CN105468886B - The method for calculating strata pressure based on petrophysical parameters - Google Patents
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Abstract
A method of strata pressure being calculated based on petrophysical parameters, utilizes the velocity of longitudinal wave V on stratumP, shear wave velocity VS, density p and porosity φ log datas, and as follows：Dry rock bulk modulus K is derived using Gassmann equationdryWith the bulk modulus K of Rock Matrix substancemaRatio；The effective bulk modulus K of mineralogical composition is calculated according to V G H modelsma, the bulk modulus K of Wood models calculating pore-fluidf, seek effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs；Strata pressure is estimated according to Skempton coefficient Bs and porous media effective stress and according to effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs.This method is suitable for mixing lithology and single lithology, carries out the pressure estimation on stratum independent of the undercompaction theory of traditional mud stone or shale, the strata pressure being calculated more approaches the true pressure on stratum.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to exploration geophysics information Processing Technology field, a kind of base in petrophysics is especially related to
In the method that petrophysical parameters calculate strata pressure.
Background technology
The application of strata pressure (formation pore fluid pressure) prediction at present is broadly divided into two aspects, first, utilizing earthquake
Speed carries out prediction before drilling to strata pressure, is drilling engineering service, is mainly carried out to stratum abnormal high pressure that may be present
Prediction, prevents drilling failure, drilling mud proportion to be typically in the range of between the normal pressure on stratum and formation fracture pressure.Two
It is that strata pressure estimation is carried out to drilling well using well-log information, further predicts stress, fracture pressure and the pressure of caving on stratum
Power is petroleum exploration and development service to carry out pressure break to reservoir.In addition to this, some geologists it is expected accurately
Stressor layer prediction can be studied for oil and gas accumulation and provide some advantageous evidences, to carry out the analysis of Hydrocarbon Formation Reservoirs.
Accurate prediction of formation pressure is always a great problem faced in petroleum exploration and development, due to strata pressure
The pressure characteristic of complex genesis, different regions is also different.With mud stone or shale (hereinafter referred to as mud shale) undercompaction and wait
Effect depth method is that the Formation pressure prediction method of theoretical foundation is occupied an leading position in prediction of formation pressure research for a long time.It closes
In terms of the origin cause of formation of stratigraphic anormaly high pressure and performance, it is considered that the low compaction of mud shale, due to the fluid in hole
It cannot be discharged, pore volume maintains the state (bigger than the pore volume under normal compaction state) before compacting, and mud shale is vertical at this time
Wave velocity can be lower than the velocity of longitudinal wave in the case of normal compaction, and mud shale can cause stratum to generate abnormal high in this case
Pressure；And in actual well drilled, the abnormal high pressure on stratum all shows that interval is developed on permeability stratum (such as sandstone).According to reality
Analysis, even the porosity of undercompacted mud shale is also low-down, pore throat radius is very small, capillary pressure
Power is very big, and the fluid in hole exists with the state of irreducible water, while the permeability of mud shale is low-down (to desilt page
Outside cleft), inside and outside fluid can not be by mud shale, so being bored with encountering mud shale interval in drilling process
Layer will not generally show abnormal high pressure.
Under the above situation, arguement is always existed, somebody thinks that mud shale is not present high pressure at this time, and somebody
Think that there are high pressures for mud shale at this time, only the fluid in mud shale is very little, and permeability is extremely low, so not exhibiting high pressure.It closes
In this arguement, there is presently no authoritys that come to a conclusion, who is correct, who is incorrect.Li Chuanliang (2009) points out mudstone stratum
It was not always proved with the presence or absence of abnormal high pressure, because its strata pressure can not survey；And point out equivalent depth method simultaneously
Inequivalence.Shaker (2002) thinks that the term of current strata pressure may be confused, and the strata pressure of prediction is those phases
To the strata pressure of impermeable rock (shale and mud stone), and the strata pressure actually measured is reservoir characteristics rock (sandstone)
Strata pressure.The pressure in sandstone pores and the pressure of intercalated shale do not have direct relationship, earth bore in many cases,
There are doubtful points and mistaken ideas for the prediction of gap pressure.Zoback (2011) thinks that there are two types of situation needs to be predicted according to geophysical data
Strata pressure：The first situation be bore before by earthquake reflective data predict pore pressure, the high pressure region being likely to occur into
The design of row drilling safety needs pore pressure section；The second situation be estimate shale in pore pressure, due to permeability compared with
Difference is difficult to directly measure, even if being also required to detect after brill.In both cases, in the preferable skill of some regions application effect
Art means are possible to use in other region become discomforts.And it points out, there are larger extrusion stress or depositions and initial pressure
In the case that pore pressure increase is larger after reality, pore pressure cannot be predicted using simple compaction curve.One with mud
Shale undercompaction or the prediction of formation pressure empirical equation that equivalent depth method is theoretical foundation are difficult to disclose the essence of strata pressure,
This is always a bottleneck of Technologies for prediction of pore pressure research, it can be seen that there is also some to doubt at present for the research of strata pressure
Point needs to solve, and the essence for finding strata pressure is only most basic approach.
It is put into practice and is found according to oil exploration, stratigraphic anormaly high pressure has very close relationship with oil-gas accumulation, simply
For fluid in formation pore be squeezed or expansion, if fluid cannot shift, it means that can produce
Raw abnormal high pressure, this is a principle for following petroleum geology oil-gas migration theory.From the perspective of petrophysics, such as
There are the fluids of abnormal high pressure in fruit sandstone reservoir, then petrophysical parameters (such as Poisson's ratio, bulk modulus, modulus of shearing
Wait petrophysical parameters) there is any difference with the petrophysical parameter under normal-pressure situationsAll the time, acknowledged to be
Velocity of longitudinal wave (such as acoustic logging speed, VSP logging speeds and seismic velocity) is the optimal parameter for predicting strata pressure, i.e.,
Wherein VPIt is the velocity of longitudinal wave of rock, K is the bulk modulus of rock, and μ is the modulus of shearing of rock, and ρ is rock
Density.As can be seen that strata pressure is a general performance of formation rock physics parameter in fact as a result, this just proposes one
Problem, what we are substantially predicting when predicting strata pressure, to obtain more accurate prediction of formation pressure knot
Fruit, either with or without better approach.
Invention content
It is how special from the mechanics of strata pressure the purpose of the present invention is the difficult point and doubtful point for current prediction of formation pressure
Property the research in terms of petrophysics is unfolded will be a good starting point, the research of strata pressure will be established carries on the back in geology
On the basis of the analysis of scape and rock mechanics theory, strata pressure is characterized in conjunction with geophysical exploration method, is proposed
A kind of method calculating strata pressure based on petrophysical parameters.This method is according to Skempton coefficient Bs and porous media
Principle of effective stress derives a kind of new formation pressure calculation method, by seeking effective stress factor alpha and Skempton systems
Number B estimates strata pressure.
The purpose of the present invention is achieved by the following technical measures.
Based on the method that petrophysical parameters calculate strata pressure (formation pore fluid pressure), the longitudinal wave on stratum is utilized
Speed VP, shear wave velocity VS, density p and porosity φ log datas, and as follows：
Step 1, dry rock bulk modulus K is derived using Gassmann equationdryWith the volume of Rock Matrix substance (particle)
Modulus KmaRatioExpression formula；
Step 2, the effective bulk modulus K of mineral (particle) ingredient is calculated according to V-R-H modelsma, Wood models calculating hole
The bulk modulus K of clearance flow bodyf, seekValue, thus seek effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs；
Step 3, a kind of new strata pressure meter is derived according to Skempton coefficient Bs and porous media principle of effective stress
Calculation method, and strata pressure is estimated according to effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs.
Said program further comprises：
In step 1, dry rock bulk modulus K is derived using Gassmann equationdryWith Rock Matrix substance (particle)
Bulk modulus KmaRatioExpression formula：
In formula：KdryFor dry rock bulk modulus, KwetFor the bulk modulus (wet rock) of saturated rock, KmaFor Rock Matrix substance
The bulk modulus of (particle), KfFor the bulk modulus of pore-fluid, φ is the porosity of rock.
In step 1, steps are as follows for specific derivation：
It is obtained by Gassmann equation
It is obtained simultaneously by wave equation
Bulk modulus of the rock under not drainage situation is obtained according to (1-2), (1-3) two formula
The bulk modulus of dry rock is obtained by (1-5) formula
It is obtained by (1-6) formula
In step 2, the effective bulk modulus K of mineral (particle) ingredient is calculated according to V-R-H modelsma, Wood model meters
Calculate the bulk modulus K of pore-fluidf, seekValue, thus seek effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs.
In step 2, steps are as follows for specific derivation：
Effective stress factor alpha can be further sought according to the result acquired in above-mentioned steps 1, i.e.,Therefore
Demand takes bulk modulus K of the rock under not drainage situationwet, Rock Matrix substance (particle) bulk modulus KmaAnd hole
The bulk modulus K of fluidf, so that it may directly acquire Biot factor alphas.
It is derived by according to above-mentioned (1-3), (1-4) two formula
In formula:VPFor the velocity of longitudinal wave of rock, VSFor the shear wave velocity of rock, ρ is rock density.
The bulk modulus of pore-fluid is sought by Wood (1955) models：
In formula:V is the speed of pore-fluid, KRFor the bulk modulus of pore-fluid, ρ is the density of pore-fluid, SwTo contain
Water saturation, KwFor the bulk modulus of water, KhydFor the bulk modulus of hydro carbons, ρwFor the density of water, ρhydFor the density of hydro carbons.
When for being all water in hole, the bulk modulus of pore-fluid is
In formula:KfFor the bulk modulus of pore-fluid, VfFor the speed of pore-fluid, ρfFor pore-fluid density.
By Voigt, Reuss and Hill (also known as V-R-H modulus model) modulus model estimation Rock Matrix substance (
Grain) bulk modulus Kma：
KmaLower bound (Russ) be
KmaThe upper bound (Voigt) be
Hill is averaging
Kma=(KR+KV)/2(1—13)
By acquiring K abovewet、KmaAnd Kf, substitute into above-mentioned corresponding formula (1-7), you can calculateValue, thus may be used
According toCalculate effective stress factor alpha.The method calculates the longitudinal wave that effective stress coefficient factor alpha only needs rock
Speed VP, shear wave velocity VS, density p and porosity φ and pore-fluid speed VfAnd density pfEtc. data, so that it may easily
Ground finds out effect force coefficient factor alpha, simple and practical in practical applications, easy to operation.
In step 2, according between Skempton (1954) the pore pressure dP provided and the compression stress d σ of application
The stiffness K of relational expression and rock drying interstitial spaceφ(Jaeger and Cook, 1969；Zimmerman, 1991) expression
Formula derive Skempton coefficient Bs can calculation expression, derivation is
The calculation expression of Skempton coefficient Bs is derived by by (1-14) and (1-15) two formula：
In formula：DP is pore fluid pressure, and d σ are mean stress.According to what is soughtValue, KmaAnd KfTo estimate
Skempton coefficient Bs.
In step 3, derive that a kind of new ground is laminated according to Skempton coefficient Bs and porous media principle of effective stress
Power computational methods, and strata pressure is estimated according to effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs.Its basic derivation is：
Skempton coefficient Bs can be found out easily according to formula (1-16), while can be according to Skempton coefficient Bs, hole
The expression formula of the relation derivation blowhole Fluid pressure of Fluid pressure dP and mean stress d σ is answered with the average of stratum herein
Power replaces the effective stress on stratum, i.e. mean stress is
Wherein σx, σyAnd σzRespectively three principal stresses in the direction x, y and z.P can be enabled simultaneouslyf=dP, σ=d σ, then σ=
Pf/ B substitutes into formula (1-18)
αPf=Pov-σ (1—18)
It can be obtained the computation model of a new formation pore fluid pressure
A demand takes overlying formation pressure P hereinov, effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs can estimate ground
The pore pressure of layer.
The method for calculating strata pressure (formation pore fluid pressure) based on petrophysical parameters of the present invention, passes through
The relationship that Skempton coefficient Bs (Skempton, 1954) establish strata pressure and rock mean stress is enclosed under normal circumstances
The mean stress of rock can be equivalent to the effective stress of rock, calculate strata pressure in conjunction with porous media principle of effective stress, most
Strata pressure demand is calculated eventually takes three crucial parameters, i.e. overlying formation pressure Pov, effective stress factor alpha (Biot and
Willis, 1957；Also referred to as Biot coefficients) and Skempton coefficient Bs, it can estimate formation pore fluid pressure.The reality of this method
Existing process, needs to seek two crucial parameters, effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs, and dexterously use
Skempton coefficient Bs and porous media principle of effective stress establish new prediction of formation pressure model.This method is from rock physics
Theory sets out, according to the longitudinal wave logging speed V on stratumP, s-wave logging speed VS, density p of logging well and porosity φ can be effectively
Estimate the pore fluid pressure on stratum.
Seek being related to dry rock bulk modulus K for effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient BsdryAnd Rock Matrix
The bulk modulus K of substance (particle)maSeek.In practical applications, usually effective stress system is measured by laboratory techniques
Number α, actually measures dry rock bulk modulus KdryWith the bulk modulus K of Rock Matrix substance (particle)maRatio
Here dry rock bulk modulus K is derived by Gassmann equation (Gassmann, 1951)dryWith Rock Matrix substance (particle)
Bulk modulus KmaRatioExpression formula, further according to V-R-H models calculate mineral (particle) ingredient effective bulk modulus
Kma, the bulk modulus K of Wood models calculating formation pore fluidf, can find outValue, can further seek effective stress system
Number α and Skempton coefficient Bs.
The method of the present invention is suitable for mixing lithology and single lithology, independent of the under-voltage of traditional mud stone or shale
Real theory carries out the pressure estimation on stratum, and the strata pressure being calculated more approaches the true pressure on stratum.This method
The precision for calculating strata pressure depends on the velocity of longitudinal wave V on stratumP, shear wave velocity VS, density p and porosity φ log datas
Precision, the especially computational accuracy of formation porosity φ.With the progress of logging technique, this method calculates strata pressure will
Huge effect is played in oilfield prospecting developing, generates huge economic benefit.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow of a specific embodiment of the method that strata pressure is calculated based on petrophysical parameters of the present invention
Figure
Fig. 2 is the effective bulk modulus K that mineral (particle) ingredient is calculated according to V-R-H modelsma
Fig. 3 is the 186 well effective stress factor alphas (Biot coefficients) of Yi that the method for the present invention calculates and Skempton coefficient Bs point
Analysis figure
Fig. 4 is the 186 well prediction of formation pressure analysis charts of Yi that the method for the present invention calculates
Specific implementation mode
For enable the present invention above and other objects, features and advantages be clearer and more comprehensible, it is cited below particularly go out preferable implementation
Example, and coordinate institute's accompanying drawings, it is described in detail below.
As shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 1 is the flow charts of the method that strata pressure is calculated based on petrophysical parameters of the present invention.
In step 101, the log data for preparing to need (includes the velocity of longitudinal wave V on stratumP, shear wave velocity VS, density p and porosity φ survey
Well data.Flow enters step 102.
In step 102, the bulk modulus K of saturated rock (wet rock) is calculated by log datawet, calculated according to V-R-H models
The effective bulk modulus K of mineral (particle) ingredientma, the bulk modulus K of Wood models calculating pore-fluidf.Flow enters step
103。
In step 103, it is derived by according to Gassmann equationExpression formula calculateValue come calculate effectively
Stress coefficient α (Biot coefficients) and Skempton coefficient Bs.Hereinα and B can be indicated respectively：
In formula：KdryFor dry rock bulk modulus, KwetFor the bulk modulus (wet rock) of saturated rock, KmaFor Rock Matrix substance
The bulk modulus of (particle), KfFor the bulk modulus of pore-fluid, φ is the porosity of rock；DP is pore fluid pressure, d σ
For mean stress.
According to the K calculated in step 102wet、KmaAnd KfEffective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs can be calculated.Flow
Enter step 104.
In step 104, derive that a kind of new ground is laminated according to Skempton coefficient Bs and porous media principle of effective stress
Power computational methods expression formula：
In formula：PfFor pore fluid pressure, PovFor overlying formation pressure, α is effective stress coefficient, and B is Skempton systems
Number.
It thus can be according to overlying formation pressure Pov(by superstratum averag density calculate), effective stress factor alpha and
Skempton coefficient Bs estimate strata pressure.Fig. 2 is according to longitudinal wave logging speed VP, s-wave logging speed VS, log well density p and hole
Porosity φ first finds out the bulk modulus K of saturated rock (wet rock)wet, further according to V-R-H model reverse Rock Matrix substances (particle)
Bulk modulus Kma.Fig. 3 is the Yi186 well effective stresses factor alpha (Biot coefficients) calculated by the method for the present invention and Skempton
Coefficient B analysis chart, result of calculation are coincide very much with the theoretical value range defined.Fig. 4 is the Yi186 wells that the method for the present invention calculates
Prediction of formation pressure analysis chart, Yi186 wells have 5 pressure taps, wherein 1., 3., 4., being 5. the strata pressure for the sandstone surveyed, 2.
It is the strata pressure for the mud shale surveyed.1. and 3. in terms of prediction result, the strata pressure complex distribution of Yi186 wells, first pressure measurement
Measured formation pressure is more than drilling mud proportion, this does not allow in drilling well, illustrates observed pressure sometimes also with larger
Error；Observed pressure wherein at pressure measurement 1. coincide very well with prediction result, but is contradicted with drilling mud proportion；It is real
2., 4., 5. measuring pressure coincide very well with prediction result, while can be seen that these superpressures and being from thin layer, according to drilling well
It is analyzed with log data, 2. superpressure is to come from mud shale, 1. superpressure is the thin sandstone in mudstone foundation, superpressure is 3., 4., 5.
It is from flagstone in gypsum-salt rock interlayer.These strata pressures in the longitudinal direction have jump feature, be not be increased continuously or
Continuously successively decrease.The prediction result of Fig. 4 truly reflects the variation of strata pressure very much, continues to improve prediction result, needs to carry
The precision of high log data, especially to the explanation of formation porosity.Because in petroleum exploration and development, at present only to reservoir
Porosity explain and analyze with carrying out emphasis, it is general for the explanation of the porosity of non-reservoir and think little of, especially to oozing
The explanation of the porosity of the extremely low mud stone of permeability or shale often the numerical value of an artificial given very little or thinks mud stone or page
The porosity of rock is zero.The porosity of actually mud stone or shale is not zero, therefore the calculating of porosity invents this
It is extremely important that progress prediction of formation pressure continues raising precision.This invention is expected to promote the hair of petrophysics and logging technique
Exhibition.
Claims (5)
1. the method for calculating strata pressure based on petrophysical parameters, it is characterised in that utilize the velocity of longitudinal wave V on stratumP, shear wave
Speed VS, density p and porosity φ log datas, and as follows：
Step 1, dry rock bulk modulus K is derived using Gassmann equationdryWith the bulk modulus K of Rock Matrix substancemaRatio
ValueExpression formula；
Step 2, the effective bulk modulus K of mineralogical composition is calculated according to V-R-H modelsma, the body of Wood models calculating pore-fluid
Product module amount Kf, seekValue, thus seek effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs；
Step 3, formation pressure calculation method is derived according to Skempton coefficient Bs and porous media principle of effective stress, and
Strata pressure is estimated according to effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs.
2. the method according to claim 1 for calculating strata pressure based on petrophysical parameters, which is characterized in that in step
In rapid 1, dry rock bulk modulus K is derived using Gassmann equationdryWith the bulk modulus K of Rock Matrix substancemaRatioExpression formula：
In formula：KdryFor dry rock bulk modulus, KwetFor the bulk modulus of saturated rock, KmaFor the volume mould of Rock Matrix substance
Amount, KfFor the bulk modulus of pore-fluid, φ is the porosity of rock.
3. the method according to claim 1 or 2 for calculating strata pressure based on petrophysical parameters, which is characterized in that
In step 2, it is known that the bulk modulus K of saturated rockwet, according to V-R-H models come the bulk modulus of reverse Rock Matrix substance
Kma, rudimentary algorithm indicates by following formula：
The bulk modulus K of Rock Matrix substance is estimated by V-R-H modulus modelsma:
KmaLower bound be
KmaThe upper bound be
It is averaging
Kma=(KR+KV)/2
Calculate the bulk modulus K of formation pore fluid according to Wood models in step 2 simultaneouslyf, then by KmaAnd KfIt calculatesThus it can find outValue, you can seek effective stress factor alpha.
4. the method according to claim 3 for calculating strata pressure based on petrophysical parameters, which is characterized in that in step
In rapid 2, according to what is soughtValue estimate that Skempton coefficient Bs, rudimentary algorithm are indicated by following formula：
In formula：DP is pore fluid pressure, and d σ are mean stress.
5. the method according to claim 4 for calculating strata pressure based on petrophysical parameters, which is characterized in that in step
In rapid 3, a kind of formation pressure calculation method, table are derived according to Skempton coefficient Bs and porous media principle of effective stress
Up to formula：
In formula：PfFor pore fluid pressure, PovFor overlying formation pressure, α is effective stress coefficient, and B is Skempton coefficients；By
This can estimate strata pressure according to overlying formation pressure, effective stress factor alpha and Skempton coefficient Bs.
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