CN105436500B - A kind of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device and debulking methods - Google Patents
A kind of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device and debulking methods Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105436500B CN105436500B CN201510765387.4A CN201510765387A CN105436500B CN 105436500 B CN105436500 B CN 105436500B CN 201510765387 A CN201510765387 A CN 201510765387A CN 105436500 B CN105436500 B CN 105436500B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- powder
- jacket
- stem
- end cap
- pedestal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
- B22F3/087—Compacting only using high energy impulses, e.g. magnetic field impulses
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
- B22F3/03—Press-moulding apparatus therefor
Abstract
The device for the powder compacting based on electromagnetic pulse that the present invention relates to a kind of, including for electric installation, fixing device and compaction apparatus；It is characterized in that：For electric installation by high-tension transformer (10), charging resistor (11), the charging circuit and be made of the pulse discharge circuit of capacitor group (13) composition that high-voltage rectifier (12) is constituted；Since the pressure in the electromagnetic pulse radial direction powder compacting process of the present invention is uniformly distributed radial load, it is evenly distributed circumferentially and axially, therefore be suitable for shaping axisymmetric axial workpiece, pipe part and gear part.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to powder forming fields, and in particular to it is a kind of based on electromagnetic pulse powder compacting device and compacting
Method.
Technical background
Powder forming be it is a kind of by loose metal powder (or metal and non-metal powder mixture) under certain pressure intensity
The forming technology of the closely knit briquet at definite shape, size, density and intensity.The technique is the process of PM technique key
One of, the performance of powder metallurgy product is had significant effect.Parts manufactured by PM technique have uniqueization
Composition and machinery, physical property are learned, disclosure satisfy that the job requirement of various harshnesses.Raw material powder is directly pressed by powder forming
The blank of required shape, subsequent handling only need a small amount of technique Cutting Process to can be made into parts, have low energy consumption, raw material save,
Pollute the features such as low.Based on its above-mentioned advantage, the parts of PM technique manufacture are widely used in auto parts machinery, engineering
The machinery industries such as mechanical fitting, aerospace accessory.
Electromagnetic pulse powder forming is using electromagnetic force as driving force, and under the electromagnetic force of flash, powder is rushing
The effect of hitting is lower to realize high speed dense compaction.Electromagnetic pulse powder forming is since discharge cycle is short (Millisecond), discharge energy
(tens of kilojoules) greatly, therefore very high pressing speed can be obtained, high velocity compacted makes dusty material adding in pressing process
Work induration reduces, and the very high slug press of consistency can be made.Ordinary powder is suppressed, if to obtain high consistency
High pressure is then needed, be easy to cause the damage of mold, therefore have very high mechanical property requirements, manufacturing cost to mold materials
It is high.When electromagnetic pulse powder forming, energy is propagated in the form of stress wave in powder, because between powder particle, mold and powder
Decline of pressure caused by frictional force is small between last particle, therefore the green density that the process obtains is evenly distributed, overall consistency
It is high.The charging and discharging process of electromagnetic pulse powder compaction process can easily be realized by circuit control, while can be charged by adjusting
Voltage and storage capacitor accurately adjust discharge energy, therefore entire technical process can realize automation control, safety and stability and effect
Rate is high.
Electromagnetic pulse powder forming is divided into two kinds by the difference of coil：Solenoid coil electromagnetic pulse powder forming and tablet
Coil electromagnetism pulse shaping.The electromagnetic force wherein generated during plate coil electromagnetic pulse powder forming, is acted on by punch
Onto powder, keep powder moment fine and close to generate axial pressure, therefore also known as electromagnetic pulse axial direction powder is compacted.And by
Using solenoid coil, what powder was subject to is uniformly distributed radial pressure, therefore also known as electromagnetic pulse is radially compacted.Currently, electric
The equipment that magnetic field impulse axial direction compacting device has finished product is run in the industrial production, and radial compacting device then only has
Related Experimental Study.Since the pressure in electromagnetic pulse radial direction powder compacting process is uniformly distributed radial load, circumferential and axial
It is evenly distributed, therefore is suitable for shaping axisymmetric axial workpiece, pipe part and gear part.For hollow axial symmetry
Part, if its endoporus is not cylindrical hole, after powder compacting, the stem hollow for moulding is difficult to take out, therefore limits to
In the part that forming endoporus is cylinder.
Invention content
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of powder forming devices based on electromagnetic pulse powder compaction theory, using helical
Pipeline circle carries out radial high speed compression to powder, while proposing a kind of group of gynostemium to shape the hollow part of the non-homogeneous cylinder of endoporus
Part improves the applicability that electromagnetic pulse radial direction powder is compacted this high velocity powder manufacturing process.
The technical solution used in the present invention provides a kind of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device, including for Denso
It sets, fixing device and compaction apparatus；It is characterized in that：
For electric installation by high-tension transformer, charging resistor, the charging circuit of high-voltage rectifier composition and by capacitor group structure
At pulse discharge circuit composition；
Fixing device includes pedestal, end cap, insulating protective sleeve and fixing bolt, wherein insulating protective sleeve is embedded in pedestal
On the positioning groove with insulating protective sleeve equal diameter in, solenoid coil close to insulating protective sleeve inner wall be embedded in pedestal；It will
End cap corresponds to positioning groove and installs to insulating protective sleeve, utilizes fixing bolt (4) union end lid and bottom seat；
Compaction apparatus includes jacket, and sealing-plug, stem end cap, stem center pillar, stem is by stem end cap and stem center pillar group
It closes, the stem both ends after combination are inserted into sealing-plug, are put on jacket and are then carried out powder filling.
The present invention also provides given a kind of debulking methods of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device comprising following step
Suddenly：
After the completion of step 1, powder filling, by stem, the combiner of the sealing-plug and powder of jacket and lower end moves together
Enter in closed gas chamber, be evacuated with air pump after sealing, the gas in powder is made to release；Gas release in powder is completed
Afterwards, combiner is taken out, sealing-plug in top cover is sealed, and then by the trapezoidal hole on end cap, is embedded it in
On the positioning groove of pedestal, compaction apparatus assembly is completed；
Step 2 after being connected for electric installation, is connect with extraction wire, forms entire discharge loop, when charging, 380V's
Industrial alternating voltage boosts to 20KV by high-tension transformer, and the ac voltage rectifier after raising is direct current by high-voltage rectifier
Pressure, and charge to capacitor group, after capacitor bank voltage rises to threshold values, high-voltage switch gear is connected, is discharged；Power supply
After device electric discharge, pulse current is formed in discharge loop, when pulse current passes through solenoid coil, inspires time-varying inside it
Magnetic field is wrapped in time-varying magnetic field and generates inductive loop, by radial electromagnetic force and to the densification of the powder moment of package in magnetic field
Compacting；
After the completion of step 3, compacting, circuit power is cut off, disconnects high-voltage switch gear, jacket is taken out by the trapezoidal hole on end cap
And its component of package, the end of jacket is isolated, then extraction of closure plug removes jacket, removing cylindrical stem center pillar, obtaining
To powder slug press part.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
(1) since the pressure in the electromagnetic pulse radial direction powder compacting process of the present invention is uniformly distributed radial load, in circumferential direction
And be axially evenly distributed, therefore be suitable for shaping axisymmetric axial workpiece, pipe part and gear part.
(2) method of the invention can also manufacture hollow axisymmetric parts；
(3) it is the various parts of cylinder that the present invention, which can also process endoporus not,；
(4) electromagnetism arteries and veins compaction process shown in the present invention, discharge cycle is short, and discharge energy is big, and pressing speed is big；
(5) compacting device shown in the present invention can get the blank of high-compactness；
(6) the compacting device pressing time shown in the present invention is short, efficient, safety and stability.
Description of the drawings：
Fig. 1 show the overall schematic of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compaction apparatus；
Fig. 2 show the sectional view and vertical view of end cap；
Fig. 3 show the sectional view and vertical view of pedestal；
Fig. 4 show the sectional view and vertical view of stem；
Fig. 5 show the front view and vertical view of stem end cap and stem center pillar；
Fig. 6 show the front view and vertical view of jacket；
Fig. 7 show the front view and vertical view of insulating protective sleeve；
Fig. 8 show the vertical view and sectional view of forming workblank.
Wherein：
1- sealing-plugs；2- stem end caps；3- powder；4- fixing bolts；5- insulating protective sleeves；6- solenoid coils；7- packets
Set；8- stem center pillars；9- pedestals；10- high-tension transformers；11- charging resistors；12- high-voltage rectifiers；13- capacitor groups；14-
High-voltage switch gear；15- extraction wires；16- end caps；17- wire lead slots；18- positioning grooves；19- wire lead slots；
Specific implementation mode
Following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, is described further and describes to the device of the invention.
As shown in Figure 1, apparatus of the present invention are by for electric installation, fixing device and compaction apparatus composition.
For electric installation by high-tension transformer 10, charging resistor 11, the charging circuit of the composition of high-voltage rectifier 12 and by capacitance
The pulse discharge circuit composition that device group 13 is constituted, high-voltage switch gear 14 are used to complete charging preparation and the pulse in entire forming process
The control of electric discharge.
Fixing device is made of pedestal 9, end cap 16, insulating protective sleeve 5, fixing bolt 4, is positioned to compaction apparatus and solid
It is fixed, compaction apparatus is wrapped up, high pressure pulse discharge is isolated.
By insulating protective sleeve 5 be embedded in pedestal 9 on in 5 isodiametric positioning groove 18 of insulating protective sleeve, line solenoid
Circle 6 is embedded in pedestal 9 close to 5 inner wall of insulating protective sleeve；
The correspondence positioning groove of end cap 16 is installed to 5 top of insulating protective sleeve, couples end cap 16 and bottom using fixing bolt
Seat 9, limits the displacement of insulating protective sleeve 5 and solenoid coil 6, and fixing bolt 4 passes through pedestal 9 and end cap 16.
Wherein, solenoid coil 6 needs the film package with insulation before installing, and avoids short circuit between each circle coil, installation
When coil upper and lower end coupled with extraction wire 15 by wire lead slot 17,19.
In forming process, the power that solenoid coil and jacket are subject to is uniform radial load, is only had at both ends smaller
Axial force, entire fixing device is not subject to big active force, therefore pedestal and end cap are not necessarily to the material of high intensity, and insulation can be used
The wood materials of lightweight.
Compaction apparatus is by jacket 7, and sealing-plug 1, stem end cap 2, stem center pillar 8 forms, and in compaction apparatus, powder occurs
Dense compaction.
As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 4, stem is composed of stem end cap 2 and stem center pillar 8, and the stem lower end combined is inserted
Enter in sealing-plug 1, puts on jacket 7 and then carry out powder filling.When filling, by vibrational excitation, make powder filling as far as possible
Consolidation.After the completion of powder filling, stem center pillar 8, jacket 7 and the combiner of sealing-plug 1 and powder move into closed gas together
It in room, is slowly evacuated with air pump after sealing, the gas slowly in powder is made to release.After the completion of powder exhaust, by combination section
Part takes out, and sealing-plug in top cover is sealed, then by the trapezoidal hole on end cap 16, embeds it in determining for pedestal 9
On the groove of position.Compaction apparatus assembly is completed.
A kind of debulking methods of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device comprising following steps：
After the completion of step 1, powder filling, by stem center pillar 8, jacket 7 and the sealing-plug 1 of lower end and the combiner of powder
It moves into closed gas chamber, is evacuated with air pump after sealing together, the gas slowly in powder is made to release.Gas in powder
After the completion of release, combiner is taken out, sealing-plug in top cover is sealed, then by the trapezoidal hole on end cap 16,
It embeds it on the locating slot 18 of pedestal 9, completes compaction apparatus assembly.
Step 2 after being connected for electric installation, is connect with extraction wire 15, forms entire discharge loop.When charging, 380V
Industrial alternating voltage 20KV is boosted to by high-tension transformer 10, (optimal discharge voltage according to different powder, blank dimension and
Variation can change voltage by adjusting the number of turns of 10 coil of high-tension transformer.) high-voltage rectifier 12 is by the alternating voltage after raising
Rectification is DC voltage, and is charged to capacitor group 13, after 13 voltage of capacitor group rises to threshold values, connects height and presses off
14 are closed, is discharged.
As shown in Figure 1, after discharging for electric installation, pulse current is formed in discharge loop, peak value is up to hundreds of kilo-amperes.In arteries and veins
When rushing electric current by solenoid coil 6, strong and uniform time-varying magnetic field is inspired inside it, jacket 7 is in time-varying magnetic field
Inductive loop is generated, by huge radial electromagnetic force in magnetic field, and then high speed inside contracts, and is caused to the powder moment wrapped up in it
Close compacting.
After the completion of step 3, compacting, circuit power is cut off, disconnects high-voltage switch gear 14, is taken out by the trapezoidal hole on end cap 16
The component of jacket 7 and its package isolates the end of jacket, and then extraction of closure plug tears and remove jacket, as powder is suppressed
8 part of blank and stem center pillar of forming.
The part that stem end cap 2 protrudes blank is clamped, takes out stem end cap 2, then removes cylindrical stem center pillar 8, it is remaining
Stay powder slug press part.
A kind of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device provided by the present invention is a kind of by the way of group gynostemium
The device of new powder forming.It can be seen that from example, using electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device, high speed carried out to powder
Dense compaction, gained blank, compactness is high, axial even density；Group gynostemium helps to shape the complexity of endoporus non-cylindrical
Through-hole.
Although having been combined embodiment to be described in detail the present invention, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that
Ground is that the present invention is not limited only to specific embodiment, on the contrary, in the various amendments without departing from the application spirit and essence, is become
Shape and replacement are all fallen among the protection domain of the application.
Claims (3)
1. a kind of device of the powder compacting based on electromagnetic pulse, including for electric installation, fixing device and compaction apparatus；Its feature
It is：
For electric installation by high-tension transformer (10), charging resistor (11), the charging circuit of high-voltage rectifier (12) composition and by electricity
The pulse discharge circuit composition that container group (13) is constituted；
Fixing device includes pedestal (9), end cap (16), insulating protective sleeve (5) and fixing bolt (4), wherein by insulating protective sleeve
(5) in the positioning groove (18) with insulating protective sleeve (5) equal diameter on embedded pedestal (9), solenoid coil (6) is close to exhausted
Edge protective case (5) inner wall is embedded in pedestal (9)；The corresponding positioning groove of end cap (16) is installed to insulating protective sleeve (5), is utilized
Fixing bolt (4) couples end cap (16) and pedestal (9), and pedestal and end cap use wood materials；
Compaction apparatus includes jacket (7), sealing-plug (1), stem end cap (2), stem center pillar (8), stem by stem end cap (2) and
Stem center pillar (8) is composed, and the stem both ends after combination are inserted into sealing-plug (1), is put on jacket (7) and then is carried out powder
Filling；After the completion of powder filling, stem, jacket (7) and the combiner of sealing-plug (1) and powder are moved into closed gas together
It is evacuated in room and with air pump, the gas in powder is made to release；After the completion of powder exhaust, combiner is taken out, top cover
Upper sealing-plug, is sealed, and then by the trapezoidal hole on end cap (16), embeds it on the positioning groove of pedestal (9).
2. the device of the powder compacting according to claim 1 based on electromagnetic pulse, which is characterized in that solenoid coil
(6) with the film package of insulation, short circuit between each circle coil is avoided, the upper and lower end of coil joins with extraction wire (15) when installation
It connects, in forming process, the power that solenoid coil (6) and jacket (7) are subject to is uniform radial load.
3. the debulking methods of the device of the powder compacting according to claim 1 based on electromagnetic pulse comprising following step
Suddenly：
After the completion of step 1, powder filling, by stem, the combiner of the sealing-plug (1) and powder of jacket (7) and lower end is together
It moves into closed gas chamber, is evacuated with air pump after sealing, the gas in powder is made to release；Gas release in powder is completed
Afterwards, combiner is taken out, sealing-plug (1), is sealed in top cover, will then by the trapezoidal hole on end cap (16)
It is embedded on the positioning groove of pedestal (9) (18), completes compaction apparatus assembly；
Step 2 after being connected for electric installation, is connect with extraction wire (15), forms entire discharge loop, when charging, 380V's
Industrial alternating voltage boosts to 20KV by high-tension transformer (10), and high-voltage rectifier (12) is by the ac voltage rectifier after raising
It for DC voltage, and charges to capacitor group (13), after capacitor group (13) voltage rises to threshold values, connects height and press off
It closes (14), discharges；After discharging for electric installation, pulse current is formed in discharge loop, pulse current passes through solenoid coil
(6) when, time-varying magnetic field is inspired inside it, jacket (7) generates inductive loop in time-varying magnetic field, by radial electricity in magnetic field
Magnetic force and powder moment dense compaction to package；
After the completion of step 3, compacting, circuit power is cut off, disconnects high-voltage switch gear (14), is taken out by the trapezoidal hole on end cap (16)
The component of jacket (7) and its package, isolates the end of jacket (7), and extraction of closure plug (1) then removes jacket, is removing cylindricality
Stem center pillar (8), obtain powder slug press part.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510765387.4A CN105436500B (en) | 2015-11-11 | 2015-11-11 | A kind of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device and debulking methods |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510765387.4A CN105436500B (en) | 2015-11-11 | 2015-11-11 | A kind of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device and debulking methods |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105436500A CN105436500A (en) | 2016-03-30 |
| CN105436500B true CN105436500B (en) | 2018-07-31 |
Family
ID=55547381
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510765387.4A Active CN105436500B (en) | 2015-11-11 | 2015-11-11 | A kind of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device and debulking methods |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105436500B (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107088656B (en) * | 2016-02-18 | 2019-06-28 | 大同特殊钢株式会社 | Powder filling apparatus, sintered magnet manufacturing equipment and sintered magnet manufacturing method |
| CN106513678A (en) * | 2016-11-29 | 2017-03-22 | 河南科技大学 | Powder sintering molding method and mold |
| CN107866570A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-04-03 | 东北大学 | A kind of equipment for powder metallurgy warm pressing formation |
| CN108057883B (en) * | 2018-01-02 | 2020-04-14 | 中南大学 | Method and device for realizing powder compaction by radial and axial electromagnetic force |
| CN109986076A (en) * | 2019-04-04 | 2019-07-09 | 武汉工程大学 | A kind of ceramic particle enhancing electromagnetism hot pressed powder forming device and method |
| CN114734037B (en) * | 2022-04-26 | 2023-10-10 | 厦门理工学院 | High-density part and pressing method and pressing device thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5405574A (en) * | 1992-02-10 | 1995-04-11 | Iap Research, Inc. | Method for compaction of powder-like materials |
| WO2000048772A2 (en) * | 1999-02-16 | 2000-08-24 | Iap Research, Inc. | Apparatus and method for making an electrical component |
| US8951466B2 (en) * | 2009-01-26 | 2015-02-10 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method of making component shapes having non-round exterior shapes |
| US20110097233A1 (en) * | 2009-10-22 | 2011-04-28 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Non-magnetic camshaft journal and method of making same |
| CN102744310B (en) * | 2012-07-11 | 2014-10-08 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Magnetic pulse forming device and method of bimetal composite pipe |
-
2015
- 2015-11-11 CN CN201510765387.4A patent/CN105436500B/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105436500A (en) | 2016-03-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN105436500B (en) | A kind of electromagnetic pulse radial direction compacting device and debulking methods | |
| CN108057883B (en) | Method and device for realizing powder compaction by radial and axial electromagnetic force | |
| CN103658297B (en) | The progressive drawing forming method of electromagnetic pulse assisted and device | |
| US11389853B2 (en) | Device and method for forming metal plate by using high-energy electric pulse to drive energetic materials | |
| CN101607286A (en) | Aluminum alloy curved part electromagnetic compound forming method and device | |
| CN109731982A (en) | Difficult-to-deformation material complex section hollow unit hinders heating electromagnetic manufacturing process certainly | |
| CN102941253B (en) | Component assembly method and device based on electromagnetic auxiliary forming | |
| CN103971917A (en) | Forming method and device of sintered Nd-Fe-B radiation magnetic ring | |
| CN204818055U (en) | Magnetic induced shrinkage or elongation on powder metallurgy moulding press actuates device | |
| CN114734037A (en) | High-density part and pressing method and device thereof | |
| CN202411413U (en) | Rare earth permanent magnet compression forming die | |
| CN101823146B (en) | High-speed impact pressing method for metal powder | |
| WO2018177596A1 (en) | Electrotechnical coil, method for producing same, and electromagnet or electric machine comprising at least one such coil | |
| CN108080482B (en) | A kind of ladder-like cylindrical member producing device and method based on multidirectional magnetic field power drive | |
| CN208290142U (en) | The radial 12 pole magnet ring forming moulds tool of permanent-magnet ferrite | |
| CN206983334U (en) | A kind of hydraulic test for suppressing magnetic material | |
| US3958325A (en) | Method and apparatus for making stators for electrical machines | |
| CN103337360B (en) | A kind of novel non-casting dry type transformer high-voltage coil and low-voltage coil cover winding mold tool | |
| CN204834336U (en) | A double -cylinder briquetting machine for multipolar magnetic ring one shot forming of neodymium iron boron anisotropic | |
| CN205050659U (en) | Novel neodymium iron boron high -energy magnetizes device | |
| CN202196660U (en) | Winding mould used for high and low coil continuously winding | |
| CN106024366A (en) | Primary molding magnetic field molding method and device | |
| CN108127015B (en) | A kind of ladder-like cylindrical member making apparatus and method based on magnetic field power drive | |
| RU2567868C1 (en) | Method for manufacture of magnetic circuits for axial electric machines | |
| CN203650665U (en) | Crucible cold-press forming mould |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |