CN105506623A - Surface plating method for die-casting zinc alloy component - Google Patents
Surface plating method for die-casting zinc alloy component Download PDFInfo
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- CN105506623A CN105506623A CN201510937217.XA CN201510937217A CN105506623A CN 105506623 A CN105506623 A CN 105506623A CN 201510937217 A CN201510937217 A CN 201510937217A CN 105506623 A CN105506623 A CN 105506623A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/023—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/31—Coating with metals
- C23C18/32—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron
- C23C18/34—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron using reducing agents
- C23C18/36—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron using reducing agents using hypophosphites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/38—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
Abstract
The invention discloses a surface plating method for a die-casting zinc alloy component. The surface plating method comprises the following steps: 1, treatment before coating; 2, cyanide-free copper pre-plating, wherein the composition of a plating solution is as follows: pyrophosphoric acid with the concentration of 100-120 g/L, sodium pyrophosphate with the concentration of 40-50 g/L, trisodium citrate with the concentration of 280-300 g/L, sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate with the concentration of 26-30 g/L, HEDP with the concentration of 30-50 g/L, ethidene diamine with the concentration of 260-280 g/L, ammonium difluoride with the concentration of 2-3 g/L, sodium fluoride with the concentration of 2-3 g/L and lithium fluoride with the concentration of 6-8 g/L; the pH value is adjusted to 8.5-9.5 with ammonium hydroxide; the plating technology is that the cathode current density namely the initial current density is 2-7 A/dm<2>, and the time is 6-8 minutes; and the working current density is 1.5-2.5 A/dm<2>, and the time is 10-12 minutes; 3, chemical nickel plating: chemical nickel plating is performed on the surface of the copper-pre-plated zinc alloy die-casting component, wherein the composition of a plating solution and the technology are as follows: NiSO4.6H2O with the concentration of 30-40 g/L, C6H8O7.H2O with the concentration of 2-4 g/L, lactic acid with the concentration of 3-5 g/L, propionic acid with the concentration of 0.5-1.5 g/L, HF(40%) with the concentration of 16-20 mL/L, NH4HF2 with the concentration of 14-16 g/L, NaH2PO2.H2O with the concentration of 14-16 g/L, NH3.H2O with the concentration of 20-22 mL/L and thiourea with the concentration of 2-4 mg/L; the pH value is 4.5-5.5; the temperature is 88-92 DEG C; and the time is 45-55 minutes; and 4, passivating and hole sealing.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of electroplating, particularly a kind of zinc die casting alloys part overlay coating method.
Background technology
Because zinc alloy low price, fusing point are low, particularly extrusion process performance is good, has been widely used in and has manufactured hardware accessory, also can be used for manufacturing ornamental practical metalwork.As the badge etc. of various slide fastener, belt hook, case and bag accessory, vehicle nameplate and soldier.
Zinc alloy diecasting appearance is greyish white, and there is various defect on surface, as: slag inclusion, shrinkage cavity etc., therefore, in not surface treated situation, its usability and ornamental all non-constant.Common surface treatment method is plating.According to difference that is ornamental, Functional Requirement, electroplating technology has certain difference.As, have that appearance is gold-plated, silver-plated, chromium plating, plating rifle look etc. point.But regardless of the coating of appearance, the pre-electroplating method of zinc alloy diecasting is identical.So-called preplating, refers to the coating directly contacted with zinc alloy.Plating after preplating, will adopt diverse ways according to different demand.
The electroplating technology that zinc alloy diecasting is conventional is: 1. treatment before plating-cyanide electroplating preplating-tetra-sodium copper facing-acid copper-plating-bright nickel plating-gold-plated (silver-plated); 2. treatment before plating-neutral nickel plating preplating-tetra-sodium copper facing-acid copper-plating-bright nickel plating-gold-plated (silver-plated).
Cyanide electroplating pre-metallization solution is containing cuprous cyanide 30g/L, sodium cyanide 33g/L.Cyanide copper plating process stable performance, easy and simple to handle, but owing to employing a large amount of prussiate, all there is very strict requirement to the process of the plating three wastes, explained hereafter management.Again due in recent years; the zinc alloy diecasting surface-treated development relevant to cyanide copper plating process is very rapid; make to electroplate containing cyanogen the environmental pollution brought in rising trend, therefore, existing cyanide copper plating process can not meet the requirement of industrial development and environment protection.Particularly State Economic and Trade Commission promulgated the 32nd command last year, included one of backward technique must forcing for 2003 to eliminate in by containing cyanogen plating.The alternative techniques finding cyanide electroplating has been not only a technical problem.
Neutral nickel preplating is mainly used in the rack plating process of zinc alloy diecasting, and the main component of plating solution is NiSO
4, Trisodium Citrate etc., containing prussiate, but the bonding force of nickel layer and matrix can not show a candle to the performance of cyanide electroplating preplating, and conforming product rate is low.And due to the activation capacity of neutral nickel-plating liquid to zinc alloy diecasting poor, also have higher requirement to its pre-treatment.Neutral nickel plating technology generally can not be used for the barrel plating of zinc alloy diecasting, and therefore, range of application is not industrially very extensive.In addition, the solution cost of neutral nickel plating is higher, and wastewater treatment difficulty, limits its large-scale application industrially.
Other zinc alloy diecasting pre-plating process also have electroless copper, HEDP copper facing, gunmetal plating etc., all fail to obtain practical application in the industry because of problems such as bonding force, cost, wastewater treatments.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, an object of the present invention is to provide a kind of zinc die casting alloys part overlay coating method, and adopt the bonding force between the base material of the method plating and coating high, corrosion resistance of coating is high, the environmental protection plating technic that plating piece surfacing is attractive in appearance.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention is as follows:
A kind of zinc die casting alloys part overlay coating method, the method comprises the steps:
(1) treatment before plating: comprise the grease removal of zinc die casting alloys part surface degreasing, acid pickling and rust removing, activated process to improve the bonding force of coating; Wherein surface degreasing grease removal is for adopting acetone ultrasonic oil removal and alkali cleaning grease removal technique, and the solution composition of alkali cleaning grease removal and technique are: NaOH16-18g/L, Na
2cO
310H
2o14-18g/L, Na
3pO
412H
2o18-20g/L, sodium lauryl sulphate 0.6-0.8g/L, temperature: 60-64 DEG C, time: 6-10min; Adopt Acidwash solution to carry out pickling, the composition of Acidwash solution and technique are CH
3cOOH130-150g/L, NaNO
330-40g/L, temperature greenhouse temperature, the treatment time is 2-3 minute; Adopt activated solution to activate, the composition of activated solution and technique are: HF (40%) 400-420mL/L, and temperature is room temperature, and the time is 5-7 minute;
(2) non-cyanide pre-plating copper: wherein solution composition is cupric pyrophosphate 100-120g/L; Trisodium phosphate 40-50g/L, trisodium citrate 280-300g/L, Seignette salt 26-30g/L, HEDP30-50g/L, quadrol 260-280g/L; Bifluoride hydrogen ammonium 2-3g/L; Sodium Fluoride 2-3g/L, lithium fluoride 6-8g/L; Ammoniacal liquor adjust ph 8.5-9.5, electroplating technology is cathode current density: initial current density 2-7A/dm
2, time 6-8min; Working current density 1.5-2.5A/dm
2, time 10-12min;
(3) chemical nickel plating: carry out chemical nickel plating on the zinc alloy diecasting surface of copper pre-plating, solution composition and technique are NiSO
46H
2o30-40g/L, C
6h
8o
7h
2o2-4g/L, lactic acid 3-5g/L, propionic acid 0.5-1.5g/L, HF (40%) 16-20mL/L, NH
4hF
214-16g/L, NaH
2pO
2h
2o14-16g/L, NH
3h
2o20-22mL/L, thiocarbamide 2-4mg/L, pH value 4.5-5.5; Temperature 88-92 DEG C; Time 45-55 minute;
(4) passivation, sealing of hole: solution preparation and operational condition as follows: CrO
33.5-4.5g/L, K
2cr
2o
780-90g/L; Temperature 90-94 DEG C; Time 12-16min.
Method of the present invention is applicable to the plating nickel on surface process of 2#, 3#, 5# and 7# zinc alloy diecasting product.
The present invention has following beneficial effect:
1) the present invention is first on the basis of a large amount of orthogonal test, determine the composition of the pre-plating solution of non-cyanide pre-plating copper, and in conjunction with the feature of non-cyanide pre-plating copper, have adjusted the composition of chemical nickel-plating plating solution, the coating layer adopting plating solution of the present invention to prepare is made to have the strong metallic coating of bonding force, coating film thickness is even, and solidity to corrosion is high.Metallic coating has good static conductive, rub resistance, heat conduction and anti-electromagnetic interference capability, avoids the consequence that cyanide electroplating bottoming causes environment to be heavily polluted, and is a kind of environmentfriendly products; The raw material used in the present invention, low price, low production cost, economic benefit significantly improves.
2) adjustment is optimized for the solution composition of service requirements to non-cyanide pre-plating copper and chemical nickel plating of slide fastener especially, above-mentioned two kinds of bath compositions are need according to plating the functional component selected, lack wherein any one component in two kinds of plating solutions and will cause plating effect deteriorate, and add other component again and will cause cost up, and do not have clear improvement effect, even deleterious.On the basis of the component determined, and then determine the content of each component, test proves, when only having the content when each component to be in the scope of such scheme restriction, could obtain that sticking power chamber, solidity to corrosion are high, the coating of appearance looks elegant, the above-mentioned scope of any one component deviation, all will cause the deterioration of plating outcome, therefore, can think that each function ingredients reaches synergistic action effect in the compositional range that such scheme limits.And only have when two kinds of plating solution conbined usage, effect is just more remarkable.
Embodiment
Embodiment one
A kind of zinc die casting alloys part overlay coating method, the method comprises the steps:
(1) treatment before plating: comprise the grease removal of zinc die casting alloys part surface degreasing, acid pickling and rust removing, activated process to improve the bonding force of coating; Wherein surface degreasing grease removal is for adopting acetone ultrasonic oil removal and alkali cleaning grease removal technique, and the solution composition of alkali cleaning grease removal and technique are: NaOH16g/L, Na
2cO
310H
2o18g/L, Na
3pO
412H
2o18g/L, sodium lauryl sulphate 0.8g/L, temperature: 60 DEG C, time: 10min; Adopt Acidwash solution to carry out pickling, the composition of Acidwash solution and technique are CH
3cOOH130g/L, NaNO
340g/L, temperature greenhouse temperature, the treatment time is 2 minutes; Adopt activated solution to activate, the composition of activated solution and technique are: HF (40%) 420mL/L, and temperature is room temperature, and the time is 5 minutes;
(2) non-cyanide pre-plating copper: wherein solution composition is cupric pyrophosphate 100g/L; Trisodium phosphate 50g/L, trisodium citrate 280g/L, Seignette salt 30g/L, HEDP30g/L, quadrol 280g/L; Bifluoride hydrogen ammonium 2g/L; Sodium Fluoride 3g/L, lithium fluoride 6g/L; Ammoniacal liquor adjust ph 9.5, electroplating technology is cathode current density: initial current density 2A/dm
2, time 8min; Working current density 1.5A/dm
2, time 12min;
(3) chemical nickel plating: carry out chemical nickel plating on the zinc alloy diecasting surface of copper pre-plating, solution composition and technique are NiSO
46H
2o30g/L, C
6h
8o
7h
2o4g/L, lactic acid 3g/L, propionic acid 1.5g/L, HF (40%) 16mL/L, NH
4hF
216g/L, NaH
2pO
2h
2o14g/L, NH
3h
2o22mL/L, thiocarbamide 2mg/L, pH value 5.5; Temperature 88 DEG C; 55 minutes time;
(4) passivation, sealing of hole: solution preparation and operational condition as follows: CrO
33.5g/L, K
2cr
2o
790g/L; Temperature 90 DEG C; Time 16min.
Embodiment two
A kind of zinc die casting alloys part overlay coating method, the method comprises the steps:
(1) treatment before plating: comprise the grease removal of zinc die casting alloys part surface degreasing, acid pickling and rust removing, activated process to improve the bonding force of coating; Wherein surface degreasing grease removal is for adopting acetone ultrasonic oil removal and alkali cleaning grease removal technique, and the solution composition of alkali cleaning grease removal and technique are: NaOH18g/L, Na
2cO
310H
2o14g/L, Na
3pO
412H
2o20g/L, sodium lauryl sulphate 0.6g/L, temperature: 64 DEG C, time: 6min; Adopt Acidwash solution to carry out pickling, the composition of Acidwash solution and technique are CH
3cOOH150g/L, NaNO
330g/L, temperature greenhouse temperature, the treatment time is 3 minutes; Adopt activated solution to activate, the composition of activated solution and technique are: HF (40%) 400mL/L, and temperature is room temperature, and the time is 7 minutes;
(2) non-cyanide pre-plating copper: wherein solution composition is cupric pyrophosphate 120g/L; Trisodium phosphate 40g/L, trisodium citrate 300g/L, Seignette salt 26g/L, HEDP50g/L, quadrol 260g/L; Bifluoride hydrogen ammonium 3g/L; Sodium Fluoride 2g/L, lithium fluoride 8g/L; Ammoniacal liquor adjust ph 8.5, electroplating technology is cathode current density: initial current density 7A/dm
2, time 6min; Working current density 2.5A/dmw, time 10min;
(3) chemical nickel plating: carry out chemical nickel plating on the zinc alloy diecasting surface of copper pre-plating, solution composition and technique are NiSO
46H
2o40g/L, C
6h
8o
7h
2o2g/L, lactic acid 5g/L, propionic acid 0.5g/L, HF (40%) 20mL/L, NH
4hF
214g/L, NaH
2pO
2h
2o16g/L, NH
3h
2o20mL/L, thiocarbamide 4mg/L, pH value 4.5; Temperature 92 DEG C; 45 minutes time;
(4) passivation, sealing of hole: solution preparation and operational condition as follows: CrO
34.5g/L, K
2cr
2o
780g/L; Temperature 94 DEG C; Time 12min.
Embodiment three
A kind of zinc die casting alloys part overlay coating method, the method comprises the steps:
(1) treatment before plating: comprise the grease removal of zinc die casting alloys part surface degreasing, acid pickling and rust removing, activated process to improve the bonding force of coating; Wherein surface degreasing grease removal is for adopting acetone ultrasonic oil removal and alkali cleaning grease removal technique, and the solution composition of alkali cleaning grease removal and technique are: NaOH17g/L, Na
2cO
310H
2o16g/L, Na
3pO
412H
2o19g/L, sodium lauryl sulphate 0.7g/L, temperature: 62 DEG C, time: 8min; Adopt Acidwash solution to carry out pickling, the composition of Acidwash solution and technique are CH
3cOOH140g/L, NaNO
335g/L, temperature greenhouse temperature, the treatment time is 2.5 minutes; Adopt activated solution to activate, the composition of activated solution and technique are: HF (40%) 410mL/L, and temperature is room temperature, and the time is 6 minutes;
(2) non-cyanide pre-plating copper: wherein solution composition is cupric pyrophosphate 110g/L; Trisodium phosphate 45g/L, trisodium citrate 290g/L, Seignette salt 28g/L, HEDP40g/L, quadrol 270g/L; Bifluoride hydrogen ammonium 2.5g/L; Sodium Fluoride 2.5g/L, lithium fluoride 7g/L; Ammoniacal liquor adjust ph 9.0, electroplating technology is cathode current density: initial current density 4A/dm
2, time 7min; Working current density 2A/dm
2, time 11min;
(3) chemical nickel plating: carry out chemical nickel plating on the zinc alloy diecasting surface of copper pre-plating, solution composition and technique are NiSO
46H
2o35g/L, C
6h
8o
7h
2o3g/L, lactic acid 4g/L, propionic acid 1.0g/L, HF (40%) 18mL/L, NH
4hF
215g/L, NaH
2pO
2h
2o15g/L, NH
3h
2o21mL/L, thiocarbamide 3mg/L, pH value 5.0; Temperature 90 DEG C; 50 minutes time;
(4) passivation, sealing of hole: solution preparation and operational condition as follows: CrO
34.0g/L, K
2cr
2o
785g/L; Temperature 92 DEG C; Time 14min.
Applicant states, the present invention illustrates detailed process equipment and process flow process of the present invention by above-described embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned detailed process equipment and process flow process, namely do not mean that the present invention must rely on above-mentioned detailed process equipment and process flow process and could implement.Person of ordinary skill in the field should understand, any improvement in the present invention, to equivalence replacement and the interpolation of ancillary component, the concrete way choice etc. of each raw material of product of the present invention, all drops within protection scope of the present invention and open scope.
Claims (1)
1. a zinc die casting alloys part overlay coating method, it is characterized in that, the method comprises the steps:
(1) treatment before plating: comprise the grease removal of zinc die casting alloys part surface degreasing, acid pickling and rust removing, activated process to improve the bonding force of coating; Wherein surface degreasing grease removal is for adopting acetone ultrasonic oil removal and alkali cleaning grease removal technique, and the solution composition of alkali cleaning grease removal and technique are: NaOH16-18g/L, Na
2cO
310H
2o14-18g/L, Na
3pO
412H
2o18-20g/L, sodium lauryl sulphate 0.6-0.8g/L, temperature: 60-64 DEG C, time: 6-10min; Adopt Acidwash solution to carry out pickling, the composition of Acidwash solution and technique are CH
3cOOH130-150g/L, NaNO
330-40g/L, temperature greenhouse temperature, the treatment time is 2-3 minute; Adopt activated solution to activate, the composition of activated solution and technique are: HF (40%) 400-420mL/L, and temperature is room temperature, and the time is 5-7 minute;
(2) non-cyanide pre-plating copper: wherein solution composition is cupric pyrophosphate 100-120g/L; Trisodium phosphate 40-50g/L, trisodium citrate 280-300g/L, Seignette salt 26-30g/L, HEDP30-50g/L, quadrol 260-280g/L; Bifluoride hydrogen ammonium 2-3g/L; Sodium Fluoride 2-3g/L, lithium fluoride 6-8g/L; Ammoniacal liquor adjust ph 8.5-9.5, electroplating technology is cathode current density: initial current density 2-7A/dm
2, time 6-8min; Working current density 1.5-2.5A/dm
2, time 10-12min;
(3) chemical nickel plating: carry out chemical nickel plating on the zinc alloy diecasting surface of copper pre-plating, solution composition and technique are NiSO
46H
2o30-40g/L, C
6h
8o
7h
2o2-4g/L, lactic acid 3-5g/L, propionic acid 0.5-1.5g/L, HF (40%) 16-20mL/L, NH
4hF
214-16g/L, NaH
2pO
2h
2o14-16g/L, NH
3h
2o20-22mL/L, thiocarbamide 2-4mg/L, pH value 4.5-5.5; Temperature 88-92 DEG C; Time 45-55 minute;
(4) passivation, sealing of hole: solution preparation and operational condition as follows: CrO
33.5-4.5g/L, K
2cr
2o
780-90g/L; Temperature 90-94 DEG C; Time 12-16min.
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN112176342A (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2021-01-05 | 深圳市大富方圆成型技术有限公司 | Metal surface treatment method and heating pipe of electronic cigarette |
Citations (3)
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CN1473961A (en) * | 2003-07-24 | 2004-02-11 | 南京航空航天大学 | Non-cyanide electroplating process for zinc alloy die casting |
CN1598059A (en) * | 2004-08-05 | 2005-03-23 | 广州杰赛科技股份有限公司 | Magnesium alloy non cyanogen plating copper chemical plating nickle and its plating process |
CN101275255A (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2008-10-01 | 广州市二轻工业科学技术研究所 | Maintenance method for alkaline non-cyanide plating copper |
-
2015
- 2015-12-16 CN CN201510937217.XA patent/CN105506623A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1473961A (en) * | 2003-07-24 | 2004-02-11 | 南京航空航天大学 | Non-cyanide electroplating process for zinc alloy die casting |
CN1598059A (en) * | 2004-08-05 | 2005-03-23 | 广州杰赛科技股份有限公司 | Magnesium alloy non cyanogen plating copper chemical plating nickle and its plating process |
CN101275255A (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2008-10-01 | 广州市二轻工业科学技术研究所 | Maintenance method for alkaline non-cyanide plating copper |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN112176342A (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2021-01-05 | 深圳市大富方圆成型技术有限公司 | Metal surface treatment method and heating pipe of electronic cigarette |
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