CN105506616B - Laser cladding nickel base alloy powder for repairing damaged blower vane and repair method - Google Patents
Laser cladding nickel base alloy powder for repairing damaged blower vane and repair method Download PDFInfo
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- CN105506616B CN105506616B CN201510933271.7A CN201510933271A CN105506616B CN 105506616 B CN105506616 B CN 105506616B CN 201510933271 A CN201510933271 A CN 201510933271A CN 105506616 B CN105506616 B CN 105506616B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P6/00—Restoring or reconditioning objects
- B23P6/002—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors
- B23P6/007—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors using only additive methods, e.g. build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0433—Nickel- or cobalt-based alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/005—Repairing methods or devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
- F01D5/288—Protective coatings for blades
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
- B22F2007/068—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts repairing articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/04—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of turbine blades
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/001—Turbines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
- B23K2103/26—Alloys of Nickel and Cobalt and Chromium
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses laser cladding nickel base alloy powder for repairing a damaged blower vane and a repair method. The laser cladding nickel base alloy powder comprises the raw materials by mass percent: 12.0-18.0% of Cr, 40-47% of Ni, 1.0-3.0% of W, 2.0-4.0% of Mo, 30.0-40.0% of Fe and 2.0-4.0% of Co. The repair method comprises the steps that the damaged blower vane is subjected to cladding pretreatment; by adopting a numerical control laser cladding machine, and in an argon atmosphere, by adopting a CO2 laser as a lasing source and adopting a tapered powder bundle coaxial powder deliver mode, the damaged blower vane is subjected to multitrack lapping laser cladding with prepared mixed powder. According to the invention, two elements, namely Co and Cr, are adopted to stabilize a principal phases, the toughness and the erosion resistance are improved by adding W and Mo, and cracking phenomena during cladding layer multitrack lapping are reduced. The design is simple and reasonable; on the premise of ensuring the repair quality of an impeller of an axial flow blower, the anti-scouring corrosion capacity of the surface of the impeller can be improved effectively; and a cladding powder material having high performance and high reliability is provided for prolonging the service life of the blower.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to plant equipment surface re-manufacturing technology field, more particularly relates to one kind and uses laser melting and coating technique
The design of the nickel-base alloy cladding powder of impeller blade surface antiscour corrosive nature is lifted, is belonged to Surface Engineering and is remanufactured skill
Art field.
Background technology
In oil and field of metallurgy, large blower is one of indispensable power-equipment.During service, it leads blower fan
The kernel components such as axle, impeller, blade are vulnerable to Al2O3、SiO2Washing away and H Deng solid particle2S、SO2、CO2, the chemistry such as CO
The corrosion of material so that component surface easily weares and teares, ultimately results in failure.At present, solving the approach of this problem has two
Kind, the first prepares impeller and blade, and profit when new product is manufactured using materials such as 2Cr13,0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb stainless steels
Surface Hardening Treatment is carried out with glow discharge nitriding technology, but effect is limited, it is impossible to be reasonably resistant to rushing for high intensity under working environment
Brush corrosion;Another kind of approach is to carry out surface reconditioning to damaged component of machine using laser melting and coating technique, while passing through
The metallic elements such as Ni, Co, W, Mo are adulterated in cladding powder to improve the corrosion resistance of product surface, the method can be carried significantly
The service life of high product, while spillage of material, reduces cost can be reduced, also complies with energy-conserving and environment-protective, green that country advocates
The idea of development of manufacture.
For impeller common used material martensitic stain less steel Fv520B, require that cladding powder has during laser melting coating higher hard
Degree, current cladding powder applicatory mainly has Fe based alloys, Co based alloys and Ni based alloys.Wherein, Fe base alloy powders with
Matrix composition is close, can significantly improve the interface binding power of cladding layer and matrix, but the corrosion resistance of Fe base alloy powders
It is poor, it is difficult to meet the requirement of complex working condition;Co base alloy powders can be improved effectively for iron(-)base powder
The corrosion resistance of impeller surface, but the hardness of cladding layer substantially reduces, and the flatness of clad layer surface is not high;Ni based alloys
Powder is for two kinds of alloy powders of Fe bases and Co bases, although cost highest, but corrosion resistance is preferably, and cladding layer
Hardness highest.Therefore, it is most widely suited using Ni based powders in order to improve impeller antiscour corrosive nature, but Ni based powders are easily
Cause cladding layer to crack, if the composition and ratio and melting and coating process of adjustment alloy powder can be passed through, can be expected to suppress molten
The generation of cracks of cladding layer.Based on this, the laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder suitable for the corrosion of impeller antiscour how is designed and developed
End has great Research Significance and use value.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of laser melting coating nickel of antiscour corrosion for Fv520B stainless steel impellers blade
Base alloy powder is filled a prescription.The formula improves base material and cladding layer material based on Ni elements using elements such as Fe, Cr, Mo, W, Co
The compatibility of material, makes cladding layer have stronger hardness and intensity, and the effectively decay resistance of raising clad layer surface, is
The laser melting coating reparation of axial flow fan vane wheel provides a kind of feasible cladding powder.
To reach above-mentioned purpose, it is a kind of for repairing swashing for impaired blower vane that embodiments in accordance with the present invention are provided
Light deposited nickel-base alloy powder end, it is characterised in that including the raw material of following mass percents:
Cr 12.0~18.0%;Ni 40~47%;W 1.0~3.0%;Mo 2.0~4.0%;Fe 30.0~
40.0%;Co 2.0~4.0%.
Correspondingly, The present invention gives the side of impaired blower vane is repaired at a kind of utilization laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder end
Method, the method comprises the steps:
1) the impaired blower vane of Fv520B types stainless steel is carried out routinely being pre-processed before cladding:Deoil, derust and sand paper
Surface roughness is polishing to for Ra=0.2 μm, it is finally clean with acetone, alcohol washes;
2) proportioning laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder end:Cr, Ni, W, Mo, Fe, Co are mixed according to mass ratio;
3) using digital control laser cladding machine, with argon gas as shielding gas, using CO2Laser instrument is transmitting lasing light emitter, and cone
Shape powder beam coaxial powder-feeding mode, by step 2) mixed powder prepared carries out multi-track overlapping laser and melts to impaired blower vane
Cover, overlapping fraction is 0.6, cladding layer thickness is 1.0mm.
Further, the step 2) in, laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder end is prepared according to following materials in percentage by mass:
Cr 12.0~18.0%;Ni 40~47%;W 1.0~3.0%;Mo 2.0~4.0%;Fe 30.0~
40.0%;Co 2.0~4.0%.
Further, the power of the laser melting coating be 2.5~3.5KW, spot diameter be that 3.0~4.0mm, sweep speed are
3.0~5.0mm/s, powder feed rate are 8.0~11.0g/min.
Further, laser melting coating multi-track overlapping is carried out using Co-based alloy powder on basic material of blade, is formed in cladding layer
Austenite principal phase, its toughness be 283~298HV, Impact energy Ak under room temperatureVFor 10.6~12.7J, 600 DEG C of AkVFor 12.7~
16.4J;Electrochemical test corrosion potential and corrosion current are respectively -0.0468~0.172V and 2.32 × 10-7~2.83 × 10-7A/cm3;The time that rust staining occurs in cladding layer under salt air corrosion environment is 162~171h.
Further, carried out with Co-based alloy powder being overlapped on original text intensity erosion corrosion leaf by the way of the laser melting coating
Piece surface applications.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:
Based on Ni based alloy cladding powder Ni elements designed by the present invention, and with the addition of the units such as Cr, Fe, Mo, W and Co
Element.Wherein adding Cr and Mo elements can improve the intensity and hardness of cladding alloy-layer;Adding appropriate Co, W element can improve
The wetability and wearability of cladding alloy;Addition Fe elements, can be with enhancing base materials and the compatibility of cladding layer material;Addition W and
Mo improves toughness and abrasion-resistance, cracking phenomena when reducing cladding layer multi-track overlapping.Experiment shows that this Ni base alloy powder is formed
Cladding layer mechanics and antiseptic property it is strong, the antiscour corrosive nature of Fv520B stainless steel impellers can be obviously improved.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention, clear, complete description is carried out to the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention.
The method that the present invention repairs impaired blower vane using laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder end, comprises the steps:
1) choose based on Fv520B type stainless steels, be processed into the test block of 70mm × 40mm × 10mm, specimen surface deoils,
Derust, and be Ra=0.2 μm with sand papering to surface roughness, then clean dry in ultrasonic wave is cleaned with acetone, alcohol
Only, carry out being pre-processed before cladding;
2) the Ni base alloy powders of proportioning laser melting coating heterogeneity:Cr, Ni, W, Mo, Fe, Co are entered according to mass ratio
Row mixing;
Prepare according to following materials in percentage by mass at laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder end:
12.0~18.0%Cr, 40~47%Ni, 1.0~3.0%W, 2.0~4.0%Mo, 30.0~40.0%Fe, 2.0
~4.0%Co.
3) using HGL-JKR5250 multifunctional numerical control laser melting coating machines, under argon atmosphere, CO2Laser instrument is to send out
Lasing light emitter is penetrated, multi-track overlapping laser melting coating is carried out using taper powder beam coaxial powder-feeding method, overlapping fraction is 60%, cladding layer thickness
About 1mm.Matrix technological parameter is:Laser power 2.5kW, spot diameter 3mm, sweep speed 3mm/s, powder feed rate 10g/
mm。
4) microstructure and properties detection is carried out after cladding.
Sample edge after cladding is detected perpendicular to scanning direction wire cutting, clad layer surface and cross section with osmosis
Crackle, Microstructure characterization adopts ESEM (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), metallographic microscope, power spectrum (EDAX);It is anti-corrosion
Property and mechanical property are evaluated using salt spray corrosion test, electrochemical corrosion test, microhardness and impact test, wherein,
Salt spray corrosion test (time 480h) and electrochemical corrosion test condition is as shown in Table 1.
The corrosion experiment etching condition of table one
Sample in present embodiment chooses identical with large blower blade material, may certify that from upper result of the test,
Overlapped with nickel-base alloy powder foot couple blower vane by the way of laser melting coating.And the result of table one proves to adopt the party
Formula, its toughness be 283~298HV, Impact energy Ak under room temperatureVFor 10.6~12.7J, 600 DEG C of AkVFor 12.7~16.4J;Electricity
Chemical test corrosion potential and corrosion current are respectively -0.0468~0.172V and 2.32 × 10-7~2.83 × 10-7A/cm3;Salt
The time that rust staining occurs in cladding layer under mist corrosive environment is 162~171h.
The present invention is described in further details below by specific embodiment.
Embodiment 1
Ni base alloy powders composition and mass percent are in the present embodiment:12.0%Cr, 40%Ni, 1.0%W, 3.0%
Mo, 40.0%Fe, 4.0%Co.The power P of laser melting coating machine is that 3.0KW, spot diameter D are for 3.0mm, scan velocity V S
3.0mm/s, powder feed rate Vf are 10g/min.
After the completion of laser melting coating, sample clad layer surface light, flawless, planarization are good, thing with austenite as principal phase,
Phase supplemented by ferrite, fibr tissue is tiny dendrite, and development is good;Hardness is 515~530HV;Impact energy Ak under room temperatureV
For 10.6J, 600 DEG C of AkVFor 12.7J;Electrochemical test corrosion potential and corrosion current are respectively 0.172V and 2.32 × 10- 7A/cm3;The time that salt air corrosion environment lower substrate rust staining occurs with cladding layer is respectively 72h and 162h, and contrast understands sample base
The salt fog resistance corrosive power of body is obviously improved.Test result indicate that, carried out using Ni base alloy powders in the present embodiment
After laser melting coating, the antiscour corrosive nature of sample is obviously improved, and can effectively extend the life-span of matrix.
Embodiment 2
Ni base alloy powders composition and mass percent are in the present embodiment:15.5%Cr, 45.0%Ni, 1.5%W,
4.0%Mo, 32.0%Fe, 2.0%Co.It is 4.0mm, scan velocity V S that the power P of laser melting coating machine is 3.5KW, spot diameter D
It is 8g/min for 3.5mm/s, powder feed rate Vf.
After the completion of laser melting coating, sample clad layer surface light, flawless, planarization are good, thing with austenite as principal phase,
Phase supplemented by ferrite, fibr tissue is tiny dendrite, and development is good;Hardness is 520~535HV;Impact energy Ak under room temperatureV
For 15.6J, 600 DEG C of AkVFor 16.4J;Electrochemical test corrosion potential and corrosion current respectively -0.0468V and 2.83 ×
10-7A/cm3;The time that salt air corrosion environment lower substrate rust staining occurs with cladding layer is respectively 72h and 171h, and contrast understands sample
The salt fog resistance corrosive power of matrix is obviously improved.Test result indicate that, entered using Ni base alloy powders in the present embodiment
After row laser melting coating, the antiscour corrosive nature of sample is obviously improved, and can effectively extend the life-span of matrix.
Embodiment 3
Ni base alloy powders composition and mass percent are in the present embodiment:18.0%Cr, 47.0%Ni, 1.0%W,
2.0%Mo, 30.0%Fe, 2.0%Co.It is 3.0mm, scan velocity V S that the power P of laser melting coating machine is 2.5KW, spot diameter D
It is 11g/min for 5.0mm/s, powder feed rate Vf.
After the completion of laser melting coating, sample clad layer surface light, flawless, planarization are good, thing with austenite as principal phase,
Phase supplemented by ferrite, fibr tissue is tiny dendrite, and development is good;Hardness is 510~532HV;Impact energy Ak under room temperatureV
For 12.7J, 450 DEG C of AkVFor 13.5J;Electrochemical test corrosion potential and corrosion current are respectively 0.0514V and 2.56 × 10-7A/cm3;The time that salt air corrosion environment lower substrate rust staining occurs with cladding layer is respectively 72h and 165h, and contrast understands sample base
The salt fog resistance corrosive power of body is obviously improved.Test result indicate that, carried out using Ni base alloy powders in the present embodiment
After laser melting coating, the antiscour corrosive nature of sample is obviously improved, and can effectively extend the life-span of matrix.
In terms of the antiscour corrosive nature of Fv520B type impeller surfaces is lifted, the Laser Cladding Ni-base of present invention research and development is closed
Bronze end has more advantage relative to other alloy powders, because the present invention adopts austenite for principal phase, Co and two kinds of elements of Cr are steady
Principal phase is determined, addition W and Mo improves toughness and abrasion-resistance, while cracking phenomena when reducing cladding layer multi-track overlapping.Ensureing leaf
On the premise of wheel repairing quality, the abrasion-resistance and service life of impeller surface can be effectively improved.
Although it is understood that the present invention is disclosed as above with preferred embodiment, but above-described embodiment and being not used to
Limit the present invention.For any those of ordinary skill in the art, under without departing from technical solution of the present invention ambit,
The technology contents that may be by the disclosure above make many possible variations and modification to technical solution of the present invention, or are revised as
The Equivalent embodiments of equivalent variations.Therefore, every content without departing from technical solution of the present invention, according to the technical spirit of the present invention
To any simple modification made for any of the above embodiments, equivalent variations and modification, the model of technical solution of the present invention protection is still fallen within
In enclosing.
Claims (2)
1. a kind of method that impaired blower vane is repaired at utilization laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder end, it is characterised in that the method
Comprise the steps:
1)The impaired blower vane of Fv520B types stainless steel is carried out routinely being pre-processed before cladding:Deoil, derust and sand papering
It is Ra=0.2 μm to surface roughness, it is finally clean with acetone, alcohol washes;
2)Proportioning laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder end:By 12.0~18.0%Cr, 40~47%Ni, 1.0~3.0%W, 2.0~4.0%
Mo, 30.0~40.0%Fe, 2.0~4.0%Co are mixed according to mass ratio;
3)Using digital control laser cladding machine, with argon gas as shielding gas, using CO2Laser instrument is transmitting lasing light emitter, and taper powder beam
Coaxial powder-feeding mode, by step 2)The mixed powder of preparation carries out multi-track overlapping laser melting coating to impaired blower vane, overlaps
Coefficient is 0.6, and cladding layer thickness is 1.0mm;
The power of the laser melting coating is 2.5~3.5KW, spot diameter is 3.0~4.0mm, sweep speed is 3.0~5.0mm/
S, powder feed rate are 8.0~11.0g/min.
2. the side of impaired blower vane is repaired at a kind of utilization laser deposited nickel-base alloy powder end according to claim 1
Method, it is characterised in that laser melting coating multi-track overlapping is carried out using Co-based alloy powder on basic material of blade, in cladding layer Austria is formed
Family name's body principal phase, its toughness be 283~298HV, Impact energy Ak under room temperatureVFor 10.6~15.6J, Impact energy Ak at 600 DEG CVFor
12.7~16.4J;Electrochemical test corrosion potential and corrosion current are respectively -0.0468~0.172V and 2.32 × 10-7~
2.83×10-7A/cm3;The time that rust staining occurs in cladding layer under salt air corrosion environment is 162~171h.
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US11661861B2 (en) | 2021-03-03 | 2023-05-30 | Garrett Transportation I Inc. | Bi-metal variable geometry turbocharger vanes and methods for manufacturing the same using laser cladding |
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CN104233282B (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2016-12-28 | 沈阳大陆激光技术有限公司 | A kind of Co-based alloy powder repaired for wheel disc of turbocharger of internal combustion engine |
CN103898518B (en) * | 2014-03-24 | 2017-04-19 | 杭州大冶激光科技有限公司 | Repairing method of cracks on roll surface of back-up roll of rolling mill |
CN104233289A (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2014-12-24 | 丹阳惠达模具材料科技有限公司 | Method for repairing mold by high-wearing laser cladding material |
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