CN105370254B - Method and device for exploiting thick oil - Google Patents
Method and device for exploiting thick oil Download PDFInfo
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- CN105370254B CN105370254B CN201510794640.9A CN201510794640A CN105370254B CN 105370254 B CN105370254 B CN 105370254B CN 201510794640 A CN201510794640 A CN 201510794640A CN 105370254 B CN105370254 B CN 105370254B
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Abstract
The embodiment of the application discloses a method and a device for exploiting thick oil. The method comprises the following steps: arranging dipole antennas in the vertical well in the target area; energizing the dipole antenna to heat heavy oil in the reservoir by heating formation water in the reservoir surrounding the vertical well; and (4) extracting the thickened oil discharged after heating from the horizontal well matched with the vertical well. The device comprises a layout unit, an electrifying unit and a control unit. Through the technical scheme disclosed by the embodiment of the application, energy loss, water consumption and environmental pollution can be reduced.
Description
Technical field
This application involves technical field of petroleum extraction, more particularly to a kind of method and device of heavy crude producing.
Background technology
Viscous crude refers to that ground surface density is more than the crude oil that 0.943, underground viscosity is more than 50 centipoises.Since its density is big, flowing
Property is poor, thus how heavy crude producing be oil recovery industry a great problem.Currently, generally use steam soak, steaming in the prior art
The thermal recoveries modes such as vapour drive, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) carry out thickened oil recovery.
Above-mentioned thermal recovery mode be typically by burning natural gas or fire coal on ground, water being then heated into water vapour,
Water vapour is transported in the oil reservoir of hundreds of meters of depths using thousands of rice long pipe defeated circuit, the water vapour being injected into oil reservoir is formed
Vapor chamber, the vapor chamber are slowly developed upwards from gas injection well, etc. vapor chambers development reach top after, vapor chamber is again slowly to four
Week extension, as shown in Figure 1.Heat exchange, the viscous crude after heating and condensation occur for the viscous crude in the water vapour and oil reservoir in vapor chamber
Water lets out output in following horizontal production well by gravity.
During realizing the application, inventor has found that at least there are the following problems in the prior art：
Thermal recovery mode in the prior art needs to inject water vapour into oil reservoir, this may need to be heated with a large amount of water
At water vapour.
Invention content
The purpose of the embodiment of the present application is to provide a kind of method and device of heavy crude producing, to reduce water consumption.
It is realized in order to solve the above technical problems, the embodiment of the present application provides a kind of method and device of heavy crude producing
's：
The embodiment of the present application provides a kind of method of heavy crude producing, including：
Dipole antenna is laid in straight well in the target area；
It is powered to the dipole antenna, with by heating the water flooding in oil reservoir around the straight well come to described
Viscous crude in oil reservoir is heated；
Viscous crude under being let out after extraction heating in horizontal well compatible with the straight well, the viscous crude are made in gravity
It is leaked into from the straight well into the horizontal well under.
In one embodiment, after the dipole antenna being laid in the straight well, the method further includes：
According to the first pre-set velocity, non-condensation gas is injected in the straight well.
In one embodiment, before being powered to the dipole antenna, the method further includes：
According to the second pre-set velocity, water is injected into the horizontal well.
In one embodiment, the method further includes：
The radiant power for controlling dipole antenna in the straight well, to establish barometric gradient between adjacent straight well.
In one embodiment, the straight well obtains in the following manner：
In predetermined position, spud in predetermined quantity and the straight well of predetermined depth；
It cements the well to the straight well to be spudded in；
Completion is carried out to the straight well after well cementation.
In one embodiment, the horizontal well obtains in the following manner：
Based on exploitation task, spud in the horizontal well with preset length；
Completion is carried out to the horizontal well to spud in.
The embodiment of the present application also provides a kind of devices of heavy crude producing, including：
Unit is laid, for laying dipole antenna in straight well in the target area；
Energization unit, for being powered to the dipole antenna, with by the stratum in oil reservoir around the straight well
Water heats to heat the viscous crude in the oil reservoir；
Oil-producing unit, for after extraction heating below the straight well and in horizontal well compatible with the straight well
Viscous crude under letting out.
In one embodiment, described device further includes：
Air injection unit, for according to the first pre-set velocity, non-condensation gas to be injected in the straight well.
In one embodiment, described device further includes：
Water injection unit, for according to the second pre-set velocity, injecting water into the horizontal well.
In one embodiment, described device further includes：
Control unit, the radiant power for controlling dipole antenna in the straight well, to establish pressure between adjacent straight well
Gradient.
By the above technical solution provided by the embodiments of the present application as it can be seen that the embodiment of the present application is straight by the target area
Dipole antenna is laid in well；It is powered to the dipole antenna, to heat to the water flooding in oil reservoir around the straight well
Viscous crude in the oil reservoir is heated；It is thick under being let out after extraction heating in horizontal well compatible with the straight well
Oil without additionally injecting water vapour into straight well, thus can reduce water consumption.
Description of the drawings
In order to illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application or in the prior art more clearly, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technology description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only this
Some embodiments described in application, for those of ordinary skill in the art, in the premise of not making the creative labor property
Under, other drawings may also be obtained based on these drawings.
Fig. 1 is the growth course figure using vapor chamber during SAGD technology heavy crude producings.
Fig. 2 be a kind of heavy crude producing provided herein method in one embodiment flow chart.
Fig. 3 is the diagrammatic cross-section of the straight well and horizontal well that are laid with dipole antenna.
Fig. 4 is the effect diagram for carrying out radio frequency heating to viscous crude using dipole antenna.
Fig. 5 is the growth course figure that vapor chamber is formed by using dipole antenna heating water flooding.
Fig. 6 be a kind of heavy crude producing provided herein device in one embodiment schematic diagram.
Specific implementation mode
The embodiment of the present application provides a kind of method and device of heavy crude producing.
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solutions in the application, below in conjunction with the application reality
The attached drawing in example is applied, technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described implementation
Example is merely a part but not all of the embodiments of the present application.Based on the embodiment in the application, this field is common
The every other embodiment that technical staff is obtained without creative efforts should all belong to the application protection
Range.
The method of heavy crude producing described herein is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.Although the application provides
Method operating procedure as described in following embodiments or flow chart, but based on it is conventional or without performing creative labour described
It may include more or less operating procedure in method.In the step of there is no necessary causalities in logicality, this
The execution sequence of a little steps is not limited to provided by the embodiments of the present application execute sequence.
Fig. 2 is a kind of flow chart of the method for heavy crude producing provided by the embodiments of the present application.This method includes：
S110：Compatible straight well and horizontal well are built in target area.
The target area can be entire survey area, can also be the subregion in entire survey area.
Described be adapted can refer to that position between straight well and horizontal well is adapted；May also mean that straight well size,
Spacing between quantity and/or straight well is adapted with the length of horizontal well.Described be adapted can also include straight well and horizontal well phase
Unicom, i.e. fluid can flow between straight well and horizontal well.
It can be based on exploitation task, straight well and horizontal well are built in target area, the straight well and horizontal well constitute pipe
Rod structure.Specifically,
It can in the target area be spudded in using drilling rig according to designed layer position, depth and/or mouth coordinate etc.
The horizontal well of preset length (for example, 400 meters or 800 meters).Complete horizontal well drilling well work after, can in horizontal well cloth
If temperature measuring equipment and/or pressure measuring unit, in order to monitor, optimize oil recovery process.It also can also be in the horizontal segment tripping in of horizontal well
Screen casing carries out completion.After tripping in screen casing, the tripping in oil pipe in screen casing, for subsequently recovering the oil；It can also be laid in screen casing
Thermometric and/or pressure measurement pipeline, for monitoring the temperature and/pressure of production fluid.
The screen casing can be cutting seam sieve tube or punching screen casing, can prevent the solid particles such as sand body in stratum from entering
Into horizontal well.The oil pipe may include long oil pipe and/or short oil pipe.The long oil pipe can be located at the horizontal segment of horizontal well
Near terminal；The short oil pipe can be located near the level segment start point of horizontal well, can be with oil well pump (such as sucker rod pump)
It is attached.
After completing the drilling well work of horizontal well, drilling rig and guide device can be utilized, it is pre- above horizontal well
If a bite of spudding at position or the more mouthfuls of straight wells with predetermined depth, for example, the wellbore of the distance from bottom horizontal well of the straight well
It is 0.5 meter or so.The guide device can be used for controlling the distance between the bottom of the straight well and described horizontal well, so as to
The unicom between straight well and horizontal well is rapidly completed in the later stage and the drill bit in drilling rig is avoided to drill the horizontal well.Institute
Spacing of every two mouthfuls of straight wells in horizontal well direction (i.e. horizontal direction) stated in more mouthfuls of straight wells can be identical, such as is
70 meters；It can not also be identical.The distance between the bottom of every mouthful of straight well and top of horizontal well can be identical, such as are 1 meter；
It can also be different.
After completing the drilling well work of straight well, temperature measuring equipment and/or pressure measuring unit can be laid in straight well, in order to supervise
The operating environment for controlling radio frequency heating apparatus, so as to prevent the generation of safety accident.The pressure measuring unit can pass through well head
Annular space is connect with gas injection device.
After completing the drilling well work of straight well, it can also cement the well to the straight well to be spudded in.For example, can be into straight well
Tripping in casing；Then it (can be high temperature and/or high pressure water that injection cement in annular space can be formed by casing and the borehole wall
Mud), annular space is formed by casing and the borehole wall and carries out sealing, to insulate oil-gas-water layer.
After cementing the well to straight well, completion can also be carried out to straight well, for example, carrying out perforation, shape in the bottom of straight well
At the contact channel with stratum, in order to subsequently inject gas to stratum, to improve the pressure for being formed by vapor chamber, reduction
The heat-energy losses at top.
It should be noted that the straight well that spuds in, lay in straight well temperature measuring equipment and/or pressure measuring unit, lay casing and
The execution that perforation etc. operates and lays temperature measuring equipment and/or pressure measuring unit in horizontal well and lay between the operations such as screen casing is suitable
Sequence is not restricted.Although in addition, the horizontal well that spuds in first in above-described embodiment, then spud in straight well, in practical operation,
Can also first choice spud in straight well, then spud in horizontal well.
To the related implementation procedure of the step, related boring method in the prior art can be referred to, it is no longer superfluous herein to chat.
S120：Dipole antenna is laid in constructed straight well.
After completing the drilling well work of straight well, dipole antenna can be laid in institute's drilling straight-hole.The dipole antenna can be with
Referred to as symmetrical antenna or symmetrical dipole can generate electromagnetic field after powered up.The bottom of the dipole antenna is from the straight well
Bottom there are certain distance, such as about 1 meter or 4 meters.The length of the dipole antenna can be with the thickness phase of oil reservoir
Closely.Fig. 3 shows the diagrammatic cross-section of the straight well and horizontal well that are laid with dipole antenna.
It should be noted that the step with it is above-mentioned laid in straight well temperature measuring equipment and/or pressure measuring unit, lay casing with
And the execution sequence between the operations such as perforation is not restricted.
S130：Be powered to the dipole antenna, with by oil reservoir around the straight well water flooding heat come
Radio frequency heating is carried out to the viscous crude in oil reservoir.
After having laid dipole antenna in straight well, it can be powered to the dipole antenna using power cable.It is described
Dipole antenna after powered up, can radiate the electromagnetic field with predeterminated frequency (for example, 10KHz~100MHz) around.Institute's spoke
The electromagnetic field of high frequency penetrated can be such that the water flooding in oil reservoir heats, and then be vaporized into vapor, and by conduction of heat by its
The heavy oil heating of surrounding.After the heating, viscosity declines viscous crude, then leaks under gravity and the straight well unicom
Horizontal well in.As shown in figure 4, concrete principle is as follows：
Since the water flooding in oil reservoir is polar molecule, in alternating electric field, hydrone needs fast according to the direction of electric field
This continuous rotation of speed orientation, hydrone causes interior energy to increase, and then temperature is caused to increase not cutting steam.And in viscous crude oil
In Tibetan, than water, vapor, rock, viscous crude and other gases supervened are converted to the electromagnetic energy absorbed
The ability of thermal energy is weaker, thus after the energization of electrode couple antenna, the water near dipole antenna is heated up at first until vaporizing, herein
Period passes through heat transfer circumference substance, such as viscous crude；Viscous crude is let out down under the effect of gravity after heating, viscosity reduce, and
Water flooding loses the ability of intussusception radiation energy after becoming water vapour, thus plays the effect for automatically controlling heating.And with
It water vapour and is formed by vapor chamber (space that i.e. water vapour is surrounded) and extend around, as shown in figure 5, the effect of electromagnetic field
Radius gradually increases, thus can heat more remote viscous crude by conduction of heat.In addition, around heat is conducted to
After substance, water vapour is liquefied as condensed water.Condensed water and the viscous crude under letting out can form liquid pool on horizontal well, which can be with
Play the role of preventing gas from flowing out.
S140：The viscous crude into horizontal well is leaked into after being heated from extraction in the horizontal well.
After viscous crude leaks into horizontal well by screen casing, the viscous crude under letting out can be produced by oil pipe.
The detailed process of viscous crude is produced from horizontal well, can refer to method in the prior art, such as SAGD, herein not
It goes to live in the household of one's in-laws on getting married and chats again.
Through the above steps as can be seen that the embodiment of the present application is come by using electromagnetic field caused by dipole antenna to oil
Water flooding in Tibetan is heated, and delivers heat to the viscous crude in oil reservoir by conduction of heat, is directly existed to realize
Radio frequency heating is carried out to viscous crude in well, rather than the viscous crude in oil reservoir is added by way of additionally injecting water vapour
Heat, this realizes the purpose for reducing water consumption.Also, since what is mainly utilized in the embodiment of the present application is that heating water flooding carrys out shape
At vapor chamber, without using defeated circuit conveying water vapour is managed, this can also reduce heat-energy losses, entirely be opened to reduce
The energy loss of hair process；Output liquid measure can also be reduced, cost of water treatment is saved.Moreover, be in the embodiment of the present application
Directly water flooding is heated using electromagnetic field caused by dipole antenna in well, without using burning natural gas or
Water is heated into water vapour by fire coal, thus can be reduced environmental pollution.In addition, the side provided using the embodiment of the present application
Method may be implemented continuously to recover the oil.
In an at least embodiment, after the dipole antenna is laid in straight well, this method can also include：
S150：According to the first pre-set velocity, non-condensation gas is injected into straight well.
After laying the dipole antenna in straight well, set gas injection device can be passed through according to the first pre-set velocity
Non-condensation gas, such as nitrogen, natural gas or carbon dioxide etc. are injected into each straight well, to improve the operation pressure in straight well
Power can make operating pressure (for example, 4.5MPa) be higher than strata pressure (for example, 4MPa), this is beneficial to subsequently be formed by
Vapor chamber Quick Extended.Also, the non-condensation gas injected will diffuse up aggregation, to prevent connecing for water vapour and cap rock
It touches, so as to reduce heat loss of the steam to top.
After dipole antenna radiation field, it can continue to inject non-condensation gas in each straight well.It is continuously injected into
Non-condensation gas can form an inert gas environment, contact of the isolation high-temperature-hot-water with dipole antenna, so as to protect
Antenna is unlikely to overheat and damage.
S160：According to the second pre-set velocity, water is injected into horizontal well.
After laying the dipole antenna in straight well, can also into horizontal well according to the second pre-set velocity (for example, 1L/
Min water) is injected, with the pressure in well of improving the standard, the pressure is controlled less than fracture pressure and is higher than pore pressure, with what is slowly squeezed
Form makes the area that a water saturation is formed between horizontal well and straight well, which can absorb radiation energy, with right
The form of stream accelerates the temperature-rise period of adjacent domain.
When the pressure rapid decrease in horizontal well, then it may determine that at least part straight well and horizontal well have been connected
It is logical；And when the pressure in each straight well rises, then it may determine that all straight wells and horizontal well are connected, can stop at this time
Water is injected in horizontal well.
After the water injected in horizontal well enters straight well, subsequently after electrode couple antenna is powered, enter straight
Water in well is initially heated, and borehole pressure rises, and heat can be passed by conduction of heat caused by the water heating in well
The oil reservoir around to straight well is led, this can promote the temperature rise of viscous crude and viscosity to decline.
In an at least embodiment, this method can also include：
S170：The radiant power for controlling dipole antenna in each straight well, to establish barometric gradient between adjacent straight well.
By controlling the radiant power of dipole antenna in each straight well, the radiation work(of dipole antenna in adjacent straight well can be made
Rate has different, so that the ascending temperature of the water flooding outside straight well is different, and then can make water flooding vapour
The air pressure that water vapour made of change is formed by vapor chamber is different, i.e., forms barometric gradient between adjacent vapor chamber.
Under the action of barometric gradient, the viscous crude between adjacent vapor chamber is heated thick to the relatively low vapor chamber flowing of air pressure
It after oil enters low-pressure steam chamber, leaks under the effect of gravity in the horizontal well of lower section, and then be plucked out of, this, which is conducive to extraction, which arranges exhibits, has
Viscous crude in this heterogeneous reservoir of interlayer.
The embodiment of the present application also provides a kind of devices of heavy crude producing, as shown in Figure 6.The device may include laying list
Member 410, energization unit 420 and oil-producing unit 430.Wherein, unit 410 is laid to can be used in straight well in the target area
Lay dipole antenna；Energization unit 420 can be used for being powered the dipole antenna and controlling its operating mode, with by institute
The water flooding around straight well in oil reservoir is stated to heat to heat the viscous crude in the oil reservoir；Oil-producing unit 430 can be used for
The viscous crude into horizontal well is leaked under the effect of gravity after being heated from extraction in horizontal well compatible with the straight well.
In an at least embodiment, which can also include drilling unit (not shown), can be used in mesh
Spud in compatible straight well and horizontal well in mark region.
In an at least embodiment, the device can also include air injection unit (not shown), can be used for according to
First pre-set velocity injects non-condensation gas in the straight well.
In an at least embodiment, which can also include water injection unit (not shown), can be used for according to the
Two pre-set velocities inject water into the horizontal well.
In an at least embodiment, which can also include control unit (not shown), can be used for controlling institute
The radiant power for stating dipole antenna in straight well, to establish barometric gradient between adjacent straight well.
To the specific descriptions of each unit in the device, the associated description in above method embodiment can be referred to, herein
It is no longer superfluous to chat.
Any digital value of the application reference all includes between lower limiting value to upper limit value with the lower value of an incremented
With all values of upper value, there are the intervals of at least two units between any lower value and any much higher value.For example,
If the value of the quantity or process variable (such as temperature, pressure, time etc.) that elaborate component is from 1 to 90, preferably from
20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, then purpose is arrived in order to illustrate also clearly listing such as 15 to 85,22 in the specification
68,43 to 51,30 to 32 is equivalent.For the value less than 1, suitably think that a unit is 0.0001,0.001,0.01,0.1.
These are only intended to the example clearly expressed, it is believed that the numerical value enumerated between minimum and peak is possible to
Combination is all expressly set forth in the specification in a similar manner.
Unless otherwise indicated, all ranges all include all numbers between endpoint and endpoint.It is used together with range
" about ", " left and right " or " approximation " be suitable for two endpoints of the range.Thus, " about 20 to 30 " are intended to covering " about
20 to about 30 ", including at least the endpoint indicated.
As seen through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art will also be appreciated that the embodiment of the present invention arranges
Various illustrative components, blocks, unit and the step gone out can be realized by the combination of hardware, software or both.To then passing through
Hardware or software depend on the specific design requirement using with whole system to realize.Those skilled in the art can be for
Each is specifically applied, and various methods can be used to realize the function, but this realization is understood not to exceed this hair
The range of bright embodiment protection.
Each embodiment in this specification is described in a progressive manner, identical similar portion between each embodiment
Point just to refer each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments.Especially for device reality
For applying example, since it is substantially similar to the method embodiment, so description is fairly simple, related place is referring to embodiment of the method
Part explanation.
Although depicting the application by embodiment, it should be understood that the foregoing is merely the specific implementations of the present invention
Example and oneself, the guarantor being not intended to limit the present invention all within the spirits and principles of the present invention, equally replace by any modification for being made
It changes, improve, should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of method of heavy crude producing, which is characterized in that including：
Dipole antenna is laid in straight well in the target area；
It is powered to the dipole antenna, with by heating the water flooding in oil reservoir around the straight well come to the oil reservoir
In viscous crude heated；
Viscous crude under being let out after extraction heating in horizontal well compatible with the straight well, the viscous crude is under the effect of gravity
It is leaked into from the straight well into the horizontal well,
Wherein, before being powered to the dipole antenna, the method further includes：
According to the second pre-set velocity, water is injected into the horizontal well, and judging all straight wells and the level
When well is connected, stop injecting water into the horizontal well；
The radiant power for controlling dipole antenna in the straight well, to establish barometric gradient between adjacent straight well,
Wherein, the distance between the bottom of the straight well and the wellbore of the horizontal well are 0.5 meter.
2. described according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized in that, after laying the dipole antenna in the straight well
Method further includes：
According to the first pre-set velocity, non-condensation gas is injected in the straight well.
3. according to claim 1-2 any one of them methods, which is characterized in that the straight well obtains in the following manner：
In predetermined position, spud in predetermined quantity and the straight well of predetermined depth；
It cements the well to the straight well to be spudded in；
Completion is carried out to the straight well after well cementation.
4. according to claim 1-2 any one of them methods, which is characterized in that the horizontal well obtains in the following manner
It takes：
Based on exploitation task, spud in the horizontal well with preset length；
Completion is carried out to the horizontal well to spud in.
5. a kind of device of heavy crude producing, which is characterized in that including：
Unit is laid, for laying dipole antenna in straight well in the target area；
Energization unit, for being powered to the dipole antenna, with by adding to the water flooding in oil reservoir around the straight well
Heat heats the viscous crude in the oil reservoir；
Oil-producing unit, for the viscous crude under being let out after extraction heating in horizontal well compatible with the straight well；
Water injection unit, for before being powered to the dipole antenna, according to the second pre-set velocity, being noted into the horizontal well
Enter water, and when judging that all straight wells are connected with the horizontal well, stops injecting water into the horizontal well；
Control unit, the radiant power for controlling dipole antenna in the straight well, to establish barometric gradient between adjacent straight well,
Wherein, the distance between the bottom of the straight well and the wellbore of the horizontal well are 0.5 meter.
6. device according to claim 5, which is characterized in that described device further includes：
Air injection unit, for according to the first pre-set velocity, non-condensation gas to be injected in the straight well.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510794640.9A CN105370254B (en) | 2015-11-18 | 2015-11-18 | Method and device for exploiting thick oil |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510794640.9A CN105370254B (en) | 2015-11-18 | 2015-11-18 | Method and device for exploiting thick oil |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105370254A CN105370254A (en) | 2016-03-02 |
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| CN101892826A (en) * | 2010-04-30 | 2010-11-24 | 钟立国 | Gas and electric heating assisted gravity oil drainage technology |
| CN102341564A (en) * | 2009-03-02 | 2012-02-01 | 哈里公司 | In situ loop antenna arrays for subsurface hydrocarbon heating |
| CN103321618A (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2013-09-25 | 中国地质大学（北京） | Oil shale in-situ mining method |
| CN103732856A (en) * | 2011-06-17 | 2014-04-16 | 哈里公司 | Electromagnetic heat treatment providing enhanced oil recovery |
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| CA2700732A1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2009-04-23 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Cryogenic treatment of gas |
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| CN102341564A (en) * | 2009-03-02 | 2012-02-01 | 哈里公司 | In situ loop antenna arrays for subsurface hydrocarbon heating |
| CN101892826A (en) * | 2010-04-30 | 2010-11-24 | 钟立国 | Gas and electric heating assisted gravity oil drainage technology |
| CN103732856A (en) * | 2011-06-17 | 2014-04-16 | 哈里公司 | Electromagnetic heat treatment providing enhanced oil recovery |
| CN103321618A (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2013-09-25 | 中国地质大学（北京） | Oil shale in-situ mining method |
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