CN107941619B - A method of applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient - Google Patents

A method of applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient Download PDF

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CN107941619B
CN107941619B CN201710947249.7A CN201710947249A CN107941619B CN 107941619 B CN107941619 B CN 107941619B CN 201710947249 A CN201710947249 A CN 201710947249A CN 107941619 B CN107941619 B CN 107941619B
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target sample
bulk
effective stress
stress coefficient
strain amount
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CN107941619A (en
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胡大伟
丁长栋
周辉
张传庆
卢景景
杨凡杰
朱勇
高阳
魏天宇
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Wuhan Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics of CAS
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Wuhan Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics of CAS
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • G01N3/10Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
    • G01N3/12Pressure testing

Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of method applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, belongs to field of measuring technique.The described method includes: carrying out draining load to target sample, target sample is made to be in hydrostatic pressure state;Pressure-loaded is carried out to target sample, according to the axial deflection of obtained target sample, the transversely deforming amount of target sample, the diameter of target sample and the height of target sample, to obtain the bulk strain amount of target sample;Obtain the hydrostatic pressure of target sample;According to hydrostatic pressure and bulk strain amount, the bulk compressibility modulus of target sample is obtained;The load of hole power is carried out to target sample, obtains the bulk strain amount carried out after the load of hole power;According to the bulk strain amount after progress hole power load, the coupling parameter of target sample is obtained;According to bulk compressibility modulus and coupling parameter, effective stress coefficient is obtained.The present invention reaches the computational accuracy for improving effective stress coefficient, simplifies the technical effect of laboratory operating procedures.

Description

A method of applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of measuring technique, in particular to a kind of method applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient.
Background technique
For the Biot coefficient in effective stress, i.e., for effective stress coefficient, effective stress coefficient is evaluation reservoir rock It is particularly important to consolidate coupling mechanism for Study In Reservoir rock stream for the important indicator of stone.Effective stress refers to soil in load action Under, the average normal stress transmitted by inter-granular contact face is called intergranular stress;It can cause the deformation of the soil body and determine the anti-of soil Cut intensity;The effective stress of the soil body is bigger, and shearing strength is also bigger.The reason of generating effective stress mainly has the gravity of the soil body Effect and additional stress effect etc..Effective stress is opened in carbon dioxide geologic sequestration, nuke rubbish underground disposal and petroleum resources It is had important application during hair.
In prior art book, the common method for measuring effective stress coefficient is the Cross- based on drill core permeability rate variation Plotting method passes through the relation curve that under acquisition constant confining pressure effect, permeability changes with hole power.Take a series of infiltrations Rate is as reference value, and to obtain the combination of confining pressure Yu hole force value, the slope of confining pressure and the linear relationship of hole force value is to have Effect force coefficient.Since Cross-plotting method is primarily adapted for use in low-permeability rock, and assume identical in permeability Under conditions of effective stress coefficient having the same, then effective stress coefficient is obtained with chart linear fit, so Cross- There are the accuracy of calculated result is poor for plotting method.
This allows for measurement effective stress coefficient in the prior art, and it is poor that there are computational solution precisions, and measuring process is multiple Miscellaneous technological deficiency.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is in existing measurement effective stress coefficient technology, there are calculated results Precision is poor, the technological deficiency of measuring process complexity.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a kind of method applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, The described method includes: carrying out draining load to target sample, the target sample is made to be in hydrostatic pressure state;To the target Sample carries out pressure-loaded, obtains the axial deflection of the target sample, the transversely deforming amount of the target sample, the mesh The height of the diameter of standard specimen product and the target sample;According to the axial deflection, the transversely deforming amount, the diameter and The height obtains the bulk strain amount of the target sample;Obtain the hydrostatic pressure of the target sample;According to the hydrostatic Pressure and the bulk strain amount, obtain the bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample;Hole power is carried out to the target sample Load obtains the bulk strain amount carried out after the load of hole power;According to the volume after the progress hole power load Dependent variable obtains the coupling parameter of the target sample;According to the bulk compressibility modulus and the coupling parameter, described in acquisition Effective stress coefficient.
Further, it is cylinder that the method for being applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, which includes: the target sample, Shape rock, the diameter of the target sample are 50mm, and the height of the target sample is 100mm.
It is further, described that target sample is carried out draining to load including: the hole power for adjusting the target sample, Make the hole power zero.
Further, described according to the axial deflection and the transversely deforming amount, obtain the body of the target sample It is L that product dependent variable, which includes: the axial deflection,;The transversely deforming amount is D;The height of the target sample is L0;It is described The diameter of target sample is D0;First dependent variable of the target sample is ε1;Second dependent variable of the target sample is ε2; First dependent variable is according to formula ε1=L/L0It calculates;Second dependent variable is according to formula ε2=D/D0It obtains.
Further, described according to the hydrostatic pressure and the bulk strain amount, obtain the volume of the target sample Compression modulus includes: that the hydrostatic pressure and the bulk strain amount are formed scatter plot;The scatter plot is analyzed, according to described The linear relationship of bulk strain amount obtains the bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample.
Further, it is ε that the method for being applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, which includes: the bulk strain amount,v; The bulk strain amount is according to formula εv1+2ε2It calculates;The hole power is p;The hydrostatic pressure is σm;The volume pressure Contracting modulus is Kb;The bulk compressibility modulus is according to the formula Kb=(△ σm/△εv)∣△ p=0It obtains.
Further, the bulk strain amount according to after the progress hole power load, obtains the target sample Coupling parameter include: that the fluid is injected into the hole of the target sample, to the target sample carry out hole power add It carries;Obtain the bulk strain amount after the progress hole power load;It is answered according to the volume after the progress hole power load Variable obtains the coupling parameter of the target sample.
Further, it is H that the method for being applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, which includes: the coupling parameter,;Institute The bulk strain amount stated after carrying out the load of hole power is εv0;The coupling parameter is according to formula H=(△ p/ △ εv0)∣σ m=0It obtains ?.
Further, described according to the bulk compressibility modulus and the coupling parameter, obtain the effective stress coefficient It include: the effective stress coefficient is b;The effective stress coefficient is according to formula b=Kb/ H is obtained.
The utility model has the advantages that
The present invention provides a kind of method applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, by draining to target sample Load, makes target sample be in hydrostatic pressure state;Be in hydrostatic pressure state in target sample, to the target sample into Row pressure-loaded.During pressure-loaded, according to the axial deflection, the transversely deforming amount, the diameter and described Highly, the product dependent variable of the target sample is calculated;And according to the hydrostatic pressure and the bulk strain amount, to count Calculate the bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample.Meanwhile the load of hole power is carried out to the target sample, according to the hole Bulk strain amount after power load, to calculate the coupling parameter of the target sample.Finally, calculated according to above-mentioned institute Bulk compressibility modulus and coupling parameter, to calculate effective stress coefficient.To make target sample keep hydrostatic pressure constant, only Need to carry out pressure-loaded by the hole to target sample, pore pressure be made to cause the bulk strain of target sample, by pressure plus Bulk compressibility modulus and coupling parameter obtained, can find out effective stress coefficient during load.Have to reach raising The computational accuracy of effect force coefficient simplifies the technical effect of laboratory operating procedures.
Detailed description of the invention
It in order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, below will be to institute in embodiment Attached drawing to be used is needed to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only some implementations of the invention Example, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, can also obtain according to these attached drawings Obtain other attached drawings.
Fig. 1 is a kind of method flow diagram applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
The invention discloses a kind of methods applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, by arranging target sample Water load, makes target sample be in hydrostatic pressure state;It is in hydrostatic pressure state in target sample, to the target sample Carry out pressure-loaded.During pressure-loaded, according to the axial deflection, the transversely deforming amount, the diameter and institute Height is stated, to calculate the product dependent variable of the target sample;And according to the hydrostatic pressure and the bulk strain amount, come Calculate the bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample.Meanwhile the load of hole power is carried out to the target sample, according to the hole Bulk strain amount after the load of gap power, to calculate the coupling parameter of the target sample.Finally, being calculated according to above-mentioned Bulk compressibility modulus and coupling parameter, to calculate effective stress coefficient.To make target sample keep hydrostatic pressure constant, Only pressure-loaded need to be carried out by the hole to target sample, so that pore pressure is caused the bulk strain of target sample, by pressure Bulk compressibility modulus obtained in loading procedure and coupling parameter can find out effective stress coefficient.To reach raising The computational accuracy of effective stress coefficient simplifies the technical effect of laboratory operating procedures.
Following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention carries out clear, complete Site preparation description, it is clear that described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.It is based on Embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art's every other embodiment obtained belong to what the present invention protected Range;Wherein "and/or" keyword involved in this implementation, indicate and or two kinds of situations, in other words, the present invention implement A and/or B mentioned by example, illustrate two kinds of A and B, A or B situations, describe three kinds of states present in A and B, such as A and/or B, indicate: only including A does not include B;Only including B does not include A;Including A and B.
Meanwhile in the embodiment of the present invention, when component is referred to as " being fixed on " another component, it can be directly at another On component or there may also be components placed in the middle.When a component is considered as " connection " another component, it be can be directly It is connected to another component or may be simultaneously present component placed in the middle.When a component is considered as " being set to " another group Part, it, which can be, is set up directly on another component or may be simultaneously present component placed in the middle.Made in the embodiment of the present invention Term "vertical", "horizontal", "left" and "right" and similar statement are merely for purposes of illustration, and are not intended to The limitation present invention.
Referring to Figure 1, Fig. 1 is a kind of method flow diagram applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient.The present invention is implemented Example provides a kind of method applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, which comprises
Step S100 carries out draining load to target sample, and the target sample is made to be in hydrostatic pressure state;
The target sample is cylindrical rock, and the diameter of the target sample is 50mm, the height of the target sample It is 100mm.
The hole power for adjusting the target sample makes the hole power zero.
Specifically, the target sample can be standard cylinder rock sample, the shape of standard cylinder rock sample can To be in cylindrical shape.The diameter of standard cylinder rock sample can be 50mm, and the height of standard cylinder rock sample can be 100mm.Draining load can refer to draining triaxial compressions.
The experimental facilities for carrying out the measurement of effective stress coefficient to the target sample can select Chinese Academy of Sciences Wu Hanyan " the rock soil medium temperature-seepage-stress-chemical Coupling multifunction test instrument " of soil mechanics Research Institute." rock soil medium temperature Degree-seepage-stress-chemical Coupling multifunction test instrument " experimental facilities is mainly independent by confining pressure, axis pressure and pore water pressure set Loading section composition, " rock soil medium temperature-seepage-stress-chemical Coupling multifunction test instrument " (hereinafter referred to as " experiment is set It is standby ") experimental facilities may be implemented to the load of the hydrostatic pressure and pore pressure of the target sample.
Under drainage condition, the confining pressure of the target sample can be loaded with lower rate to predetermined value (σm), make rock Sample is in hydrostatic pressure state.In loading procedure, the upstream valve and valve downstream in the pore-fluid channel of rock sample are opened, and are guaranteed Pore pressure is zero (Pi=0).
Step S200 carries out pressure-loaded to the target sample, obtains the axial deflection, described of the target sample The height of the transversely deforming amount of target sample, the diameter of the target sample and the target sample;
Specifically, the axial deflection of the target sample can be the axial deformation of target sample;The target sample The transversely deforming amount of product can be transversely deforming;The diameter of the target sample can be the diameters size of target sample; The height of the target sample can be the height number size of target sample.The pressure-loaded, which can be, refers to that pore pressure adds It carries.
First the target sample can be sealed with high-performance heat-shrink tube, then in the target sample by sealing Porous metal caul is placed in upper and lower end face afterwards, then the target sample being sealed is fixed on to three axis of experimental facilities Between indoor pressure head and pedestal.Cross is installed by installing axial direction LVDT between pressure head and pedestal, and among sealing heat-shrink tube To strain gauge, the axial LVDT installed and transverse strain meter are used to measure sample axial deformation during loading and cross To deformation.
Step S300 obtains institute according to the axial deflection, the transversely deforming amount, the diameter and the height State the bulk strain amount of target sample;
Assuming that the axial deflection is L, the transversely deforming amount is D, and the height of the target sample is L0, the mesh The diameter of standard specimen product is D0, the first dependent variable of the target sample is ε1, the second dependent variable of the target sample is ε2;Then First dependent variable can be according to formula ε1=L/L0It calculates;Then second dependent variable can be according to formula ε2=D/D0Meter It calculates.Assuming that the bulk strain amount is εv, then the bulk strain amount can be according to formula εv1+2ε2It calculates;
Specifically, obtaining axial deflection, transversely deforming amount, diameter and the height of the target sample by step S200 Degree.Assuming that indicating the axial deflection with L, the transversely deforming amount is indicated with D, uses L0Indicate the height of the target sample Degree, uses D0The diameter for indicating the target sample, uses ε1The first dependent variable for indicating the target sample, uses ε2Indicate the mesh Second dependent variable of standard specimen product, uses εvIndicate the bulk strain amount of the target sample.
First dependent variable and the second dependent variable can refer to the principal strain of the target sample.
The size of first dependent variable can be according to formula ε1=L/L0It is calculated, the size of the second dependent variable can basis Formula ε2=D/D0It is calculated.
It, can be according to formula ε according to calculated first dependent variable of above-mentioned institute and the second dependent variablev1+2ε2It calculates The bulk strain amount ε of the target samplev
Step S400 obtains the hydrostatic pressure of the target sample;
It is enclosed in the step s 100 with the load of lower rate specifically, the hydrostatic pressure of the target sample can refer to Reached predetermined value is pressed, which is the hydrostatic pressure of the target sample.Hydrostatic pressure is hydrostatic pressing force value.
The pore pressure load pump outside above-mentioned experimental facilities can be made to pass through upstream valve, upstream pressure container and three axis Pore pressure upstream on the pedestal of room is connected, and hole pressure downstream is arranged on pressure head and exports, by steel pipe through pedestal with Downstream outside pressure gauge is connected with valve downstream.Pore-fluid is entered by pore pressure upstream, reaches Pore Pressure through target sample The discharge of power downstream, forms pore pressure access.Then it obtains under drainage condition, the hydrostatic pressure of the target sample.
Step S500 obtains the volume compression of the target sample according to the hydrostatic pressure and the bulk strain amount Modulus;
The hydrostatic pressure and the bulk strain amount are formed into scatter plot;The scatter plot is analyzed, according to the volume The linear relationship of dependent variable calculates the bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample.
Assuming that the hole power is p, the hydrostatic pressure is σm, the bulk compressibility modulus is Kb;The then volume compression Modulus can be according to the formula Kb=(△ σm/△εv)∣△ p=0It calculates.
Specifically, the bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample can refer under drainage condition in the step s 100, The bulk compressibility modulus of target sample.
The stage that target sample is loaded in step s 200, due in target sample crackle and hole gradually Nonlinear deformation occurs for closure.In target sample, due to rock sample internal structure (stratification) anisotropy, lead to hydrostatic pressure institute Caused axially and laterally strain might not be completely coincident.After hydrostatic pressure reaches certain level, the axial direction of target sample Strain and lateral strain are shown as linearly.The linear stage is shown as in axial strain and lateral strain, reflects target Elastic behavior of the sample under hydrostatic pressure loading environment.Taking the sum of three principal strains of target sample is bulk strain, that is, is counted Calculate the bulk strain amount ε of the target sample described in step S300v, εv1+2ε2
By the hydrostatic pressure σ for drawing the target samplemAnd the scatter plot of bulk strain, in the target sample The linearity range of bulk strain curve can calculate bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample under drainage condition.Assuming that using p The hole power for indicating the target sample, uses σmThe hydrostatic pressure for indicating the target sample, uses KbIndicate the target sample Bulk compressibility modulus.
The numerical values recited of the bulk compressibility modulus, can be according to formula Kb=(△ σm/△εv)∣△ p=0Calculate and obtains ?.
Step S600 carries out the load of hole power to the target sample, obtains the body carried out after the load of hole power Product dependent variable;
Specifically, hole power can be finger pore pressure.The hydrostatic pressure of the target sample is set to continue to keep and walk Hydrostatic pressure in rapid S200 is identical, in the inside of target sample, under the pore pressure upstream of target sample and pore pressure Pore-fluid is injected at trip both ends simultaneously, and carrying out pore pressure load (makes △ p < σm).It especially notes that, the hole of target sample The amplitude of gap pressure increment should control in a certain range, and the size of the control range numerical value is true according to the type of rock Fixed, control Pore pressure increment and is caused in order to avoid since the pore pressure of target sample loads in the range values Crackle generates new extension in target sample, to ensure that the whole process for carrying out the load of hole power to target sample is bullet Property.Target sample caused by can be measured in hole power loading procedure pore pressure load to target sample The bulk strain of product, the bulk strain are the bulk strain amount in the progress hole power loading procedure.
Step S700 obtains the coupling of the target sample according to the bulk strain amount after the progress hole power load Close parameter;
The fluid is injected into the hole of the target sample, and the load of hole power is carried out to the target sample;It obtains The bulk strain amount carried out after the load of hole power;According to the bulk strain amount after the progress hole power load, meter Calculate the coupling parameter of the target sample.
Assuming that the coupling parameter is H, the bulk strain amount after the progress hole power load is εv0, then the coupling Parameter can be according to formula H=(△ p/ △ εv0)∣σ m=0It calculates.
Specifically, the fluid can refer to the water of liquid.Through the above steps in S600, in target sample Pore-fluid injects to the pore pressure upstream of target sample and pore pressure downstream both ends simultaneously in portion, carries out pore pressure and adds Load (makes △ p < σm), obtain the bulk strain amount carried out in hole power loading procedure.After the carry out hole power load Bulk strain amount can use εv0To indicate.
Assuming that indicating the coupling parameter of target sample with H, the calculating of coupling parameter size can be according to formula H=(△ p/△εv0)∣σ m=0It is obtained to calculate.
Step S800 obtains the effective stress coefficient according to the bulk compressibility modulus and the coupling parameter.
Assuming that the effective stress coefficient is b, then the effective stress coefficient can be according to formula b=Kb/ H is calculated.
Specifically, it is assumed that the effective stress coefficient of target sample is indicated with b.It can be obtained with S500 through the above steps Obtain the bulk compressibility modulus K of the target sampleb, S700 obtains the coupling parameter H of the target sample through the above steps.
The size of the effective stress coefficient of target sample, can be according to formula b=Kb/ H is calculated.Due to target The calculating of sample effective stress coefficient is obtained by above-mentioned established mechanical model and coupling parameter.To simplify Measure the laboratory operating procedures of effective stress coefficient;And under the conditions of carrying out partial drainage to target sample, hydrostatic pressing is kept Power is constant, and only need to apply pore pressure (makes △ p < σm), and the bulk strain due to caused by pore pressure is measured, by upper It states mechanical model and finds out coupling parameter H, just can effectively overcome under the conditions of partial drainage, the confining pressure and pore water of target sample When pressure is with the load of phase same rate, caused load pump is not easy to the technological deficiency of control, to reach experimentation province Shi Shengli.The deformation of target sample can also be efficiently controlled, in an experiment convenient for being monitored to target sample displacement sensor.
The present invention provides a kind of methods applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, by arranging target sample Water triaxial compressions make target sample be in hydrostatic pressure state;Axial deflection, transversely deforming according to the target sample Amount, diameter and height, to calculate the bulk strain amount of the target sample;And according to the hydrostatic pressure and the volume Dependent variable, to calculate the bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample.It is in hydrostatic pressure state procedure in target sample, it is right The target sample carries out pore pressure load.In pore pressure loading procedure, according to the axial deflection, the transverse direction Deflection, the diameter and the height, to calculate the bulk strain amount of the target sample;And according to the Pore Pressure Power and the bulk strain amount, to calculate the coupling parameter of the target sample.Finally, according to the above-mentioned calculated volume of institute Compression modulus and coupling parameter, to calculate the effective stress system of the target sample.To reach raising effective stress system Several computational accuracies simplifies the technical effect of laboratory operating procedures.
It should be noted last that the above specific embodiment is only used to illustrate the technical scheme of the present invention and not to limit it, Although being described the invention in detail referring to example, those skilled in the art should understand that, it can be to the present invention Technical solution be modified or replaced equivalently, without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention, should all cover In the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of method applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient, which is characterized in that the described method includes:
Draining load is carried out to target sample, the target sample is made to be in hydrostatic pressure state;
Pressure-loaded is carried out to the target sample, obtains the axial deflection of the target sample, the cross of the target sample To the height of deflection, the diameter of the target sample and the target sample;
According to the axial deflection, the transversely deforming amount, the diameter and the height, the body of the target sample is obtained Product dependent variable;
Obtain the hydrostatic pressure of the target sample;
According to the hydrostatic pressure and the bulk strain amount, the bulk compressibility modulus of the target sample, the hydrostatic are obtained Pressure is σm;The bulk compressibility modulus is Kb
Fluid is injected into the hole of the target sample, the load of hole power is carried out to the target sample, obtains the progress Bulk strain amount after the load of hole power;Bulk strain amount after the progress hole power load is εv0
According to the bulk strain amount after the progress hole power load, the coupling parameter of the target sample is obtained;The coupling Closing parameter is H;The coupling parameter is according to formula H=(△ p/ △ εv0)∣σM=0It obtains;P is hole power;
According to the bulk compressibility modulus and the coupling parameter, the effective stress coefficient is obtained;The effective stress coefficient It is b;The effective stress coefficient is according to formula b=Kb/ H is obtained.
2. according to the method for being applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient described in claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The target sample is cylindrical rock, and the diameter of the target sample is 50mm, and the height of the target sample is 100mm。
3. according to the method for being applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient described in claim 2, which is characterized in that described to target Sample carries out draining load
The hole power for adjusting the target sample makes the hole power zero.
4. according to the method for being applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient described in claim 2, it is characterised in that:
The axial deflection is L;
The transversely deforming amount is D;
The height of the target sample is L0
The diameter of the target sample is D0
First dependent variable of the target sample is ε1
Second dependent variable of the target sample is ε2
First dependent variable is according to formula ε1=L/L0It obtains;
Second dependent variable is according to formula ε2=D/D0It obtains.
5. according to the method for being applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient described in claim 4, which is characterized in that described according to institute The bulk strain amount of hydrostatic pressure and the target sample is stated, the bulk compressibility modulus for obtaining the target sample includes:
The bulk strain amount of the hydrostatic pressure and the target sample is formed into scatter plot;
The scatter plot is analyzed, according to the linear relationship of the bulk strain amount of the target sample, obtains the target sample Bulk compressibility modulus.
6. according to the method for being applied to measurement rock effective stress coefficient described in claim 5, it is characterised in that:
The bulk strain amount of the target sample is εv
The bulk strain amount of the target sample is according to formula εv1+2ε2It obtains;
The bulk compressibility modulus is according to formula Kb=(△ σm/△εv)∣△ p=0It obtains.
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