多次甲基染料嵌入到细胞膜中。
本发明的另一尤其优选的实施方式涉及一种纳米结构的载体系统,其中纳米结构的载体系统还包括至少一种药物有效成分。优选地,至少一种药物有效成分选自:低分子物质、尤其抑制剂、诱导因子或造影剂,以及高分子物质、尤其潜在的治疗上可用的核酸(例如短干扰RNA、短发卡RNA、微RNA、质粒DNA)和蛋白质(例如抗体、干扰素、细胞因子)。下列表格示例地描述有效成分,其通过本发明的纳米结构的载体系统进行特异性的给药实现新颖的治疗上的选择性:
尤其优选地,药物有效成分是亲脂的、疏水的、亲水的、两性的、阴离子的和/或阳离子的药物有效成分。
根据本发明,术语“药物有效成分”理解为每个任意具有药理作用的无机的或有机的分子、物质或化合物。术语“药物有效成分”在此与术语“药物”和“医药”同义地使用。
根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统是一种迄今独特的、可多种组合的治疗诊断系统,以便将极其不同的物质、尤其药物有效成分(例如亲水的或亲脂的小分子,但还有核酸)主动地和选择性转运到特异性的靶组织中。药物有效成分的转运通过作为纳米结构的载体系统的组成部分的靶单元、多次甲基染料引起,所述组成部分与组织特异性的转运体在靶细胞上整合。通过多次甲基染料(DY)、药物有效成分和聚合物和/或脂质的选择以及参数的变化可行的是:制备纳米颗粒和/或脂质体,所述纳米颗粒和/或脂质体独特地与各应用、尤其待转运的药物有效成分和/或靶组织相协调。以该方式可行的是:一种或多种药物有效成分作为纳米结构的载体系统的组成部分有效地转运到特异性的组织或细胞类型(靶组织)中并且在那里释放。在此,药物有效成分能够是在没有封入纳米颗粒或脂质体中的情况下的仅具有低的生物利用度或没有生物利用度的或者在体内具有低的稳定性或没有稳定性或者仅应在特异性的器官和/或细胞(靶组织)中起作用的药物有效成分。纳米结构的载体系统(纳米颗粒或脂质体)和/或其组成部分,如聚合物、脂质或药物有效成分在靶组织中的特异性和累积能够经由在无毒的多次甲基染料的红色至红外线区域中的荧光特性来检查和追踪、即检测。
就本发明而言的“靶组织”是全部如下组织、器官或细胞,在所述组织、器官或细胞中纳米结构的载体系统和/或其组成部分,尤其药物有效成分的转运是可行的和有意义的。靶组织尤其是全部下述组织、器官或细胞,一种或多种药物有效成分转运到所述组织、器官或细胞中是可行的和有意义的,例如用于疾病的诊断和治疗。然而,根据本发明优选的但非限制性的靶组织的实例是:肝脏、肾脏和肿瘤、尤其与所述组织中的起源,例如肝细胞性肝癌或肾细胞性肾癌。术语“靶组织”、“靶细胞”、“靶组织的细胞”和“器官”在此同义地使用。
通过根据本发明的多次甲基染料(以下称作DY)共轭到聚合物或脂质上的方式制备官能化聚合物(例如DY-PLGA、DY-PLA、DY-PCL)或官能化脂质。紧接着,所述官能化聚合物或官能化脂质用于优选借助单一的或双重的乳胶工艺或沉淀作用工艺来制备纳米颗粒和/或脂质体。在此,可行的是:纳米颗粒和/或脂质体独特地与相应的情况相协调。例如表1(图1)列举了多种多样的可能性。多次甲基染料能够与大量不同的聚合物和/或脂质共轭,使得通过多次甲基染料与脂质或聚合物的特异性的组合能够提供高选择性的纳米结构的载体系统。官能化聚合物的合成在图2中示意性示出并且在实例1中详细阐述。根据本发明的官能化聚合物或脂质、纳米颗粒和脂质体的制备以及药物有效成分的封入能够根据从现有技术已知的传统方法进行。在本发明的实例和附图中公开了优选的制备方法。
本发明的另一主题涉及一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统以及合适的辅助材料和添加剂。
根据本发明的“辅助材料和添加剂”可以理解为各种药理学兼容的并且治疗上有意义的物质,所述物质不是药物有效成分,但能够与药物有效成分共同配制在药物组合物中,以便图像、尤其改进药物组合物的定性特性。优选地,添加剂和/或辅助材料没有显示或在有意的治疗方面没有值得一提的或至少没有不期望的药理作用。适合的辅助材料和添加剂例如是药物兼容的有机的或无机的酸、碱、盐和/或缓冲物质。无机酸的实例是盐酸、氢溴酸、硝酸、硫酸和磷酸,其中尤其盐酸和硫酸是优选的。适合的有机酸的实例是苹果酸、酒石酸、马来酸、丁二酸、醋酸、蚁酸和丙酸并且尤其优选抗坏血酸、富马酸和柠檬酸。药物兼容的碱的实例是碱金属氢氧化物、碱金属碳酸盐和碱金属离子、优选钠。所述物质的混合物尤其能够用于调节和缓冲pH值。此外,就本发明而言的优选的缓冲物质是PBS、HEPES、TRIS、MOPS以及其他生理学上兼容的缓冲物质。其他适合的辅助材料和添加剂是增溶剂或稀释剂、稳定剂、悬浮介质、防腐剂、填充剂和/或粘合剂以及其他在现有技术中已知的普遍的辅助材料和添加剂。辅助材料的选择以及其待添加的量与药物有效成分和给药类型相关。本发明的药物组合物优选非口服地、尤其静脉注射地给药。呈悬浮液和溶液形式的配置品以及可容易复水的干燥配置品适合全部非口服的给药。
根据本发明的药物组合物的制备能够通过每种任意的现有技术中已知的方法进行。
根据本发明的药物组合物的组分的分配剂量为不同的因素所决定,例如药物有效成分的类型、疾病、病患的状态(哺乳动物、优选人类),为所述病患施用根据本发明的药物组合物,和给药类型、例如非口服的、静脉注射地或以其他方式施用。这些参数是本领域技术人员已知的,因此分配剂量的确定由其普遍的技术知识决定。
本发明的另一主题涉及根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统的或根据本发明的药物组合物的应用,以用于主动地和选择性地将纳米结构的载体系统或药物组合物转运到靶组织中,其中转运通过至少一种作为靶单元的多次甲基染料引起。尤其优选地,至少一种多次甲基染料经由至少一种组织特异性的转运体引起将纳米结构的载体系统或药物组合物吸收到靶组织的细胞中。尤其优选地,纳米结构的载体系统和/或其组成部分在靶组织中的累积能够借助至少一种多次甲基染料的荧光特性检测。除了至少一种多次甲基染料之外,至少一种聚合物、至少一种脂质和/或至少一种药物有效成分能够理解为纳米结构的载体系统(纳米颗粒或脂质体)的组成部分。
本发明的另一主题涉及一种根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统的或根据本发明的药物组合物作为药物的应用。
本发明的另一主题涉及一种根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统的或根据本发明的药物组合物的应用,以用于治疗疾病和治疗肝脏和/或肾脏、优选为具有肝脏和/或肾脏损害的传染病、例如疟疾和丙型肝炎,肝功能衰竭、例如药物引起的肝功能衰竭和突发性肝功能衰竭,肝硬化、例如酒精引起的肝硬化,肝脏的代谢疾病、例如肝豆状核变性(Wilson's疾病)和莫伊伦格瑞伊特(Meulengracht)疾病,肝脏的排泄功能障碍,肝肿瘤,原发性肝肿瘤、例如肝细胞性肝癌,血管肉瘤和肝母细胞瘤,肾肿瘤,原发性肾肿瘤、例如透明细胞癌,乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌,肾炎,慢性和急性肾衰竭以及引起肝脏和/或肾脏的相继损害的疾病,例如败血症。
根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统和靶单元、尤其多次甲基染料开辟了在分子中诊断与治疗相结合的独特的可行性。因此,可以通过自由的靶结构的吸收来预测关于治疗的效力的预测,但也可以检测和控制用结合到纳米颗粒或脂质体上的相同的靶结构的治疗。由于在连接体区域中靶结构的高的灵活性,靶单元能够化学地结合到极多样的脂质和聚合物上。此外,通过靶单元的化学结构,与生物学的靶单元(例如抗体或肽)相反,所述靶单元是极稳定的并且对于化学提纯和分析是可供使用的。由此,在合成中的高的再现性和可控性是可行的。通过靶单元作为组织特异性的转运体的配体的特性,所述靶单元在在从聚合物解析之后在体内被剪切,由此避免细胞内的累积和毒性。通过现在在多光谱光声断层摄影术领域中的动态的用于成像的显影可以直接证明靶单元。但是此外,用于计算机辅助的伦琴射线断层摄影术或磁共振体层摄影术的根据本发明的造影剂也能够封入纳米颗粒或脂质体中,由此所述纳米颗粒或脂质体同样能够被定位。
迄今,这类多样的和细胞特异性的系统是独特的,所述系统经由在红色至红外线区域中发荧光的染料作为靶单元将诊断和治疗相结合,所述染料又通过其对于生物转运体的选择性也极其有效地由肝脏和肾脏排出。
附图说明
此外,根据附图示例地阐述本发明:
图1示出根据本发明的纳米颗粒的可能的变化和其对纳米颗粒本身的物理化学性质以及生物学结果的图像的概况(表1)。
图2示意性示出根据本发明的聚合物的官能化。A:通过多次甲基染料DY635的EDC偶联到PLGA的羧酸末端基团上来将官能化的PLGA聚合物合成为DY635-PlGA-NP(或者也称作DY635-PLGA;这两个术语在本发明中同义地使用)。B:用UV和IR检测器的官能化的PLGA聚合物的SEC洗脱曲线(SECelugram)。此外,在实例1中详细描述合成和官能化。
图3示出根据本发明的纳米颗粒的结构和制备。各个的超声波步骤通过灰色针(箭头)表征。此外,在实例2进行详细的描述。A:纳米颗粒的结构和其借助单面乳胶工艺的制备。疏水聚合物以深灰色表示,疏水的有效成分以中度灰色表示,水中的表面活性剂(Tensid)以浅灰色表示。B:纳米颗粒的结构和其借助双面乳胶工艺的制备。疏水聚合物以深灰色表示,疏水的有效成分以白色表示。那么上部浅灰色的层再次是水与表面活性剂。C:根据本发明的纳米颗粒的可能的变化和其对纳米颗粒本身的物理化学性质以及生物学结果的图像的概况(横截面图)(表1)。疏水聚合物或脂质以黑色表示,可能的药物有效成分、半乳糖、和DY635作为用于细胞特异性地吸收到肝细胞中的转运体以灰色表示,其中仅根据本发明的纳米颗粒保留了细胞特异性。
图4示出根据本发明的纳米颗粒的选择的表征的结果。箱线图包括0.25至0.75分位数。中位数被标绘为水平条,平均值被标绘为长方体。细线(whiskers)分别示出最大值或最小值。A:PLGA纳米颗粒的尺寸不区别于加载siRNA/PEI的PLGA纳米颗粒(大约180nm)。相反,DY635-PLGA纳米颗粒是显著更大的(大约260nm)。B:PLGA纳米颗粒的z电位(z-Potential)是捎带负性的。通过使用DY635-PLGA纳米颗粒,电位波动到弱正性的z电位(不显著)。通过用siRNA/PEIpolyplexes(siRNA/PEI+PLGA纳米颗粒)加载,z电位显著改变并且强烈变为正(+76mV)。C:为了确定内毒素量,研究浓度为25mgNP/ml的纳米颗粒(NP)溶液,如所述溶液也在体内使用。内毒素负荷在样本间在0.4ng/ml和0.6ng/ml之间波动。然而,值总是位于FDA的极限值(2.5ng/ml)之下。D:25mg/ml的NP溶液也用于溶血和凝聚化验。DY635-PLGA纳米颗粒用于所述化验,如所述DY635-PLGA纳米颗粒也在体内环境中使用。在图3中对此进一步描述。
图5示出体外Hepa1-6细胞中的RNAi的吸收动力和表征。A:图表(热点图),所述图表描述时间依赖性和浓度相关的RNAi。在轴上,相对于siRNA浓度(ng/100.000细胞)绘制以小时(h)为单位的时间。HMGCR相对于未处理的对照组相的表达变化构成为以灰度刻度的方式以百分比绘制(在图像之上的刻度)。对于在热点图中的点,使用1、5、10、25、50、100、200和400ng/100.000细胞的siRNA浓度并且在12、16、24、32、40或48小时之后进行研究。在每个时间点生成三次独立的重复试验。紧接着,将结果相对于未处理的Hepa1-6细胞的HMGCR基因表达水平相对化并且借助HPRT基因表达归一化。B:在0和30分钟(min)之后将纳米颗粒吸收到Hepa1-6细胞中。DY635在Cy5通道中在LSM上显示。在细胞的洗涤和固定之后对细胞核进行DAPI染色。实例4对此进一步描述。
图6示出根据本发明的纳米颗粒在肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和心脏中的器官特异性和动力学。A:DY635与DY635-PLGA-NP的衰变动力学的对比。肝脏中3个ROI的平均值。误差条示出SEM。B+C:Cy5(DY635)通道的图像(B浅灰色到白色,C浅灰色)和DAPI(背景)通道在IVM上的不同的时间点的叠加。D-G:在DY635-PLGA-NP注入之后10分钟的5μm器官切片。DY635-PLGA-NP或DY635(Cy5通道,图像中绿色)和细胞核(DAPI染色,图像中红色)在图像上叠加。F,G:在此,染色附加地用与相对比中视觉化的肝结构(图像中蓝色)叠加。图5进一步地描述。
图7示出根据本发明的纳米颗粒的分泌途径。DY635-PLGA-NP的分泌途径:A:对于血浆收缩率的计算,在具有DY635-PLGA纳米颗粒的未处理的血浆中建立标准曲线。在胆汁中应用具有DY635的标准系列以用于胆汁分泌。B:示出在胆汁中的DY635百分比“恢复”(Wiedergewinnung)。测量点基于A中的数据以计算的方式产生。曲线借助OriginPro8.5,QuickFit:具有偏差的指数衰减来近似。
图8示出根据本发明的靶单元、更确切地说为多次甲基染料。图8示出肝细胞靶单元的一般结构和具有连接体至聚合物或脂质的说明的肾实质细胞-靶单元的一般结构以及这样肝细胞-靶单元和实质细胞-靶单元的实例(表2)。靶单元具有对于细胞类型(肝细胞或肾实质细胞)的选择性并且当所述靶单元与纳米颗粒或脂质体通过化学键结合时,所述靶单元将细胞选择性能够转移到纳米颗粒或脂质体。靶单元的选择性在此通过与内流转运体的相互作用产生,所述内流转运体由靶细胞表达。此外,靶单元具有在红色至红外线区域中的荧光特性。这种荧光特性也能够转移到纳米结构的载体系统上,更准确地转移到纳米颗粒或脂质体上,由此在血液中和在组织中不仅能够证实染料的积累,而且(当与纳米颗粒或脂质体结合时)证实纳米颗粒和/或脂质体的积累。
图9示出根据本发明的纳米结构的载体系统在药物有效成分的转运中的效力。A:在两次注入朝向HMGCR转运siRNA的纳米结构的载体系统之后的或在控制物质的两次注入之后的血浆胆固醇水平。该图示出中位条形图,误差条描述标准偏差的平均误差,条中的数字描述每组中的动物数量,显著性通过双尾U检验确定,**显著水平为0.01。
图9A:该结果示出:通过描述的方案可行的是:血浆胆固醇浓度显著降低。在此,器官特异性的纳米结构的载体系统示出最强效力。从图9B显而易见的是:通过器官特异性的纳米结构的载体系统在肝细胞中实现器官特异性和强的效果。反之,非特异性的纳米结构的载体系统不显示HMGCR的特异性的和较弱的向下调节。
图10示出根据本发明的多次甲基染料作为靶单元、DY-635与人类肝细胞的底外侧的转运体的根据本发明的相互作用。A、B示出平均值的条形图,误差条描述标准偏差的平均误差,全部实验进行6次。显著性通过双侧U检验确定,**显著水平为0.01,*显著水平为0.01。
下面结合实例阐述本发明,但不限制于此。
具体实施方式
实例
实例1:官能化聚合物的合成
合成的纳米颗粒基于疏水聚合物,聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA),所述疏水聚合物是生物相容的并且可生物分解的。这种聚合物由于其活性的羧酸基团(“酸终止”)能够通过偶联剂如EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺)共价地结合到胺官能化的染料上。在此使用多次甲基染料DY-635(见图2)。在此,每第100个聚合物链被官能化。紧接着,聚合物借助透析从游离的染料DY-635分离并且借助沉降作用提纯。在此,表征通过分子排阻色潽法(SEC)进行,其中UV/Vis检测器和RI(折射率,refractiveindex)检测器相互组合。图2中示出合成的图形视图和SEC洗脱曲线。
实例2:纳米颗粒的制备
在聚合物的官能化(实例1)之后,借助单面乳剂(A)和双面乳剂(B)制备纳米颗粒。在此使用高频超声,所述高频超声借助表面活性物质(表面活性剂,表面活化剂)、在此聚乙烯醇(PVA)有助于纳米级颗粒的形成。疏水聚合物为此溶解于醋酸乙酯中(25mg/ml),醋酸乙酯是与可水不混合的溶剂。0.3%PVA(聚乙烯醇)在超纯水中用作表面活化剂(表面活性剂),其中总聚合物浓度为2.5mg/ml。将醋酸乙酯中的聚合物悬浮液添加至具有表面活化剂的水并且通过超声形成纳米颗粒(A)。如果封入亲水物质,那么亲水物质首先溶解于水,添加到醋酸乙酯中的聚合物并且超声处理。紧接着,对此添加具有表面活化剂的水并且再次通过超声形成纳米颗粒。在图3中示出乳胶工艺的结果。
紧接着,如此制备的、具有大约200nm直径的纳米颗粒在空气流下搅拌,直至整个有机溶剂(醋酸乙酯)蒸发进而颗粒在水中是稳定的。为了移除过量的表面活性剂,纳米颗粒基本上用超纯水洗涤至少两次。这能够通过涡旋和在超声波浴中孵育来支持。最后冻干颗粒并且确定其质量。
图3:纳米颗粒的表征
由DY-635-共轭的PLGA(DY635-PLGA-NP)构成的纳米颗粒以恒定参数制备和再生产。为此所使用的化验如下实施:
-尺寸:通过动态光散射(例如Zetasizer(MalvernInstrumentsGmbH))或通过电子显微照片测量溶解于去离子水中的不同的纳米结构的载体系统的尺寸。
-形状:通过电子显微确定测定形状。
-电荷:通过确定电泳信号(ζ电位,表面电荷)在Zetasizer(MalvernInstrumentsGmbH)上测量溶解于去离子水中的不同的纳米结构的载体系统。
-内毒素:根据D.E.Guilfoyle,etal.,EvaluationofachromogenicprocedureforusewiththeLimuluslysateassayofbacterialendotoxinsdrugproducts.JParenterSciTechnol,1985,39(6):pp.233-6通过鲎试剂显色法(LALchromogenicassay)测量内毒素。
-溶血作用:红细胞的血红蛋白浓度的测量,所述红细胞与颗粒在生理缓冲液中孵育1h。在红细胞膜损坏的情况下,上清液中的可测量的血红蛋白浓度增加。
-凝集:红细胞的吸收的测量,所述红细胞与聚合物在生理缓冲液中孵育。具有细胞聚集的样本与不凝集的均匀分布的细胞相比显示出更低的吸收。
在图4中示出结果。A:尺寸,B:电荷,C:内毒素负荷。动态光散射用于尺寸测量,所述动态光散射借助ζ电位确定电荷。D:此外示出:DY635-PLGA-NP在血液中不具有赖氨酸特性并且其不引起红细胞的凝集。E和F:在电子显微照片(SEM)中示出:颗粒是圆形或球形的,其是未加载的并且没有靶向作用(E)和加载的并且具有靶向作用(F)。
实例4:通过RNAi和体外吸收引起药物相关效应(“概念验证”)
实施图6A:Hepa1-6细胞在标准培养条件下(37℃,5%CO2,DMEM4.5g/l葡萄糖,10%加热灭活的胎牛血清,1%盘尼西林/链霉素)在6孔板中培养(100.000细胞/9.6cm2)。在24小时之后,不同浓度的纳米结构的载体系统添加到孔中并且孵育不同的时间段(浓度和孵育时间在图5A中可见),所述纳米结构的载体系统如实例7B中那样制备。在孵育时间之后,细胞用汉克平衡盐溶液(HBSS)洗涤并且用混有1%β-疏基乙醇的RLT缓冲液(QiagenGmbH)裂解。mRNA从裂解液分离并且在RT-qPCR中分析。紧接着,值以次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤-磷酸核糖转移酶表达水平归一化并且HMGCR表达水平(HMGCR:3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰-辅酶A-还原酶辅酶或HMG-CoA)与未转染的Hepa1-6细胞相比较。
实施图6B:Hepa1-6细胞在标准培养条件下在ChamberSlides(Nunc,ThermoScientificGmbH)上培养(5000细胞/1.5cm2)。在24小时之后,细胞混有100μg/mL(最终浓度)DY-635改性的纳米结构的载体系统(制备如实例7B中描述)。在标准培养条件下与纳米结构的载体系统孵育30分钟后,细胞用HBSS洗涤并且用5%福尔马林(pH7)固定15分钟。紧接着,洗涤具有细胞的载玻片并且细胞核用DAPI染色。为了通过激光扫描显微镜来评估,细胞用VectaShield(VectorLabs,Inc.)湿润并且用盖玻片密封。纳米结构的载体系统通过用DY-635改性在633nm处检测到(激发),细胞核在460nm处可见(激发)。
结果在图5中示出。A:通过siRNA转染到Hepa1-6细胞中,HMGCR基因表达能够向下调节至70%。HMGCR(3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰-辅酶A-还原酶辅酶或HMG-CoA)体现中央代谢的共键酶-胆固醇生物合成。所述代谢基因的在该实验中示出的向下调节显示出通过纳米结构的载体系统进行的根据本发明的有效成分转运的效力。此外,提高的血浆胆固醇水平在动脉硬化的形成中具有核心意义。在此示出的利用本发明的纳米结构的载体系统的治疗方法是对传统的、用他汀类药物治疗的令人感兴趣的替代,此外,这是对于具有先天性高胆固醇血水平的人(家族性高胆固醇血症)在基因转运方向上的第一步。B:示出DY635-PLGA-NP在30分钟之内由Hepa1-6细胞(鼠类肝细胞系)吸收。纳米颗粒的这种快速且密集的吸收迄今在现有技术中未描述过。
实例5:体内靶向作用:器官特异性和分泌途径的描述
如在实例2(B)中那样描述用于该实验的纳米结构的载体系统的制备。为了注入,将冷冻干燥的纳米结构的载体系统借助轨道混合器(orbitalmixer)和超声波浴溶解于无菌的5%葡萄糖溶液中(GlucosterilG5,FreseniusSE&CoKGaG)。
实施,(图6A):小鼠或大鼠从静脉插入导管(颈静脉)。紧接着,肝脏非原位地在活体显微镜上制备。紧接着,静脉注射DY-635(13pmol/g体重(KG))或携带有DY-635改性物的纳米结构的载体系统,(6.5μg/gKG)并且DY-635在633nm处的特有的荧光在肝脏中随着时间测量并且不同的兴趣区(ROI,RegionsofInterest)在拍摄的图像中随时间定量化。在图6中示出DY-635(图6B)或DY-635改性的纳米结构的载体系统(图6C)的测量的有代表性的图像。DY-635或DY-635改性的纳米结构的载体系统通过DY-635在633nm处的荧光显示。肝结构通过NADH/NADH+在450nm处的自发荧光显示。为了显示器官特异性,雄性小鼠经由中心静脉导管被注射每g体重6.5μgDY-635改性的载体系统。在注射后10分钟,动物被无痛安乐死并且取出器官并且冷冻制备以用于组织学后处理。紧接着,在冷冻切片机上制作器官的5μm厚的切片并且所述切片用DAPI复染色。紧接着,全部器官在关于DAPI染色的细胞核(在430nm处)和关于纳米颗粒(在633nm处)相同的设置下研究。
结果在图6中示出。C:纳米颗粒DY635-PLGA-NP已经在1分钟之后被吸收到肝细胞中(圆石类信号富集区域,cobblestone-typesignal-richareas),在1分钟和10分钟之后成像(1min,10min)。在大约50分钟(50min)之后,几乎全部染料DY635从肝脏排出。DY635示出类似的结果。B:整体上示出与在先前用纯的染料DY635的研究中类似的结果。A:示出肝脏中DY635的衰变率。肝脏中与DY635和DY635-PLGA-NP变化的DY635强度的衰变率示出:染料DY635也仍细胞内地结合到聚合物PLGA上并且在PLGA水解之后才释放和排出。D-G:示出器官特异性,所述器官特异性借助不同的器官切片检查。在注入DY635-PLGA-NP(绿色)之后,在肝脏(D)中能够确认强的积累。相反,在脾脏(E)中、在心脏(F)中和在肾脏(G)中罕有纳米颗粒可见(脾脏、心脏)甚至没有(肾脏)纳米颗粒可见。
实例6:纳米颗粒DY635-PLGA的分泌途径
根据这些实验研究血浆收缩率和DY635-PLGA-纳米颗粒或多次甲基染料DY635的胆汁分泌。为此,给雄性大鼠(品种:RccHan:WIST)配器(在颈静脉、颈动脉、胆总管中的导管)。紧接着,待试验的物质经由静脉导管注入。紧接着,以短的时间间隔从动脉导管取出血液,并且从胆总管中的导管取出胆汁。随后将血液进一步处理为血浆。紧接着,燃料DY635的量通过荧光分析法基于校准曲线测量。在4分钟之后能够发现DY635-PLGA-NP在动脉血中最大并且在DY635-PLGA-NP注入之后直至20分钟、即在15分钟(min)之内,DY635-PLGA-NP几乎全部吸收到器官中。存在轻度的延迟,因为如已经描述的那样DY635必须首先从纳米颗粒释中放出来,然后DY635分泌到胆汁中(图6,绘图A)。在胆汁中DY635的(计算的)95%的恢复度同样示出DY635-PLGA-NP对于肝细胞的高的特异性(图6,绘图B)。
实例7:药物有效成分封入纳米颗粒中
在聚合物或脂质与靶单元官能化之后(实例1),通过单面乳剂(A)和双面乳剂(B)制备纳米颗粒。
(A)由单面乳剂构成的纳米颗粒
如果封入亲水性物质,那么使用单面乳胶工艺。在此,有效成分通过疏水性相互作用封入疏水性聚合物核中。在此,有效成分与聚合物溶解于适合的有机溶剂中。如果有机溶剂相对于聚合物和有效成分是中性的,那么有机溶剂是适合的,即所述有机溶剂不化学变化并且不影响聚合物和有效成分的稳定性。当前使用醋酸乙酯。混合物用亲水性溶剂包覆层。为了稳定纳米颗粒和提高产率,如在双面乳剂纳米颗粒的情况下能够向亲水性溶剂掺入表面活化剂(参见双面乳剂纳米颗粒)。两个相通过高能超声混合,所述高能超声与垂直地浸入样本中的电极同轴地放射出。由此产生纳米颗粒。
(B)双面乳剂纳米颗粒
为了制备,疏水性聚合物以高浓度溶解于适合的溶剂中。如果有机溶剂相对于聚合物和有效成分是中性的,那么有机溶剂是适合的,即所述有机溶剂不化学变化并且不影响聚合物和有效成分的稳定性。当前使用醋酸乙酯。聚合物的浓度与聚合物的尺寸、亲水性、溶解度和稳定性相关。在此,适合的浓度为2mg/mL和50mg/mL之间。有效成分以适合的浓度溶解于超纯水中。适合的有效成分浓度与有效成分的化学特性和纳米颗粒的容量相关。紧接着,溶解于有机溶剂中的壳聚合物用含水溶液中溶解的有效成分包覆层。聚合物和有机溶剂在此必须至少10倍过量地存在于样本中。通过高能超声与垂直地浸入样本中的电极同轴地射入,朝外产生疏水的颗粒。由此,由于与纳米颗粒的内部的亲水性基团的相互作用将有效成分封入亲水的核中。在第二步骤中,适合的表面活化剂以适合的浓度溶解于超纯水中。当所述表面活化剂能足以制造纳米颗粒时,表面活化剂的浓度是合适的。浓度与环境条件相关并且必须以实验的方式确定。所述浓度通常为0.01%和5%之间(w/v)。然后,如此多的表面活化剂被添加到样本中,使得聚合物的浓度仅为初始量的至少1/10。又形成两个相,所述相通过高频超声混合,所述高频超声与垂直地浸入样本中的电极同轴地放射出来。通过掺入表面活性的物质(表面活化剂),例如表面活性剂(Tenside),当前为聚乙烯醇,确保水溶性的纳米级颗粒的形成。
为了说明描述如下配药,在所述配药中将与聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)络合的亲水性小干扰RNA(siRNA)封入在PLGA纳米颗粒中。PLGA事先用DY-635改性,使得每第200个链携带一个染料分子:
(1)2.4μLPEI(1mg/ml)与2μLsiRNA(1μg/μl)混合并且用45.6μl超纯水混合。所述混合物以下称作Polyplexe(阳离子多聚物),因为阴离子的siRNA与阳离子的PEI相互反应并且PEI将siRNA结合并且稳定在孔眼紧密的网络中。
(2)325mgDY-635-共轭的PLGA溶解于总共12.35ml的醋酸乙酯中。
(3)来自(2)的90μl聚合物溶液与来自(1)的50μl阳离子多聚物用高频超声混合(如上描述地射入)。
(4)1mL含0.3wt%PVA的超纯水中被添加到混合物中并且用超声射入。
(5)提纯并且冷冻干燥产生的纳米颗粒。
提纯(对于(A)和(B))
以该方式制备的纳米颗粒具有如下直径,所述直径与脉管的形状和材料、超声强度以及材料浓度相关并且具有120nm至220nm的尺寸。在无菌条件下,在制备纳米颗粒之后,除去溶剂。为了除去过量的表面活性剂,通过离心、降低残余物和在无菌的超纯水中重悬纳米颗粒来多次(至少两次)清洗纳米颗粒。最后冻干纳米颗粒并且确定其质量。
实例8:药物有效成分封入脂质体中
在聚合物或脂质与靶单元官能化之后(实例1),如下制备脂质体:
1.制备50mM脂质溶液,所述脂质溶液例如由1:1DOPC:DSPC(1,2-二油酰-SN-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱:1,2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酰硫胆碱)+30%胆固醇+含5%N-dod-DOPE的氯仿/甲醇(2:1体积/体积)构成。在使用前,DOPC可以用多次甲基染料改性。
2.在旋转蒸发器中蒸发氯仿/甲醇溶剂(大约30min,90rpm)。
3.紧接着,脂质溶解于1ml7:3体积/体积混合的DMSO:EtOH中。
4.紧接着,亲水性葡聚糖作为有效成分溶解于适合的缓冲液,更确切地说在PBS(磷酸盐缓冲溶液)溶解至浓度为1mg/ml。
5.然后0.3ml的脂质溶液以滴加的方式添加到葡聚糖溶液中。葡聚糖溶液在以滴加的方式添加期间在磁力搅拌器上以750rpm保持运动。
6.紧接着,脂质体在小型挤出机中分离。
7.紧接着,脂质体溶液等分在1ml的容器中并且交替地在液氮中冰冻和在热水中再次解冻10次。
8.紧接着,脂质体在挤出机中再分离10次。
9.然后脂质体在准备好的透析盒(MWCO=20kDa)中相对PBS透析16小时。
10.紧接着,脂质体能够被冷冻干燥、贮藏或使用。
实例9:通过siRNA相对于HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR)以器官特异性的方式转运到用DY-635改性的纳米结构的载体系统中的方式来影响胆固醇生物合成
雄性FVB/NRj小鼠(10周龄)以24小时间隔通过静脉注射用DY-635改性的纳米结构的载体系统处理两次。在此,按每克体重注入6.5μg的纳米结构的载体系统。如实例7(B)描述的那样制备载体系统,其中将以108μgPEI改性的PLGA封入3mgDY-635中以用于对照于HMGCR或3μg紊乱siRNA(scrambledsiRNA)(无效的siRNA)制备3μgsiRNA。在第二次注射16小时后动物被无痛安乐死并且取出血液以及器官用来分析。血液被接收到肝素锂管(lithiumheparinmonovettes)中并且处理成血浆。针对治疗的效力,确定血浆中总胆固醇,以及对于特异性,在qPCR中确定不同器官中的基因表达变化。这些值与健康的FVB/NRj小鼠(10周龄)和对照组的胆固醇和HMGCR表达水平相比较。对照组如下组成:
-用DY-635改性的且借此而肝细胞特异的纳米结构的载体系统和无效的紊乱siRNA进行处理;
-用纳米结构的载体系统处理,所述纳米结构的载体不包含DY-635改性,但其他方面不与治疗的结构物不同;
-动物仅获得5%葡萄糖溶液。
实例10:证实DY-635与肝细胞转运体的相互作用
HEK-293T细胞用人类组织特异性的肝细胞转运体转染。紧接着,对于图10A,研究多次甲基染料DY-635作为靶单元吸收到该组织特异性的转运体中。为此,将细胞接种在96孔板上,在标准条件下孵育24小时,在更换培养液之后用DY-635孵育5分钟(在孔中的最终浓度:10μmol/l)。紧接着,裂解细胞并且在荧光分析法中测量裂解液。通过DY-635标准曲线能够定量所吸收的DY-635的量。各个转运体被特异性地抑制以对照(抑制剂和所使用的最终浓度在下列表3中描述)。在该实验示出:DY-635是NTCP的底物。通过OCT1的吸收能够视为是可以忽略不计的。在图10B中研究:DY-635是否作为抑制剂结合到底外侧的肝细胞转运体上。为此,用组织特异性的转运体转染的HEK-293T细胞如描述的那样接种和孵育。在24小时之后,细胞用放射性标记的、转运体特异性的底物,或者用具有特异性抑制剂或具有DY-635(10μmol/l最终浓度)的放射性的特异性的底物孵育5分钟(所应用的底物和其浓度在下列表3中描述)。紧接着,洗涤细胞并且在孔中裂解。为了对吸收定量,使用底物的放射性辐射。在此示出:对于OATP1B1和OATP1B3,DY-635是强的抑制剂。OAT2和OCT1也通过DY-635抑制。这表明DY-635与组织特异性的肝细胞转运体强烈的相互作用。可以得出结论:通过DY-635暴露在纳米结构的转运体系统的表面上,出现所述纳米结构的转运体系统固定在肝细胞的细胞表面上,这引起纳米颗粒的胞吞作用。
表3
Claims (16)
1.一种纳米结构的载体系统,其包括至少一种聚合物和/或至少一种脂质和至少一种多次甲基染料,其中至少一种所述多次甲基染料作为靶单元引起纳米结构的所述载体系统目标指向地转运到靶组织中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种所述多次甲基染料经由至少一种组织特异性的转运体引起将纳米结构的所述载体系统吸收到所述靶组织的细胞中。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种所述多次甲基染料由至少一种组织特异性的转运体识别并且在所述靶组织的细胞的细胞表面上与所述转运体相互作用,由此纳米结构的所述载体系统优选在所述细胞表面上累积和固定并且优选被吸收到所述靶组织的细胞中。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统,其中纳米结构的所述载体系统还包括至少一种药物有效成分。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种所述多次甲基染料是一般结构I、II、III或IV的对称的或不对称的聚甲炔:
其中
a.n代表数值0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10,
b.R1-R17是相同的或不同的并且能够是氢、一个或多个烷基、叔烷基、环烷基残基或芳基残基、羧基芳基残基、二羧基芳基残基、杂芳基残基或脂肪杂环残基、烷氧基基团、烷疏基、芳氧基基团、芳疏基基团、杂芳氧基基团、杂芳疏基基团、氢氧基基团、硝基基团或氰基基团、烷基取代的或环状的氨基官能团,和/或两个邻位的残基,例如R3和R4、R13和R14和/或R1和R2和R11和R12和/或R7和R9能够共同形成另一芳香族的、芳香杂环的、脂肪族的或脂肪杂环的环,
c.取代基R1-R17的至少一个具有增溶的和/或能电离的或离子化的取代基,如SO3 -、(-SO3H)、PO3 2、COOH、OH或NR3 +、环糊精或糖,所述取代基决定所述多次甲基染料的亲水性,其中所述取代基也能够经由间隔基团结合在所述多次甲基染料上,并且
d.所述取代基R1-R17的至少一个具有反应基团(连接体),如异氰酸盐、异硫氰酸盐、肼、胺、一氯代三嗪和二氯代三嗪或一溴代三嗪和二溴代三嗪、氮丙啶、环氧化物、磺酰卤、酰卤、羧酸酐、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、亚氨基酯、羧酸、乙二醛、乙醛、马来酰亚胺或碘乙酰胺和亚磷酰胺衍生物或叠氮化合物、炔烃或烯烃,其中所述取代基也能够经由间隔基团结合在所述多次甲基染料上,
e.芳香族的、芳香杂环的、脂肪族的或脂肪杂环的所述间隔基团由结构元件,如-[(CH2)a-Y-(CH2)b]c-或-[(C6H4)a-Y-(C6H4)b]-构成,其中Y是相同的或不同的并且包含CR2-、O-、S-、SO2、SO2NH-、NR-、COO-或CONR官能团,其中所述官能团在取代基R1-R17的一个上并且a和b是相同的或不同的并且具有0-18的数值并且c具有0-18的数值,
f.所述取代基R8和R9能够在相应地n=2、3、4或5的情况下同样2倍、3倍、4倍或5倍地存在并且所述取代基能够是相同的或不同的。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种所述多次甲基染料选自:DY635、DY-680、DY-780、DY-880、DY-735、DY-835、DY-830、DY-730、DY-750、DY-850、DY-778、DY-878、DY-704、DY-804、DY-754、DY-854、DY-700、DY-800、ICG和DY-IRDYE800CW。
7.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种所述聚合物选自:聚酯、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯衍生物、聚酰胺、聚氨酯、聚丙烯腈、聚四氟乙烯、硅酮、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯氧化物和聚恶唑啉和其共聚物,优选以不同的组分,如无规共聚物、梯度共聚物、交替共聚物、嵌段共聚物、接枝共聚物或星形共聚物,或至少一种所述脂质选自:饱和的和不饱和的脂肪酸,优选胆固醇、棕榈酸甲酯、磷脂、鞘脂和糖脂。
8.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种组织特异性的转运体选自:OATP1B1、OATP-C、OATP2、LST-1、OATP1B3、OATP8、OATP2B1、OATP1A2、NaDC3、SDCT2、NTCP、OCT1、OCT3、OAT2、OAT1、OAT3、PGT、OCT2、OAT1、OATP4A1、OATP4C1。
9.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统,其中至少一种所述药物有效成分选自:低分子物质、尤其诱导因子或造影剂,和高分子物质、尤其核酸和蛋白质,优选选自:糖皮质激素、细胞抑制剂,抗代谢药、插入剂、抗体、干扰素、磷酸肌醇-3激酶抑制剂、昔布类、JNK抑制剂。
10.一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包括根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统以及适合的辅助和添加剂。
11.一种根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统或根据权利要求10所述的药物组合物的应用,以用于主动地和选择性地将纳米结构的所述载体系统或所述药物组合物转运到靶组织中,其中转运通过至少一种作为靶单元的多次甲基染料引起。
12.一种根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统或根据权利要求10所述的药物组合物的应用,以用于将纳米结构的所述载体系统或所述药物组合物吸收到靶组织的细胞中,其中至少一种多次甲基染料经由至少一种组织特异性的转运体引起纳米结构的所述载体系统或所述药物组合物吸收到所述靶组织的细胞中。
13.一种根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统或根据权利要求10所述的药物组合物的应用,以用于将纳米结构的所述载体系统和/或其组成部分在靶组织中累积,其中纳米结构的所述载体系统和/或其组成部分在靶组织中累积能够借助至少一种多次甲基染料的荧光特性来检测。
14.一种根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统或根据权利要求10所述的药物组合物作为药物的应用。
15.一种根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统或根据权利要求10所述的药物组合物用于治疗肝脏和/或肾脏疾病的应用。
16.根据权利要求15所述的根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的纳米结构的载体系统或根据权利要求10所述的药物组合物用于治疗肝脏和/或肾脏疾病的应用,其中所述疾病选自:具有肝脏和/或肾脏损害的传染病、肝功能衰竭、肝硬化、肝脏的代谢疾病、肝脏的排泄功能障碍、肝肿瘤、原发性肝肿瘤、肾肿瘤、原发性肾肿瘤、肾炎、慢性和急性肾衰竭以及如下疾病,所述疾病造成肝脏和/或肾脏的相继损害。
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