CN105392546A - 使用于从天然气提取天然气液的吸附介质再生的包含微波加热系统的方法 - Google Patents
使用于从天然气提取天然气液的吸附介质再生的包含微波加热系统的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105392546A CN105392546A CN201480041066.3A CN201480041066A CN105392546A CN 105392546 A CN105392546 A CN 105392546A CN 201480041066 A CN201480041066 A CN 201480041066A CN 105392546 A CN105392546 A CN 105392546A
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- natural gas
- adsorbent
- adsorbing medium
- propane
- ethane
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Abstract
本发明公开一种从天然气分离乙烷和更重烃或丙烷和更重烃以提供富含甲烷的天然气流和挥发性较小的天然气液(NGL)的方法。此方法提供通过微波加热系统再生的可再生吸附介质的用途。所述再生步骤可以作为分批方法、半连续方法或连续方法操作。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种从天然气分离乙烷和更重烃或丙烷和更重烃以提供富含甲烷的天然气流和挥发性较小的天然气液的方法。具体来说,此方法提供通过有效方法再生的可再生吸附介质的用途。
背景技术
天然气主要由饱和烃组分组成,如甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和更重烃。天然气通常含有约60-100摩尔百分比甲烷,其余主要是更重烷烃。碳数目增加的烷烃通常以减少量存在。还可以存在二氧化碳、硫化氢、氮气和其它气体。
从天然气分离称为天然气液(NGL)的更高烷烃以提供富含甲烷的天然气流存在许多原因。一个此类原因是为了符合管道规格或液化天然气(LNG)有关热值、露点和冷凝的规格。含有升高含量NGL的天然气的BTU水平可以是1058或更大,而典型管道或LNG规格的BTU值是1028BTU。一些系统(如气体燃烧系统)经设计以在窄BTU范围内操作并且如果在较高BTU下操作,那么可能需要较高维护成本、较高操作温度、设备预期寿命减小和/或产生的污染增加。
另外,从天然气回收天然气液可以是经济上所需的。包括乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和更少量其它重烃的NGL可以用作石化原料,其中其具有与其作为燃气组分的值相比更高的值。
在其它情况下,气体是与油一起共同生产并且NGL的浓度可以是介于气流的零点几百分比至数十百分比的极大范围内。此气体可以由于高含量的二氧化碳、氮气和其它组分而具有不良质量。气体流速可能较小并且将管道带到产生天然气的分离位置常常是不经济的,此类气体有时称为闲置气体。在这些情况下,最佳替代方案是燃烧所述气体。然而,燃烧富含NGL的气体可能对环境具有显著负面影响,导致大量CO2和热量注入大气中。除捕获可以存储于储槽中用于后续运输和出售的经分离NGL的价值以外,从气体移出NGL以减小无益地释放于环境中的CO2的量和热量将对环境有利。
从天然气流分离天然气液存在两个基本步骤。首先,必须从天然气提取液体。其次,这些天然气液必须自身分离成其基本组分。从天然气流移出NGL的两种原理技术是油吸收法和低温膨胀机方法。这两种方法占总天然气液生产的大约90%。
NGL提取的吸收方法利用对NGL具有亲和力的吸收油。在油已经带走任何NGL前,其被称为“贫”吸收油。随着天然气通过吸收塔,其与吸收高比例NGL的吸收油接触。现在含有NGL的“富”吸收油经由底部离开吸收塔。其现在是吸收油、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷和其它更重烃的混合物。将富油进料到蒸馏的贫油中,其中将混合物加热到高于NGL沸点但低于油沸点的温度。此方法允许从天然气流回收大约75%的丁烷和85至90%的戊烷和更重分子。
虽然存在许多已知吸附方法,但总是在高回收率和方法简单性(即低资本投资)之间存在折衷。常见吸附技术聚焦于烃的移出,其在富含非烃的流体中非常起作用,但是在烃连续流的适用性方面受到限制。另外,此技术对某些分子大小/重量无选择性。
低温方法也用于从天然气提取NGL。虽然吸收方法可以提取几乎所有的较重NGL,但是较轻烃(如乙烷)常常更加难以从天然气流回收。在某些情况下,将较轻NGL简单地保留在天然气流中是经济的。然而,如果提取乙烷和其它较轻烃是经济的,那么低温方法需要高回收率。基本上,低温方法由将气流温度下降至大约-120华氏度组成。存在许多不同方式将气体冷却至这些温度,但是最有效的一个被称为涡轮膨胀机方法。在此方法中,外部制冷剂用于冷却天然气流。接着,使用膨胀涡轮快速膨胀冷却气体,使温度显著下降。此膨胀也可以跨越阀门发生。由焦耳-汤普森效应(Joule-Thompsoneffect)所导致的此快速温度下降使气流中的乙烷和其它烃冷凝,同时使甲烷维持气体形式。此方法允许回收天然气流中最初约90至95%的乙烷。另外,膨胀涡轮能够将天然气流膨胀时所释放的一些能量转化用于再压缩气态甲烷排出物,因此节省与提取乙烷相关联的能量成本。这些设备可以被称为JT设备、制冷设备或低温设备,其全部都是相同温度下降方法的变化形式。
虽然可靠,但是低温系统遭受包括高马力要求的许多缺点。另外,此类系统需要相对严格并且昂贵的维护以正常运行。机械制冷系统也在可以传递的冷量方面具有实际极限,因此,此类系统的效率和能力受到限制。操作窗口(设备的操作条件范围可以在内部良好起作用)是相对窄的窗口,需要时间有效启动和关闭并且是相当资本密集型的。因此,这些设施常常在较高气体流速下使用以确保较多经济成本来处理系统。并且如果所述设施被构建并且仅可以在窄范围操作条件下操作,那么存在去除CO2(胺系统)、水(乙二醇脱水)和有时甚至预冷却(丙烷制冷机)所需的相当大的上游处理系统。
一旦NGL已从天然气流移出,那么必须分离出不同NGL的混合液流。用于实现此任务的方法被称为分级分离。分级分离基于NGL流中不同烃的不同沸点来起作用。基本上,分级分离分成由逐个蒸馏出烃组成的阶段发生。通过从最轻烃进行到最重烃,有可能易于合理地分离不同NGL。
在各种替代技术中,吸附方法似乎是最有前景的。适用于分离NGL的吸附剂应对烯烃或链烷烃具有高吸附能力和选择性。吸附组分应能够易于通过简单化学工程操作(如通过升高温度或通过降低压力)来解吸附。常规吸附剂,如先前技术中已知的展现对乙烯或丙烯的选择性的沸石、活性碳、活性氧化铝、氧化硅凝胶、负载聚合物的氯化银、含铜树脂等,遭受如缓慢吸附动力学、不良吸附能力和/或选择性的一或多个缺点。此外,由于不断改变的商业要求和需求,所以需要具有展现甚至更高吸附能力、选择性和/或可逆性的吸附剂用于烃气体的高效分离。
具有利用介质的经改善NGL回收方法应是适用的,其可以从天然气分离NGL、通过解吸附所分离的NGL再生、呈一种流体形式或选择性分离乙烷(C2)和更重烃中的一或多个、使弃置的废介质减到最少和/或具有物理占据面积小和宽广操作窗口的加工单元。
发明内容
本发明是一种使用于从天然气进料流分离天然气液的负载的吸附介质再生的方法,其包含使用微波加热系统使所述负载的吸附介质再生的步骤。
在一个实施例中,本发明的方法是一种使用于从包含甲烷和乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷或更重烃中的一或多个的天然气进料流分离天然气液的负载的吸附介质再生的方法,其包含以下步骤:
(a)提供包含吸附介质的吸附床,其中所述吸附介质吸附乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷、更重烃和/或其混合物;
(b)使所述天然气进料流通过所述吸附床以提供富含甲烷的天然气流和负载的吸附介质,优选地,所述吸附介质是硅胶、氧化铝、氧化硅-氧化铝、沸石、活性碳、负载聚合物的氯化银、含铜树脂、多孔交联聚合物吸附剂、热解大孔聚合物或其混合物,最优选地多孔交联聚合物吸附剂、热解大孔聚合物或其混合物;
(c)回收、输送、液化或燃烧所述富含甲烷的天然气流,
(d)使用微波加热系统使所述负载的吸附介质再生以释放所吸附的乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷、更重烃和/或其混合物,
(e)单独和/或以混合物形式回收、输送、液化、再注入、排除、分流或燃烧所述乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、更重烃和/或戊烷;
以及
(f)再使用所述再生吸附介质。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的天然气吸附和再生方法的示意图。
图2是根据本发明的包含微波再生单元的天然气吸附和再生装置的示意图。
图3显示实例1(本发明的实例)的丁烷的初始和重复吸附等温线。
图4显示实例2(本发明的实例)的丁烷的初始和重复吸附等温线。
图5显示实例3(本发明的实例)的丙烷的初始和重复吸附等温线。
图6显示实例1(本发明的实例)的甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和戊烷的吸附等温线。
图7显示实例2(本发明的实例)的甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和戊烷的吸附等温线。
图8显示实例3(本发明的实例)的甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和戊烷的吸附等温线。
具体实施方式
原始天然气来自三种类型的井:油井、气井和凝液井。来自油井的天然气通常被称为“伴生气”。此气体可以一定形式(自由气体)与油分离而存在或溶解于原油中(溶解气体)。来自存在极少或无原油的气井和凝液井的天然气被称为“非伴生气”。气井通常本身产生原始天然气,而凝液井产生自由天然气以及半液体烃凝液。无论天然气的来源是什么,一旦与原油(如果存在)分离,其通常以甲烷与其它烃的混合物形式存在;主要是乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和戊烷以及在较小程度上更重烃。
原始天然气常常含有大量杂质,如水或酸性气体,例如二氧化碳(CO2)、硫化氢(H2S)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二硫化碳(CS2)、氰化氢(HCN)、硫化羰(COS)或硫醇作为杂质。如本发明方法中所用的术语“天然气进料流”包括任何天然气来源、原始或已经处理一或多次以去除水和/或其它杂质的原始天然气。
术语“天然气液”(NGL)和“乙烷+”(C2+)广义上指代具有两个或更多个碳的烃,如乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和可能少量戊烷或更重烃。优选地,NGL的甲烷浓度是5摩尔%或更小。
术语“富含甲烷”广义上指代例如在分级分离后已回收乙烷+量的任何蒸气或液体流。因此,富含甲烷的流体的C1浓度高于伴生和非伴生天然气中的C1浓度。优选地,C1的浓度增加是由于天然中去除至少90摩尔%的乙烷和去除至少95摩尔%的丙烷+。
适合的吸附剂是具有微观结构的固体。此类吸附剂的内表面优选地在100至2000m2/g之间、更优选地在500至1500m2/g之间并且甚至更优选地1000至1300m2/g。吸附床中吸附剂的内表面性质使得C2和更重烃得以吸附。适合的吸附介质包括基于氧化硅、硅胶、氧化铝或氧化硅-氧化铝、沸石、活性碳、负载聚合物的氯化银、含铜树脂的材料。最优选的吸附介质是多孔交联聚合物吸附剂或部分热解的大孔聚合物。优选地,吸附剂的内表面是非极性的。
在一个实施例中,本发明是使用吸附介质从天然气流提取NGL。大孔聚合物吸附剂从天然气流提取NGL的机制是吸附和吸收的组合;主要机制至少被认为是吸附。因此,术语“吸附”和“吸附剂”在本说明书通篇使用,但是这主要是为方便起见。本发明并不认为局限于任何特定机制。
当吸附介质已吸附任何量的C2+烃时,其被称为“负载”。负载包括从低含量烃直到包括饱和吸附烃的一系列吸附量。
术语“大孔”在所属领域中与“大孔网状”互换使用并且一般是指直径约或更大的孔。“中孔”被表征为在和更大但小于之间的孔。“微孔”被表征为小于的孔。这些类型的孔的改造分布产生对NGL的高吸附能力和在方便/实际化学工程方法更改(温度升高或减压[真空])下易于NGL解吸附的所需特性。产生微孔、中孔和大孔分布的方法可以不同方式实现,包括在惰性稀释剂或其它致孔剂存在下形成聚合物以导致相分离并且通过后交联形成微孔。
在一个实施例中,本发明的吸附介质是本发明的大孔聚合物吸附剂,其是经改造以具有大表面积、大孔隙体积和高吸附能力以及大孔、中孔和微孔的改造分布的后交联聚合物合成吸附剂。优选地,本发明的大孔聚合物吸附剂是超高交联和/或亚甲基桥连的,具有以下特征:BET表面积等于或大于500m2/g并且优选地等于或大于1,000m2/g,粒度是300微米至1500微米、优选地500至1200微米。
可以聚合形成适用的大孔聚合物吸附剂的单体的实例是苯乙烯、烷基苯乙烯、卤苯乙烯、卤烷基苯乙烯、乙烯基苯酚、乙烯基苯甲醇、乙烯基苯甲基卤化物和乙烯基萘。包括在经取代的苯乙烯当中的是经邻位、间位和对位取代的化合物。具体实例是苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯、乙基苯乙烯、叔丁基苯乙烯和乙烯基苯甲基氯,包括任何此类单体的邻位、间位和对位异构体,其分子结构允许此类型的异构化。其它单体实例是多官能化合物。一个优选类别是聚乙二烯化合物,其实例是二乙烯基苯、三乙烯基苯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基硫醚和二乙烯基吡啶。优选聚乙二烯化合物是二乙烯基和三乙烯基芳香族化合物。多官能化合物也可以用作第一组单体的交联剂。
制备聚合物吸附剂的一个优选方法是通过使用膨胀剂使聚合物膨胀,接着交联膨胀状态的聚合物作为唯一交联反应或作为除在膨胀之前进行的交联以外的交联反应。当使用膨胀剂时,将使用足够的交联剂进行任何膨胀前交联反应以使得聚合物在与膨胀剂接触时膨胀而非溶解于试剂中。与所进行的阶段无关,交联程度还将影响聚合物的孔隙度并且可以变化以达到特定孔隙度。鉴于这些变化,交联剂的比例可以大幅变化,并且本发明并不限于特定范围。因此,交联剂可以介于聚合物的约0.25%至约45%的范围内。最佳结果一般是相对于聚合物使用约0.75%至约8%交联剂来获得,其余(未交联)单体占约92%至约99.25%(所有百分比都是以重量计)。
适用于本发明实践的其它大孔聚合物吸附剂是一或多种单芳香族单体与一或多种非芳香族单亚乙烯基单体的共聚物。后者的实例是丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸甲基乙酯。当存在时,这些非芳香族单体优选地占共聚物的小于约30重量%。
大孔聚合物吸附剂是通过常规技术制备,其实例公开在不同美国专利中。实例是USP4,297,220;4,382,124;4,564,644;5,079,274;5,288,307;4,950,332;和4,965,083。这些专利中的每一个的公开内容以全文引用的方式并入本文中。
对于膨胀并且接着在膨胀状态交联的聚合物,在膨胀后的交联可以通过多种方式实现,其进一步公开在以上列举的专利中。一种方法是首先使聚合物卤烷基化,接着使其膨胀并且通过使卤烷基部分与相邻链上的芳香族基团反应形成烷基桥而交联。卤烷基化是通过常规手段实现,其实例是首先在非反应性条件下用卤烷基化剂使聚合物膨胀,同时包括弗里德-克拉夫茨催化剂(Friedel-Craftscatalyst)溶解于卤烷基化剂中。一旦聚合物膨胀,使温度升高至反应水平并且维持直到已发生所需程度的卤烷基化为止。卤烷基化剂的实例是氯甲基甲醚、溴甲基甲醚和甲醛与盐酸的混合物。在卤烷基化后,聚合物通过与惰性膨胀剂接触进一步膨胀。实例是二氯乙烷、氯苯、二氯苯、二氯化乙烯、二氯甲烷、二氯丙烷和硝基苯。弗里德-克拉夫茨催化剂也可以溶解于膨胀剂中,因为所述催化剂将用于后续交联反应。接着在催化剂存在下,将温度升高至介于约60℃至约85℃范围内的水平,并且进行桥连反应。一旦桥连反应完成,通过溶剂提取、洗涤、干燥或这些程序的组合去除膨胀剂。
完成的吸附剂的孔径分布和相关特性可以大幅变化并且无特定范围是本发明关键。在大部分应用中,最佳结果将在聚合物约0.5至约1.5cc/g范围内的孔隙度(总空隙体积)下获得。优选范围是约0.7至约1.3cc/g。在这些范围内,由大孔(即直径 或更大的孔)贡献的量将优选地介于约0.025至约0.6cc/g范围内,并且最优选地约0.04至约0.5cc/g。聚合物的表面积,如通过氮吸附法(如熟知的BET方法)所测量,将在大部分应用中在约150至约2100m2/g、并且优选地约400至约1400m2/g的范围内。平均孔径将最通常介于约至约的范围内。
大孔聚合物吸附剂的形式同样并非关键并且可以是能够容纳和接触流动压缩气流的任何形式。颗粒状粒子和珠粒是优选的,尺寸范围介于约50至约5,000微米,其中约500至约3,000微米的范围尤其优选。与吸附剂接触可以通过气体的常规流动配置来实现,如通常用于流化床或填充床的那些配置。吸附剂也可以封入滤筒中以易于去除和置换并且更加控制气流路径(如径向流)。
大孔聚合物吸附剂可以在广泛范围的操作条件下有效地起作用。温度将优选地在不造成蒸气另外冷凝或吸附剂的物理或化学形式的任何变化的任何范围内。优选操作温度在5℃至75℃、并且最优选地10℃至50℃的范围内。一般来说,在环境温度下或在环境温度与高于环境10℃至15℃之间操作将提供令人满意的结果。进入吸附床的天然气流的压力也可以大幅变化,优选地从2psig(115kPa)延伸至1000psig(7000kPa)。压力将一般由将使用产品气体的设备单元指示。典型压力范围是100psig(795kPa)至300psig(2170kPa)。吸附床中天然气流的停留时间将最常介于0.02秒至5秒并且优选地0.3秒至3.0秒的范围内。天然气流贯穿床的空间速度将最常落入0.1英尺/秒至5英尺/秒的范围内,其中0.3英尺/秒至3英尺/秒的范围是优选的。最后,相对湿度可以是最多100%的任何值,但是为方便起见,相对湿度的优选范围是约25%至约98%。
上文所描述的本发明的大孔聚合物吸附剂可以用于从含有甲烷的混合气体分离乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷和更重烃。优选地,本发明的大孔聚合物吸附剂在35℃和500mmHg丙烷下每克吸附剂吸附等于或大于60cm3STP的丙烷。优选地,本发明的吸附剂在35℃和100mmHg正丁烷下每克吸附剂吸附等于或大于60cm3STP的正丁烷。此外,这些材料能够脱除丙烷或正丁烷气体,并且接着能够在35℃和500mmHg丙烷下每克吸附剂再吸附等于或大于60cm3STP的丙烷或在35℃和100mmHg正丁烷下每克吸附剂再吸附大于60cm3STP的正丁烷至少一次。优选地,本发明的吸附剂在35℃和600mmHg乙烷下每克吸附剂吸附等于或大于30cm3STP的乙烷。优选地,本发明的吸附剂在35℃和50mmHg戊烷下每克吸附剂吸附等于或大于100cm3STP的戊烷。
在另一个实施例中,本发明的吸附介质是从天然气流提取NGL的热解大孔聚合物吸附介质。
热解大孔聚合物吸附介质是众所周知的,例如参见USP4,040,990,其以全文引用的方式并入本文中。部分热解的粒子优选地呈珠粒或球体形式,通过具有特定初始孔隙度的合成聚合物的受控分解而产生。在一个优选实施例中,热解粒子来源于含有大孔结构的大孔网状离子交换树脂的热分解。
一般来说,热解包含使起始聚合物在某些环境条件下经历受控温度持续受控时间段。热解的主要目的是热降解,同时高效去除所产生的挥发性产物。
最大温度可以介于约300℃至最多约900℃的范围内,取决于待处理的聚合物和最终热解粒子的所需组成。较高温度(例如约700℃和更高)导致聚合物的广泛降解,同时在产物中形成分子筛尺寸的孔。
最理想地,热分解(或者指示“热解”或“热处理”)是在由例如氩气、氖气、氦气、氮气等构成的惰性气氛中使用经碳固定部分取代的大孔网状合成聚合物珠粒来进行,所述碳固定部分允许聚合物炭化而不融合,以便保留大孔网状结构并且得到高产率的碳。当中适合的碳固定部分是磺酸酯、羧基、胺、卤素、氧、磺酸盐、羧酸盐和季胺盐。这些基团通过熟知的常规技术引入起始聚合物中,如用于使聚合物官能化以生产离子交换树脂的那些反应。碳固定部分还可以通过将其反应性前驱物渗吸至大孔网状聚合物的孔中,随即或在加热过程中将碳固定部分化学结合于聚合物上。这些后面的反应性前驱物的实例包括硫酸、氧化剂、硝酸、路易斯酸(Lewisacid)、丙烯酸等。
适用于实践本发明方法的温度一般在300℃至约900℃的范围内,但是更高温度也可以是合适的,取决于待处理的聚合物和最终热解产物的所需组成。在高于约700℃的温度下,起始聚合物广泛降解,同时在产物中形成分子筛尺寸的孔,即至平均临界尺寸,产生根据本发明的优选类别的吸附剂。在较低温度下,热形成孔的平均临界尺寸通常介于至高达的范围内。优选的热解温度范围在约400℃与800℃之间。如下文中将更充分地解释,温度控制是产生具有所需产物的组成、表面积、孔隙结构和其它物理特征的部分热解材料所必需的。热处理的持续时间相对不重要,允许升温而使暴露时间最少。
广泛范围的热解树脂可以通过改变起始聚合物的孔隙度和/或化学组成并且还通过改变热分解的条件而产生。一般来说,本发明的热解树脂的碳氢比是1.5∶1至20∶1、优选地2.0∶1至10∶1,而活性碳的C/H比通常高得多,至少大于30∶1(碳和石墨手册(CarbonandGraphiteHandbook),查尔斯L.曼特尔(CharlesL.Mantell),纽约国际科学出版社(IntersciencePublishers,N.Y.)1968,第198页)。产物粒子含有至少85重量%的碳,而其余部分主要是氢、碱金属、碱土金属、氮、氧、硫、氯等,来源于聚合物或上面含有的官能团(碳固定部分)和以填料组分形式引入聚合物孔中的氢、氧、硫、氮、碱金属、过渡金属、碱土金属和其它元素(可以充当催化剂和/或碳固定部分或具有一些其它功能目的)。
最终产物的孔结构必须含有至少两组具有不同平均尺寸的相异孔,即多重模态孔隙分布。较大孔来源于优选地含有平均临界尺寸介于至范围内的大孔的大孔树脂起始物质。较小孔如先前所提到,一般尺寸范围介于至其很大程度上取决于在热解过程中的最大温度。此类多重模态孔隙分布被视为本发明组合物的新颖和必需的特征。
本发明的热解聚合物具有由起始物质的大孔隙度产生的相对大的表面积和在热解过程中出现的较小孔。一般来说,如通过氮吸附所测量的整体表面积介于约50与1500m2/g之间的范围。其中,如通过压汞技术计算所得,大孔将通常贡献6至700m2/g、优选地6至200m2/g,而其余部分通过热处理贡献。已在先前技术中进行热处理的无孔聚合物(如“凝胶”型树脂)并不贡献本发明的吸附剂所必需的大孔,也不在本文所述的热解聚合物的效率下起作用。
热解持续时间取决于从特定聚合物去除挥发物所需的时间和所选方法的热传递特征。一般来说,热解在热传递快速时极其快速,例如在热解浅床材料的烘箱中或在流化床中。为防止热解聚合物燃烧,在热解材料暴露于空气前,聚合物的温度通常降低至不超过400℃、优选地不超过300℃。最理想的操作方法涉及快速加热至最大温度,使温度保持最大持续短时间段(大约0至20分钟)并且其后在样品暴露于空气前将温度迅速降低至室温。根据本发明的产物已通过此优选方法通过在20至30分钟时段内加热至800℃并且冷却而产生。在高温下保持较长时段也是令人满意的,因为除非温度增加,否则似乎不进行额外分解。
少量活化气体(如CO2、NH3、O2、H2O或其组合)往往会在热解过程中与聚合物反应并且由此增加最终材料的表面积。此类气体是任选的并且可以用于获得吸附剂的特殊特征。
可以用于产生本发明的热解树脂的起始聚合物包括一或多种单烯属或聚烯属不饱和单体或可以通过缩合反应产生大孔网状聚合物和共聚物的单体的大孔网状均聚物或共聚物。在形成经热处理的大孔网状聚合物时用作前驱物的大孔网状树脂本身并未要求为新的物质组成。具有适当碳固定部分的任何这种类型的已知材料是适合的。优选单体是烯属不饱和的那些脂肪族和芳香族材料。
可以用于制造颗粒状大孔网状树脂的适合的单烯属不饱和单体的实例包括:丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的酯,如甲基、乙基、2-氯乙基、丙基、异丁基、异丙基、丁基、叔丁基、仲丁基、乙基己基、戊基、己基、辛基、癸基、十二烷基、环己基、异冰片基、苯甲基、苯基、烷基苯基、乙氧基甲基、乙氧基乙基、乙氧基丙基、丙氧基甲基、丙氧基乙基、丙氧基丙基、乙氧基苯基、乙氧基苯甲基、乙氧基环己基、羟乙基、羟丙基、乙烯、丙稀、异丁烯、二异丁烯、苯乙烯、乙基乙烯基苯、乙烯基甲苯、乙烯基苯甲基氯、氯乙烯、乙酸乙烯酯、偏二氯乙烯、二环戊二烯、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、二丙酮丙烯酰胺;官能单体,如乙烯基苯、磺酸;乙烯基酯,包括乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯、月桂酸乙烯酯;乙烯基酮,包括乙烯基甲基酮、乙烯基乙基酮、乙烯基异丙基酮、乙烯基正丁基酮、乙烯基己基酮、乙烯基辛基酮、甲基异丙烯基酮;乙烯基醛,包括丙烯醛、甲基丙烯醛、巴豆醛;乙烯基醚,包括乙烯基甲基醚、乙烯基乙基醚、乙烯基丙基醚、乙烯基异丁基醚;亚乙烯基化合物,包括溴化氯化亚乙烯基或溴氯化亚乙烯基;另外不饱和二羧酸的相应中性或半酸半酯或自由二酸,包括衣康酸、柠康酸、乌头酸、反丁烯二酸和顺丁烯二酸;经取代的丙烯酰胺,如N-单烷基、-N,N-二烷基-和N-二烷基氨基烷基丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺,其中所述烷基可以具有一个至十八个碳原子,如丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸的甲酯、乙酯、异丙酯、丁酯、己酯、环己酯、辛酯、十二烷基酯、十六烷基酯和十八烷基氨基烷基酯,如丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸β-二甲基氨基乙酯、丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸β-二乙基氨基乙酯或丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸6-二甲基氨基己酯;甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酸烷基硫乙酯,如甲基丙烯酸乙基硫乙酯;乙烯基吡啶,如2-乙烯基吡啶、4-乙烯基吡啶、2-甲基-5-乙烯基吡啶等。
就含有甲基丙烯酸乙基硫乙酯的共聚物来说,产物必要时可以氧化成相应亚砜或砜。
通常起作用但仅具有一个此类不饱和基团的聚烯属不饱和单体(如异戊二烯、丁二烯和氯丁二烯)可以作为单烯属不饱和类别的一部分使用。
聚烯属不饱和化合物的实例包括:二乙烯基苯、二乙烯基吡啶、二乙烯基萘、邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基砜、乙二醇、丙三醇、季戊四醇、二乙二醇、二醇的单硫基或二硫基衍生物和间苯二酚的聚乙烯基或多烯丙基醚、二乙烯基酮、二乙烯基硫醚、丙烯酸烯丙酯、顺丁烯二酸二烯丙酯、反丁烯二酸二烯丙酯、丁二酸二烯丙酯、碳酸二烯丙酯、丙二酸二烯丙酯、乙二酸二烯丙酯、己二酸二烯丙酯、癸二酸二烯丙酯、癸二酸二乙烯酯、酒石酸二烯丙酯、硅酸二烯丙酯、丙三酸三烯丙酯、乌头酸三烯丙酯、柠檬酸三烯丙酯、磷酸三烯丙酯、N,N′-亚甲基二丙烯酰胺、N,N′-亚甲基二甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N′-亚乙基二丙烯酰胺、三乙烯基苯、三乙烯基萘和聚乙烯基蒽。
这种类型单体的优选类别是芳香族烯属不饱和分子,如苯乙烯、乙烯基吡啶、乙烯基萘、乙烯基甲苯、丙烯酸苯酯、乙烯基二甲苯和乙基乙烯基苯。
优选聚烯属不饱和化合物的实例包括二乙烯基吡啶、二乙烯基萘、二乙烯基苯、三乙烯基苯、苯核中具有1至4个1至2个碳原子的烷基取代的烷基二乙烯基苯和在苯核中具有1至3个1至2个碳原子的烷基取代的烷基三乙烯基苯。除这些聚(乙烯基)苯单体的均聚物和共聚物以外,其中的一或多个可以与最多98%(以总单体混合物的重量计)(1)单烯属不饱和单体或(2)除刚刚定义的聚(乙烯基)苯以外聚烯属不饱和单体或(3)(1)和(2)的混合物一起共聚合。经烷基取代的二乙烯基和三乙烯基苯的实例是各种乙烯基甲苯、二乙烯基乙基苯、1,4-二乙烯基-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯、1,3,5-三乙烯基-2,4,6-三甲基苯、1,4-二乙烯基2,3,6-三乙基苯、1,2,4-三乙烯基-3,5-二乙基苯、1,3,5-三乙烯基-2-甲基苯。
最优选的是苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯和乙基乙烯基苯的共聚物。
适合的缩合单体的实例包括:(a)脂肪族二元酸,如顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、衣康酸、1,1-环丁烷二羧酸等;(b)脂肪族二胺,如哌嗪、2-甲基哌嗪、顺,顺-双(4-氨基环己基)甲烷、间苯二甲胺等;(c)二醇,如二乙二醇、三乙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、新戊二醇等;(d)双氯甲酸酯,如顺和反-双氯甲酸1,4-环己基酯、双氯甲酸2,2,2,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁基酯和上文所提及的其它二醇的双氯甲酸酯等;(e)羟基酸,如水杨酸、间和对羟基苯甲酸和由其衍生的内酯,如丙内酯、戊内酯、己内酯等;(f)二异氰酸酯,如顺和反-环丙烷-1,2-二异氰酸酯、顺和反-环丁烷-1-2-二异氰酸酯等;(g)芳香族二酸和其衍生物(酯、酸酐和酰基氯),如邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、对苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯等;(h)芳香族二胺,如联苯胺、4,4′-亚甲基二胺、双(4-氨基苯基)醚等;(i)双酚,如双酚A、双酚C、双酚F、酚酞、间苯二酚等;(j)双酚双(氯甲酸酯),如双酚A双(氯甲酸酯)、4,4′-二羟基二苯甲酮双(氯甲酸酯)等;(k)羰基和硫羰基化合物,如甲醛、乙醛、硫丙酮丙酮等;(1)苯酚和衍生物,如苯酚、烷基苯酚等;(m)多官能交联剂,如三元或多元酸(如偏苯三甲酸)、三元或多元醇(如丙三醇)、三元或多元胺,如二亚乙基三胺;和其它缩合单体以及上述的混合物。
由芳香族和/或脂肪族单体产生的离子交换树脂提供用于生产多孔吸附剂的起始聚合物的优选类别。离子交换树脂也可以含有选自阳离子、阴离子、强碱、弱碱、磺酸、羧酸、含氧、卤素和其混合物的官能团。另外,此类离子交换树脂可以任选地含有氧化剂、反应性物质、硫酸、硝酸、丙烯酸等在热处理前至少部分填充聚合物的大孔。
合成聚合物可以在热解前用填料浸渍,如碳黑、木炭、骨炭、锯屑或其它含碳材料。此类填料提供经济的碳来源,其可以聚合物的最多约90重量%的量添加。
起始聚合物在离子交换树脂时,可以任选地在离子部位含有原子级分散形式的多种金属。这些金属可以包括铁、铜、银、镍、锰、钯、钴、钛、锆、钠、钾、钙、锌、镉、钌、铀和稀土(如镧)。通过利用离子交换机制,技术员有可能控制有待并入的金属的量以及分布。
虽然金属并入于树脂上主要辅助其充当催化剂的能力,但适用的吸附剂也可以含有金属。
合成聚合物(不论呈酸、碱或金属盐形式的离子交换树脂)是市售的。根据本发明,还提供一种从气态或液体介质分离组分的吸附方法,其包含使介质与热解合成聚合物的粒子接触。
举例来说,已发现由氢、铁(III)、铜(II)、银(I)或钙(II)形式中的任一个热解的基于苯乙烯二乙烯基苯的强酸性交换树脂可以在1床体积/小时至600床体积/分钟、优选地10至200床体积/分钟的流动速率下将空气(优选地干燥空气)中的氯乙烯浓度从2ppm至300,000ppm的初始浓度减小到小于1ppm的水平。
上文所公开的本发明的部分热解大孔聚合物吸附剂能够在35℃和200mmHg乙烷下每克吸附剂吸附大于25cm3STP的乙烷和在35℃和100mmHg丙烷下每克吸附剂吸附大于30cm3STP的丙烷。此外,这些材料能够脱除乙烷或丙烷气体,并且接着能够在35℃和200mmHg乙烷下每克吸附剂再吸附大于25cm3STP的乙烷,或在35℃和100mmHg丙烷下每克吸附剂再吸附大于30cm3STP的丙烷一或多次。
分离方法包含使天然气流通过装有本发明的吸附剂的吸附床。优选地,选择性吸附的乙烷和/或丙烷和/或丁烷和/或戊烷和/或更重烃可以易于通过降低压力或通过增加吸附床的温度解吸附,产生再生吸附剂。如此再生的吸附剂可以再用作吸附剂用于从天然气流分离乙烷和/或丙烷和/或丁烷和/或戊烷和/或更重烃。
从天然气进料流分离NGL的分批、半连续和连续方法和装置是众所周知。图1描绘本发明的分离方法的一个实施例。分离方法包含以下步骤:(a)使天然气进料流3通过包含吸附床2的吸附单元10,所述吸附床包含吸附较重烃(C2、C3、C4、C5等)的吸附介质,获得富含甲烷的天然气产物,其被排放5(回收、经由管道或其它工具输送、液化、燃烧等),(b)将负载有较重烃的吸附剂从吸附单元10输送11至包含工具32的再生单元20,从而通过使较重烃33从负载吸附介质释放并且形成再生吸附介质23而使负载吸附介质再生,(c)其中再生的吸附介质23输送8回到吸附单元10以供再使用,和(d)释放的较重烃33以混合物形式或分别以气体(例如C2、C3、C4、C5等)形式排放29(例如回收、再注入、排除、分流或燃烧)或通过工具60液化并且以混合物形式或分别以单独的液体形式回收。
虽然本发明的一个特别优选的实施例是出于说明性目的而在图1中公开,但是应认识到所公开的方法的变化或修改属于本发明的范围内。举例来说,在本发明的另一个实施例中,可以存在多个吸附床和/或可以如由USP3,458,973所例示就地再生的吸附床,其以全文引用的方式并入本文中。
本发明方法的吸附步骤和/或再生步骤可以按分批方法、半连续方法、连续方法或其组合形式操作。举例来说,在本发明的一个实施例中,吸附步骤和再生步骤都可以按分批模式操作。在本发明的另一个实施例中,吸附步骤和再生步骤都可以按半连续模式操作。在本发明的另一个实施例中,吸附步骤和再生步骤都可以按连续模式操作。
或者,在本发明的一个实施例中,吸附步骤可以按分批、半连续或连续模式操作,而再生步骤以与吸附步骤不同的模式操作。举例来说,在本发明的一个实施例中,吸附步骤可以按分批模式操作,而再生步骤以连续模式操作。在本发明的另一个实施例中,吸附步骤可以按连续模式操作,而再生步骤以连续模式操作。吸附步骤和再生步骤的分批、半连续和连续模式的所有可能组合都被视为在本发明的范围内。
吸附在许多情形中是一个可逆过程。从吸附介质去除挥发物的实践可以通过减少介质上的压力、加热、或减压和加热的组合来实现。在任一情况中,所需结果是使所截留的蒸气再挥发,并且随后将其从吸附剂去除以使其可以再用于捕捉额外挥发物。优选地,本发明的吸附介质当再生时使所吸附的气体以吸附量的等于或大于75%、更优选地等于或大于85%、更优选地等于或大于90%、更优选地等于或大于95%、更优选地等于或大于99%并且最优选地所吸附的几乎所有NGL的量解吸附。
出于去除所吸附的挥发物的目的,利用常规加热系统(如加热气体(空气或惰性气体)或辐射热接触交换器)加热吸附介质的传统手段适于作为吸附介质再生步骤的一部分用于本发明NGL分离方法。
优选地,本发明的NGL分离方法采用微波加热系统作为吸附介质再生步骤的一部分。此类微波加热系统提供在降低的成本下以较高热效率从吸附介质去除挥发物的加热系统和方法。
参照图2,本发明的NGL吸附单元10具有吸附储槽1,其含有包含本发明的吸附介质的吸附床2。天然气进料流经由在吸附储槽1下部的管线3进入吸附单元10并且通过4吸附床2。吸附床2包含可以从天然气进料流吸附C2、C3、C4、C5和更重烃的吸附介质。吸附单元10的入口温度可以介于5至100℃、优选地15至80℃并且更优选地20至70℃的范围内。可以使用14至1400psia、优选地600至1200psia并且更优选地800至1000psia的压力。与天然气进料流相比极大地减少重烃含量的富含甲烷的天然气产物流离开吸附床2并且从吸附储槽1的顶部经由管线5离开。富含甲烷的天然气流可以回收或燃烧。
随着吸附介质负载有NGL,其经由输送机构9通过吸附储槽1的底部,经由管线11进行具有再生储槽21和微波加热系统32的微波再生单元20中。微波加热系统32的操作温度可以介于105至350℃、优选地140至250℃并且更优选地145至200℃的范围内。可以使用20至600psia、优选地100至400psia并且更优选地150至200psia的压力。微波电源30在微波加热系统32中加热吸附介质2,使得NGL蒸发33。
微波加热系统32可以照射负载的吸附介质以使挥发性材料解吸附。使用微波辐射照射吸附介质可以提供加热吸附材料以从吸附剂去除吸附挥发物的经济并且热高效的替代方案。微波辐射能可以无需加热气体而施加到吸附剂,并且可以经由超过12英寸的路径长度将热能有效地传递至具体吸附剂。为实现此加热吸附介质的方法,为加热器件施加或产生微波辐射的装置必须以一定方式构建,以便得到吸附剂的均一加热和使任何反射回到微波电源30上的辐射减到最少或消除。微波加热系统32可以包括加热装置和加热或辐射系统(图2中未示出)和任选地净化气体系统24。加热装置可以耦接到辐射系统并且与其连通以便接收由辐射系统产生的热能(如微波辐射或电磁能),并且与净化气体系统24连通以便接收净化气体以有助于从吸附剂去除挥发物。
NGL是经由抽真空系统40通过抽吸口28从再生储槽21提取。再生储槽21可以任选地装配有净化气体系统24,其中净化气体(例如氮气)经由管线22进入并且在再生储槽21的底部分散25。
允许再生吸附介质23从再生储槽21的底部通过管线26,接着返回到吸附储槽1。一部分富含甲烷的天然气从吸附储槽1的顶部经由管线6循环通过鼓风机7,经由管线8输送再生的吸附介质23以从天然气3再次吸附NGL。
从再生储槽21真空提取的NGL通过真空提取系统40、通过气体压缩系统50并且进入冷凝器60,在此NGL冷凝、任选地分离并且以NGL的混合物或乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷和/或更重烃的个别部分形式排放到一或多个储槽73、74、75和/或76中。所排放的NGL可以回收、输送、液化、再注入、排除、分流或燃烧。使得到达冷凝器的任何甲烷经由管线61再循环回到吸附储槽1,并且可以经由管线62分离任何其它气体、净化气体、水和/或污染物。
在本发明的一个实施例中,NGL分离方法是使得吸附介质连续再生的连续方法。举例来说,在图2中,在吸附储槽1与再生储槽21之间的管线11中存在阀门12并且在再生储槽21与收集储槽17之间的管线26中存在阀门27。阀门12和27经同步以允许保留来自吸附储槽1的负载的吸附介质,同时使吸附介质在再生器单元20中再生。当吸附介质在再生器储槽21中再生时,阀门27允许再生的吸附介质23离开再生器储槽21并且输送回到吸附储槽1。接着,阀门12允许负载的吸附介质进入再生器储槽21以待再生。重复此过程并且允许吸附介质连续再生。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,NGL分离方法是使得吸附介质分批再生的分批方法。举例来说,在图2中,在吸附储槽1与再生储槽21之间存在储料槽13。当负载吸附介质2时,其全部经由输送机构9和管线11从吸附储槽1运送至储料槽13。储料槽13的内含物接着经由管线15输送至再生储槽21,在此负载的吸附介质再生并且返回到吸附储槽1,在此使用直到负载为止并且重复所述过程。
优选地,负载有烃的本发明的吸附剂使用微波再生系统再生,例如如图2中所示。优选地,微波再生系统能够在分批、半连续或连续方法中操作。使用微波系统与本发明的吸附剂结合的一个优势在于其允许微波使介质的加热减到最少,但是使NGL的加热达到最大以促进解吸附。因此,其具有操作上比传统再生系统更简单并且减少热量对吸附剂材料自身的效应的益处。此外,当此解吸附方法与连续吸附方法(如移动填充床或类似器件)结合使用时,烃去除可以经仔细调整以适应进料气体的组成,使得回收的气体可以具有改善的纯度并且当存在时,减小对后续冷却器装置的负荷,所述冷却器装置允许以液体形式回收和随后输送。
实例
实例中所用的原材料描述如下。
实例1是由单乙烯基芳香族单体和交联单体的大孔共聚物制成的具有等于或大于1,000m2/g的大表面积的多孔交联聚合物吸附剂,其中所述大孔共聚物已经在弗里德-克拉夫茨催化剂存在下在膨胀状态后交联;
实例2是由单乙烯基芳香族单体和交联单体的大孔共聚物制成的具有等于或大于1,000m2/g的表面积的多孔交联聚合物吸附剂,其中所述大孔共聚物已经在弗里德-克拉夫茨催化剂存在下在膨胀状态后交联,同时用疏水性芳香族化合物后封端残余氯甲基,产生疏水性增加的介质;和
实例3是已经磺化的单乙烯基芳香族单体和交联单体的部分热解大孔聚合物。
实例1和实例2的吸附能力和穿透特性测定如下:
吸附能力
甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷:
使用麦克默瑞提克(Micromeritics)ASAP2020表面积和孔隙度分析仪分析在308K下的甲烷(西格玛-奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich),99.0%)、乙烷(西格玛-奥德里奇公司,99.99)、丙烷(西格玛-奥德里奇公司,99.97%)和丁烷(马西森三气体(MathesonTri-Gas),99.9%)吸附。在分析之前,所测试的大孔聚合物吸附剂(.3至.5克)在石英U形管中在423K下在真空下脱气至低于5μmHg的压力持续12小时。采用在5至600mmHg之间的压力点,具有45秒平衡间隔。样品接着在真空下抽空1小时,随后重复压力点。
戊烷:
使用配备有蒸气引入选项及双区温度控制的麦克默瑞提克ASAP2020表面积和孔隙度分析仪分析在273K下的静态戊烷吸附。使用冷却器露水中含有的乙二醇/水混合物作为样品的温度控制。将戊烷(西格玛-奥德里奇公司,无水,≥99%)置于位于控制到308K的温度调节蒸气炉中的石英容器中。在戊烷分析之前,所测试的大孔聚合物吸附剂在石英管中在373K下在真空下脱气至低于5μmHg的压力持续至少12小时。采用在0.005<P/P0<0.50之间的相对压力点。饱和压力P0基于戊烷吸附特性和分析浴温被计算为183.526mmHg。
图3和4分别显示实例1和实例2的丁烷的初始和重复吸附等温线。
图5显示实例3的丙烷的初始和重复吸附等温线。
图6、7和8分别显示实例1、2和3的乙烷(C2)、丙烷(C3)、丁烷(C4)和戊烷(C5)的吸附等温线。
吸附穿透
使用GC/质谱仪测定大孔聚合物吸附剂的穿透曲线数据。校准GC/质谱,接着将40g样品负载到样品柱。分析包含40/40/40/40标准立方厘米/分钟(SCCM)的比率的CH4/C2H6/C3H8/C4H10的混合气体。气体开始流动。此流动分流通过填充床(即柱)。使系统平衡2小时。接着通过质谱仪分析分流的气体。在两分钟延迟后,打开三通阀门以使得混合气体进入填充床柱。记录离开填充床柱的混合气体的质谱分析数据。允许系统运行直到全部四种气体已在质谱仪中分析并且记录为止。表1列举每一气体的穿透时间。
表1
聚合物吸附介质 | 实例1 | 实例2 | 实例3 |
重量,g | 40 | 40 | 40 |
体积,cc | 109 | 130 | 71 |
堆积密度,g/cc | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.56 |
甲烷穿透,min | 5.2 | 6 | 6.3 |
乙烷穿透,min | 13.2 | 16.5 | 11.1 |
丙烷穿透,min | 27.3 | 33.2 | 16.4 |
丁烷穿透,min | 64 | 81.4 | 31.9 |
Claims (4)
1.一种使用于从天然气进料流分离天然气液的负载的吸附介质再生的方法,其包含使用微波加热系统使所述负载的吸附介质再生的步骤。
2.一种使用于从包含甲烷和乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷或更重烃中的一或多个的天然气进料流分离天然气液的负载的吸附介质再生的方法,其包含以下步骤:
(a)提供包含吸附介质的吸附床,其中所述吸附介质吸附乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷、更重烃和/或其混合物;
(b)使所述天然气进料流通过所述吸附床以提供富含甲烷的天然气流和负载的吸附介质;
(c)回收、输送、液化或燃烧所述富含甲烷的天然气流,
(d)使用微波加热系统使所述负载的吸附介质再生以释放所吸附的乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷、更重烃和/或其混合物,
(e)单独和/或以混合物形式回收、输送、液化、再注入、排除、分流或燃烧所述乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、更重烃和/或戊烷;
以及
(f)再使用所述再生吸附介质。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述吸附介质是硅胶、氧化铝、氧化硅-氧化铝、沸石、活性碳、负载聚合物的氯化银、含铜树脂、多孔交联聚合物吸附剂、热解大孔聚合物或其混合物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述吸附介质多孔交联聚合物吸附剂、热解大孔聚合物或其混合物。
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- 2014-08-05 CA CA2919125A patent/CA2919125A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2014-08-05 US US14/893,089 patent/US20160136614A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-08-05 WO PCT/US2014/049787 patent/WO2015021046A1/en active Application Filing
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CA2919125A1 (en) | 2015-02-12 |
MX2016000894A (es) | 2016-05-05 |
WO2015021046A1 (en) | 2015-02-12 |
RU2016107754A (ru) | 2017-09-14 |
US20160136614A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
EP3030338A1 (en) | 2016-06-15 |
BR112016001536A2 (pt) | 2017-07-25 |
AR097262A1 (es) | 2016-03-02 |
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