CN105263896A - 游离脂肪酸向乙酯的转化 - Google Patents

游离脂肪酸向乙酯的转化 Download PDF

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CN105263896A
CN105263896A CN201480024225.9A CN201480024225A CN105263896A CN 105263896 A CN105263896 A CN 105263896A CN 201480024225 A CN201480024225 A CN 201480024225A CN 105263896 A CN105263896 A CN 105263896A
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mixture
trentepohlia
acid
methods according
fatty acids
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杰弗里·格拉尔德·希普勒
路易斯·安东尼·卡皮恰克
克里斯滕·波特
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Aurora Biofuels Inc
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Abstract

本发明的多个实施方案包括用于将游离脂肪酸转化为乙酯的系统和方法。示例性方法可包括使游离脂肪酸与非极性溶剂相接触。然后可添加无机酸和醇以形成两相混合物。随后可从混合物中除去水相。所述过程和方法可用于制造补充剂、药物、化妆品和美容产品、原料等。

Description

游离脂肪酸向乙酯的转化
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2013年3月15日提交的题为“(EPA)AlgalBiomassandOilCompositionsandImpactonHealth”的美国临时专利申请序列号61/800,114的权益和优先权,其通过引用并入本文。
本申请要求于2013年3月15日提交的题为“MicroalgaSpeciesandIndustrialApplications”的美国临时专利申请序列号61/800,029的权益和优先权,其通过引用并入本文。
本申请涉及于2013年9月12日与本申请同时提交的题为“AlgalOmega7Compositions”的美国非临时专利申请序列号14/025,766,其通过引用并入本文。
本申请涉及于2013年9月12日与本申请同时提交的题为“AlgalOilCompositions”的美国非临时专利申请序列号14/025,762,其通过引用并入本文。
本申请涉及于2013年9月12日与本申请同时提交的题为“AlgalOmega7andAlgalOmega3BlendCompositions”的美国非临时专利申请序列号14/025,756,其通过引用并入本文。
本申请涉及于2013年9月12日与本申请同时提交的题为“CompositionsandMethodsforUtilizationofAlgalCompounds”的美国非临时专利申请序列号14/025,772,其通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于从游离脂肪酸生产乙酯的系统和方法。
发明内容
本发明的多个实施方案包括用于将游离脂肪酸转化为乙酯的系统和方法。示例性方法可包括使游离脂肪酸与非极性溶剂相接触。然后,可添加无机酸和醇以形成两相混合物。随后,可从混合物中除去水相。
附图说明
图1是用于生产乙酯的示例性方法的一般流程图。
图2是用于将游离脂肪酸转化为乙酯的示例性方法的流程图。
发明详述
本发明的多个实施方案涉及用于将游离脂肪酸转化为乙酯的工艺和方法。示例性方法可包括使游离脂肪酸与非极性溶剂相接触以形成第一混合物。然后,可添加酸和醇以形成第二混合物。可加热并搅拌第二混合物以形成两相混合物,并且可从两相混合物中除去水相。所述工艺和方法可用于制造补充剂、药物、化妆品和美容产品、原料等。
脂质是一大类可被定义为“脂肪酸及其衍生物、以及与这些化合物生物合成或功能相关的物质”的化学化合物[W.W.Christie,Gas ChromatographyandLipids:APracticalGuide(1989),第5页]。大多数脂质可溶于有机溶剂,但许多不溶于水;然而,鉴于脂质的不同性质,一些被认为是脂质的化合物也可溶于水。脂质可溶于其中的有机溶剂一般是非极性溶剂,可尤其包括戊烷、环戊烷、己烷、环己烷、苯、甲苯、1,4-二烷、氯仿、乙醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、d-柠檬烯、庚烷、石脑油和二甲苯等。较高熔点的脂质在室温下通常为固体并且广义上归类为脂肪或蜡。具有较低熔点的脂质在室温下通常为液体并且广义上归类为油。游离脂肪酸可定义为非酯化脂肪酸。
由于脂质的不同性质,很难对其进行综合分类。生物脂质的一种分类系统是基于脂质所来源的生化亚单元。该系统提供了生物脂质的多种一般类别,包括脂肪酰、甘油脂、甘油磷脂、鞘脂、糖脂质、固醇脂和醣脂。
脂肪酰(或脂肪酸及其缀合物和衍生物)是可通过脂肪酸合成酶复合物由丙二酰辅酶A单元缩合而天然合成的直链碳化合物。脂肪酰通常具有含4至24个碳原子的碳链,并常常以羧基(-COOH)封端。包含脂肪酰的脂质可以使用碱水解(称为皂化的过程)水解成碱性脂肪酸盐。脂肪酰可以是饱和的或不饱和的,并且还可包括含有氧、氮、硫和卤素的官能团。见于植物组织中的脂肪酰通常具有含14、16、18、20或24个碳原子的碳链。
常见的植物和动物来源的脂肪酰可以分为饱和脂肪酸、单烯脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸三大类。饱和脂肪酸的特征在于,在碳链中具有2个或更多个碳原子,而在任何碳原子之间都没有双键。饱和脂肪酸的实例包括乙酸、丁酸、己酸、辛酸、癸酸、十二烷酸、十四烷酸、十六烷酸、十八烷酸、二十烷酸、二十二烷酸和二十四烷酸。单烯脂肪酸的特征在于,在碳链中具有单个碳碳双键。双键通常为顺式构型,但也有一些已知的反式构型化合物。单烯脂肪酸的实例包括顺式-9-十六碳烯酸、顺式-6-十八碳烯酸、顺式-9-十八碳烯酸、顺式-11-十八碳烯酸、顺式-13-二十二碳烯酸和顺式-15-二十四碳烯酸。多不饱和脂肪酸的特征在于,在碳链中具有两个或更多个碳碳双键。多不饱和脂肪酸的实例包括9,12-十八碳二烯酸、6,9,12-十八碳三烯酸、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸、5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸、5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸和4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸。
可通过酯键使脂肪酸与甘油结合而形成甘油脂。大多数甘油脂是通过甘油分子上脂肪酸的单取代、二取代或三取代而形成的。最常见的天然甘油脂是三取代类型的,称为三酰基甘油或甘油三酯。甘油脂的实例包括:单取代基甘油(monoradylglycerol),单酰基甘油、单烷基甘油、单-(1Z-烯基)-甘油;二取代基甘油(diradylglycerol),二酰基甘油、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油、1-酰基,2-烷基甘油、二烷基甘油、1Z-烯基酰基甘油、二甘油四醚、二甘油四醚聚糖;三取代基甘油(triradylglycerol)、三酰基甘油、烷基二酰基甘油、二烷基单酰基甘油、1Z-烯基二酰基甘油、酸酐;糖基单取代基甘油,糖基单酰基甘油、糖基单烷基甘油;糖基二取代基甘油,糖基二酰基甘油、糖基烷基酰基甘油和糖基二烷基甘油。
甘油磷脂(或简称为磷脂)的特征可在于,脂肪酸通过酯氧与甘油分子的第一碳原子和第二碳原子连接,磷酸酯官能团与甘油分子的第三碳原子酯连接。其他官能团也可与磷酸酯官能团连接。在植物和动物细胞中,甘油磷脂可充当细胞膜的结构组分。甘油磷脂的实例包括磷脂酰胆碱(卵磷脂)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(脑磷脂)、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、二磷脂酰甘油(心磷脂)、甘油磷酸胆碱、二酰基甘油磷酸胆碱、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸胆碱、1-酰基,2-烷基甘油磷酸胆碱、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸胆碱、二烷基甘油磷酸胆碱、单酰基甘油磷酸胆碱、单烷基甘油磷酸胆碱、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸胆碱、甘油磷酸乙醇胺、二酰基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、1-酰基,2-烷基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、二烷基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、单酰基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、单烷基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、甘油磷酸丝氨酸、二酰基甘油磷酸丝氨酸、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸丝氨酸、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸丝氨酸、二烷基甘油磷酸丝氨酸、单酰基甘油磷酸丝氨酸、单烷基甘油磷酸丝氨酸、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸丝氨酸、甘油磷酸甘油、二酰基甘油磷酸甘油、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸甘油、1-酰基,2-烷基甘油磷酸甘油、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸甘油、二烷基甘油磷酸甘油、单酰基甘油磷酸甘油、单烷基甘油磷酸甘油、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸甘油、二酰基甘油磷酸二取代基甘油、二酰基甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、单酰基甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、甘油磷酸甘油磷酸酯、二酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸酯、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸酯、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸酯、二烷基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸酯、单酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸酯、单烷基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸酯、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸酯、甘油磷酸肌醇、二酰基甘油磷酸肌醇、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇、二烷基甘油磷酸肌醇、单酰基甘油磷酸肌醇、单烷基甘油磷酸肌醇、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸肌醇、甘油磷酸肌醇单磷酸酯、二酰基甘油磷酸肌醇单磷酸酯、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇单磷酸酯、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇单磷酸酯、二烷基甘油磷酸肌醇单磷酸酯、单酰基甘油磷酸肌醇单磷酸酯、单烷基甘油磷酸肌醇单磷酸酯、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸肌醇单磷酸酯、甘油磷酸肌醇二磷酸酯、二酰基甘油磷酸肌醇二磷酸酯、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇二磷酸酯、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇二磷酸酯、单酰基甘油磷酸肌醇二磷酸酯、单烷基甘油磷酸肌醇二磷酸酯、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸肌醇二磷酸酯、甘油磷酸肌醇三磷酸酯、二酰基甘油磷酸肌醇三磷酸酯、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇三磷酸酯、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇三磷酸酯、单酰基甘油磷酸肌醇三磷酸酯、单烷基甘油磷酸肌醇三磷酸酯、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸肌醇三磷酸酯、甘油磷酸酯、二酰基甘油磷酸酯、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸酯、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸酯、二烷基甘油磷酸酯、单酰基甘油磷酸酯、单烷基甘油磷酸酯、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸酯、甘油焦磷酸酯、二酰基甘油焦磷酸酯、单酰基甘油焦磷酸酯、甘油磷酸甘油磷酸甘油、二酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸二取代基甘油、二酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸二取代基甘油、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸二取代基甘油、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、二烷基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸二取代基甘油、二烷基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、单酰基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、单烷基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸二取代基甘油、单烷基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸二取代基甘油、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸甘油磷酸单取代基甘油、CDP-甘油、CDP-二酰基甘油、CDP-1-烷基,2-酰基甘油、CDP-1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油、CDP-二烷基甘油、CDP-单酰基甘油、CDP-单烷基甘油、CDP-1Z-烯基甘油、糖基甘油磷脂、二酰基糖基甘油磷脂、1-烷基,2-酰基糖基甘油磷脂、1Z-烯基,2-酰基糖基甘油磷脂、二烷基糖基甘油磷脂、单酰基糖基甘油磷脂、单烷基糖基甘油磷脂、1Z-烯基糖基甘油磷脂、甘油磷酸肌醇聚糖、二酰基甘油磷酸肌醇聚糖、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇聚糖、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸肌醇聚糖、单酰基甘油磷酸肌醇聚糖、单烷基甘油磷酸肌醇聚糖、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸肌醇聚糖、甘油磷酸胆碱、二酰基甘油磷酸胆碱、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸胆碱、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸胆碱、二烷基甘油磷酸胆碱、单酰基甘油磷酸胆碱、单烷基甘油磷酸胆碱、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸胆碱、甘油磷酸乙醇胺、二酰基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、1-烷基,2-酰基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、1Z-烯基,2-酰基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、二烷基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、单酰基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、单烷基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、1Z-烯基甘油磷酸乙醇胺、二甘油四醚磷脂(卡克醇(caldarchaeol))、甘油-nonitol四醚磷脂、氧化甘油磷脂、氧化甘油磷酸胆碱和氧化甘油磷酸乙醇胺。
鞘脂的特征可在于,长链基团(通常为12至26个碳原子)通过酰胺键连接至脂肪酸并且通过末端羟基连接至复合碳水化合物或含磷官能团。这些脂质在细胞之间的信号传输和细胞识别中发挥重要作用。鞘脂的实例包括鞘-4-氨醇(鞘氨醇)、二氢鞘氨醇、4-羟基鞘氨醇(植物鞘氨醇)、鞘氨醇类碱同系物及变体、鞘氨醇类碱1-磷酸酯、溶血鞘磷脂和溶血鞘糖脂、N-甲基化鞘氨醇类碱、鞘氨醇类碱类似物、神经酰胺、N-酰基鞘氨醇(神经酰胺)、N-酰基二氢鞘氨醇(二氢神经酰胺)、N-酰基-4-羟基二氢鞘氨醇(植物神经酰胺)、酰基神经酰胺、神经酰胺1-磷酸盐、磷酸鞘脂、神经酰胺磷酸胆碱(鞘磷脂)、神经酰胺磷酸乙醇胺、神经酰胺磷酸肌醇、磷酸鞘脂、中性鞘糖脂、简单Glc系列、GalNAcβl-3Galαl-4Galβl-4Glc-(globo系列)、GalNAcβl-4Galβl-4Glc-(ganglio系列)、Galβl-3GlcNAcβl-3Galβl-4Glc-(lacto系列)、Galβl-4GlcNAcβl-3Galβl-4Glc-(neolacto系列)、GalNAcβl-3Galα1-3Galβl-4Glc-(isoglobo系列)、GlcNAcβl-2Manαl-3Manβl-4Glc-(mollu系列)、GalNAcβl-4GlcNAcβl-3Manβl-4Glc-(arthro系列)、酸性鞘糖脂、神经节苷脂、硫代鞘糖脂(硫苷脂)、葡萄糖醛酸鞘脂、磷鞘糖脂、碱性鞘糖脂、两性鞘糖脂和砷鞘脂(arsenosphingolipid)。
糖脂质可包含直接连接至糖骨架的脂肪酸。通常,单糖取代形成其他脂质(例如,甘油脂和甘油磷脂)骨架的甘油分子。糖脂质在细胞膜的双层结构中发挥作用。糖脂质的实例包括酰基氨基糖、单酰基氨基糖、二酰基氨基糖、三酰基氨基糖、四酰基氨基糖、五酰基氨基糖、六酰基氨基糖、七酰基氨基糖、酰基氨基糖聚糖、酰基海藻糖和酰基海藻糖聚糖。
甘油糖脂可包含脂肪酸,所述脂肪酸通过酯氧与甘油分子的第一碳原子和第二碳原子连接,并且碳水化合物官能团与第三碳原子酯连接。所述碳水化合物官能团可包括一种或更多种糖单体。其他官能团也可与碳水化合物官能团连接。甘油糖脂的实例包括单半乳糖基二酰基甘油、二半乳糖基二酰基甘油、三半乳糖基二酰基甘油、四半乳糖基二酰基甘油、聚半乳糖基二酰基甘油、单葡萄糖基二酰基甘油、二葡萄糖基二酰基甘油、单半乳糖基单酰基甘油、二半乳糖基单酰基甘油、硫代异鼠李糖基二酰基甘油、酰基硫代异鼠李糖基二酰基甘油、酰基半乳糖基葡萄糖基二酰基甘油、曲二糖基二酰基甘油、呋喃半乳糖基二酰基甘油、吡喃半乳糖基二酰基甘油、1,2-二酰基-3-O-a-D-葡糖醛酸基-sn-甘油、葡萄糖基葡糖醛酸基二酰基甘油、半乳糖醛酸基二酰基甘油、聚葡萄糖基二酰基甘油和单葡萄糖基二酰基甘油。
固醇酯的特征可在于包含共用稠合四环甾体结构的醇,所述稠合四环甾体结构与一种或更多种酰基脂肪相连。实例包括胆固醇酯、菜油甾醇酯、豆甾醇酯、谷甾醇酯、燕麦甾醇酯、岩藻甾醇酯、异岩藻甾醇酯和乙基胆固醇酯。
图1示出了用于将游离脂肪酸转化为乙酯的一般过程100。游离脂肪酸可得自于多种来源。例如,可在含水体系中将获自多种藻类物质的粗藻油转化为游离脂肪酸(步骤105)。粗藻油通常是油、蜡、叶绿素和起初支持藻类植物机能的其他物质的混合物。游离脂肪酸可从其他藻类杂质中提取。在步骤110中,可使游离脂肪酸与无机酸和醇混合以使混合物发生相分离。可进行酯化反应(步骤115)以将游离脂肪酸转化为乙酯形式。然后可从该混合物中分离乙酯(步骤120)。
酯化是产生酯的化学过程。最常见地,酯由脂肪酸和醇形成。例如,在酸催化剂存在下,羧酸(脂肪酸)可与乙醇根据反应式1反应而产生乙酯和水。
反应式(1)
RCOOH+CH3CH2OH→RCOOCH2CH3+H2O
反应式1的反应也是可逆的,因为在酸存在下,所形成的水将与乙酯反应产生游离脂肪酸。这种逆反应发生的倾向性高于酯化反应,意味着应从反应混合物中除去所产生的水以实现更高的游离脂肪酸转化率。在没有除去水的情况下,以摩尔计10%水和90%乙醇的反应混合物可产生以摩尔计约30%游离脂肪酸和70%乙酯的混合物(即,约70%的转化率)。
在多个实施方案中,多种藻类物质可以是粗藻油的来源,从粗藻油可获得游离脂肪酸。藻类大多为水生光合生物,范围从微观鞭毛虫到巨藻。藻类可粗略地分为七类:裸藻门(眼虫藻)、金藻门(金褐藻)、甲藻门(火藻)、双鞭毛虫门、绿藻门(绿藻)、红藻门(红藻)、褐藻门(褐藻)和黄藻门(黄绿藻)。从任何藻属提取的脂质都可用于本发明的多个实施方案,包括双眉藻属(Amphora)、鱼腥藻属(Anabaena)、Anikstrodesmis、葡萄藻属(Botryococcus)、角毛藻属(Chaetoceros)、小球藻属(Chlorella)、绿球藻属(Chlorococcum)、小环藻属(Cyclotella)、筒柱藻属(Cylindrotheca)、杜氏藻属(Dunaliella)、球石藻属(Emiliania)、裸藻属(Euglena)、微藻属(Glossomastix)、红球藻属(Haematococcus)、等鞭金藻属(Isochrysis)、单鞭金藻属(Monochrysis)、单针藻属(Monoraphidium)、微球藻属(Nannochloris)、微拟球藻属(Nannochloropsis)、舟形藻属(Navicula)、肾鞭藻属(Nephrochloris)、肾爿藻属(Nephroselmis)、菱形藻属(Nitzschia)、节球藻属(Nodularia)、念珠藻属(Nostoc)、棕鞭藻属(Oochromonas)、卵囊藻属(Oocystis)、颤藻属(Oscillatoria)、巴夫藻属(Pavlova)、褐指藻属(Phaeodactylum)、Picochloris、扁藻属(Platymonas)、颗石藻属(Pleurochrysis)、紫菜属(Porphyra)、假鱼腥藻属(Pseudoanabaena)、塔胞藻属(Pyramimonas)、栅藻属(Scenedesmus)、裂丝藻属(Stichococcus)、聚球藻属(Synechococcus)、集胞藻属(Synechocystis)、四爿藻属(Tetraselmis)、海链藻属(Thalassiosira)和束毛藻属(Trichodesmium)。
此外,在多个实施方案中还可使用来自非藻类来源如植物油和动物油(例如,可以是多种石油基产品和合成油)的游离脂肪酸。非藻类游离脂肪酸的来源的非限制性实例包括鱼油、桐油、菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、花生油、棕榈油、油菜籽油、葵花油、红花油、玉米油、矿物油、椰子油、亚麻籽油、橄榄油、芝麻籽油、动物脂肪、煎炸油废料、污水污泥等。
图2示出了根据多个实施方案的从游离脂肪酸生产乙酯的示例性方法200。在步骤205中,游离脂肪酸可使用非极性溶剂从藻类杂质或其他杂质中提取。非极性溶剂的非限制性实例包括己烷、环己烷、庚烷、d-柠檬烯、石脑油、二甲苯、甲苯、戊烷、环戊烷、苯、1,4-二烷、氯仿、乙醚、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃和乙酸甲酯。在多个实施方案中,可使包含游离脂肪酸的藻油与非极性溶剂相接触以形成第一混合物。所述藻油可占第一混合物的重量的约3%至约15%。游离脂肪酸可溶于非极性溶剂中。
藻油中的藻类杂质可不溶于非极性溶剂。根据多个实施方案,在步骤205之后可进行额外的步骤(图2中未示出)以除去这些杂质。可使用过滤或本领域中已知的任何其他技术来除去杂质。
在多个实施方案中,可向第一混合物中添加一种或更多种酸和一种或更多种醇以形成第二混合物(步骤210)。酸和醇可被单独地添加到第一混合物中,或者可在添加到第一混合物中之前首先进行预混合。在多个实施方案中,酸可以是无机酸或无机酸的混合物。无机酸的非限制性实例是硫酸、盐酸、硝酸、高氯酸、氢溴酸、三氟化硼、氢碘酸及其混合物。醇的非限制性实例是甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇及其混合物。
根据多个实施方案的第二混合物的组成可包括按重量计约0.25%至5%的酸和按重量计约3%至20%的醇。第二混合物还可包含水。水可最初就存在于第二混合物成分的任一种中,也可以是如以上反应式1中所形成的。在多个实施方案中,第二混合物的水含量可为按重量计约0.1%至10%。
然后可搅拌第二混合物并将其加热至期望的反应温度(步骤215)。根据多个实施方案,该反应可产生两相体系,其中相之一是水相。搅拌该混合物可有助于第一混合物与第二混合物之间的传质。在多个实施方案中,可将第二混合物加热至约50℃至100℃,并且反应时间可为约数分钟到数小时以使得反应进行到完成期望转化量为止(步骤220)。在某些实施方案中,反应时间可为约1小时。
在步骤225中,可停止搅拌以促进水相分离。在多个实施方案中,可进一步延长反应时间以促进进一步转化(步骤230),然后可除去水层(步骤235)。或者,可除去水层(步骤240),然后使得反应继续进行(步骤245)。
根据多个实施方案,可在停止搅拌并使得相分离之后通过倾析除去水层。然而,也可使用本领域中已知的任何相分离方法,例如使用离心机或提取器。在正在搅拌第二混合物时或停止搅拌之后可发生相分离。
在多个实施方案中,在酸存在下在非极性溶剂中进行方法200促进了两相混合物的形成,所述两相混合物包括溶剂相和水相。溶剂相优选地包含游离脂肪酸、醇和催化量的酸。水相可优选地包含水以及剩余的酸和醇。根据多个实施方案,水相的作用是将水从溶剂相(其中主要发生上述反应式1中的反应的相)中拉出并将其拉入水相中。水可最初就存在于第二混合物的组分中或者可作为如反应式1中所示反应的产物而形成。如前所述,在反应混合物中水的存在将倾向于使体系的平衡朝向重新形成游离脂肪酸且远离产生乙酯的方向移动。因此,通过从溶剂相中除去水,可使得反应继续进行到比在单相体系中所预测的转化率令人惊奇且出乎意料更高的转化率。在多个实施方案中,已经实现了约98%游离脂肪酸向乙酯的转化。通过在反应接近平衡时除去水相并进行额外的反应时间,可实现游离脂肪酸高达约99.5%或更大的进一步转化。
本文所述方法可用于产生游离脂肪酸的乙酯形式。脂肪酸是具有长脂族尾部(链)的饱和或不饱和羧酸。大多数的天然脂肪酸具有偶数个(4至28)碳原子的链。饱和脂肪酸在碳原子之间没有双键。不饱和脂肪酸在碳原子之间具有一个或更多个双键。当在不饱和脂肪酸上从末端甲基碳向羰基碳计数时,第一个双键表示为ω双键,例如在ω3、ω6或ω7脂肪酸上所观察到的。
棕榈油酸(POA)是具有含一个双键的16碳原子链的ω-7单不饱和脂肪酸,表示为C16:1n7。作为一种有益的脂肪酸,其已显示出抑制炎症。ω-7的膳食来源存在于动物和植物来源中,包括沙棘浆果、澳洲坚果、冷水性鱼和乳制品脂肪。然而,这些来源并不是POA的浓缩和/或纯化来源并且常常包含饱和脂肪和多不饱和脂肪的混合脂肪酸分布。
多种示例性藻类ω7组合物可包含按干重计约10%至约99%的棕榈油酸。这类藻类组合物还可包含(单独地或其任意组合)按干重计的以下成分:约0%至约20%的饱和脂肪酸;约0%至约10%的花生四烯酸;基本上不含(即小于约0.5%的)二十二碳六烯酸;和/或约0%至约10%的二十碳五烯酸。
此外,多种示例性藻类ω7组合物也可以是乙酯形式。这类乙酯通过使游离脂肪酸与乙醇反应得到。这个过程称为酯化,所得乙酯允许在较低温度下进行长链脂肪酸的分馏(浓缩)。这个步骤允许将脂肪酸选择性浓缩至见于自然界中的水平。
二十碳五烯酸(EPA)是具有含五个双键的20个碳原子链的ω-3脂肪酸,表示为20:5n3。EPA是充当某些类花生酸的前体的多不饱和脂肪酸。EPA的来源包括油性鱼(鱼油)、藻油、卵油、鱿鱼油、一些植物油如在海藻中发现的那些。虽然鱼类天然不产生EPA,但是其通过藻类食物来源获得EPA。多种示例性藻类ω-3组合物可包含按干重计约10%至约99%的二十碳五烯酸。这样的藻类组合物还可包含按干重量计约0%至约99%的其他脂肪酸。
示例性的计算机系统可用于实施本文所公开的系统和方法的多个实施方案。计算机系统可包括一个或更多个处理器和存储器。主存储器部分地存储由处理器执行的指令和数据以使计算机系统控制本文所述系统中多个元件的运行,从而实现某些实施方案的功能。主存储器可包括多个存储器,包括用于在程序执行期间存储指令和数据的主随机存取存储器(RAM)以及在其中存储固定指令的只读存储器(ROM)。主存储器在运行时可存储可执行代码。该系统还可包括大容量存储装置、一个或更多个便携式存储介质驱动器、输出装置、用户输入装置、图形显示器和外围装置。组件可通过单条总线连接。或者,组件可通过多条总线连接。组件可通过一个或更多个数据传送装置连接。处理器单元和主存储器可通过局部微处理器总线连接,并且大容量存储装置、外围装置、便携式存储装置和显示系统可通过一个或更多个输入/输出(I/O)总线连接。可通过磁盘驱动器或光盘驱动器实施的大容量存储装置可以是用于存储供处理器单元使用的数据和指令的非易失性存储装置。大容量存储装置可存储用于实施所公开系统和方法的多个实施方案的系统软件,目的在于将该软件加载到主存储器中。便携式存储设备可与便携式非易失性存储介质如软盘、压缩盘或数字视频盘一起运行以向该计算机系统输入和输出数据和代码。用于实施本文所公开系统和方法的多个实施方案的系统软件可存储在这样的便携式介质中并通过便携式存储装置输入到计算机系统中。输入装置可提供一部分的用户界面。输入装置可包括字母数字袖珍键盘,如用于输入字母数字和其他信息的键盘;或指示装置,如鼠标、轨迹球、触针或光标方向键。一般而言,术语输入装置旨在包括将信息输入计算机系统中的所有可能类型的装置和方式。此外,该系统可包括输出装置。合适的输出装置包括扬声器、打印机、网络接口和显示器。显示系统可包括液晶显示器(LCD)或其他合适的显示装置。
显示系统可接收文本信息和图形信息,并处理该信息以输出到显示装置。一般而言,使用术语输出装置旨在包括从计算机系统向用户或另一个机器或计算机系统输出信息的所有可能类型的装置和方式。外围装置可包括为计算机系统增加额外功能的任何类型的计算机支持装置。外围装置可包括调制解调器或路由器或为通信网络提供接口的其他类型组件。通信网络可包括多个互相连接的计算机系统和通信链路。通信链路可以是有线链路、光链路、无线链路或用于信息通信的任何其他机制。包括在计算机系统中的组件可以是通常见于计算机系统中的那些组件,其可适用于本文所公开系统和方法的实施方案,并且旨在表示本领域中公知的一大类这样的计算机组件。因此,计算机系统可以是个人计算机、手持计算装置、电话、移动计算装置、工作站、服务器、小型计算机、大型计算机或任何其他的计算装置。计算机还可包括不同的总线配置、网络平台、多处理器平台等。
可使用多种操作系统,包括Unix、Linux、Windows、MacintoshOS、PalmOS、MS-DOS、MINIX、VMS、OS/2和其他合适的操作系统。由于计算机和网络的性质不断变化,所以对计算机系统的描述仅旨在作为具体实例,用于描述实施方案的目的。计算机系统的许多其他配置也可具有更多或更少的组件。
本文所使用的术语“具有”、“含有”、“包括”、“包含”等是开放式术语,表明存在所指称要素或特征,但不排除另外的要素或特征。除非上下文另有明确说明,否则没有数量词的情况旨在包括复数以及单数。
上述描述是说明性的而不是限制性的。本发明的许多变化在本领域技术人员查阅本公开内容后将变得显见。因此,本发明的范围不应参照上面的描述来确定,而应当参照所附权利要求书及其等同方案的全部范围来确定。
虽然已结合一系列的优选实施方案对本发明进行了描述,但是这些描述并不旨在将本发明的范围限制于本文所阐述的特定形式。还应理解,本发明的方法不一定限于所描述的离散步骤或步骤的顺序。相反地,本发明旨在涵盖了可包括在由所附权利要求所限定且本领域普通技术人员以其他方式理解的本发明精神和范围内的替换方案、修改方案和等同方案。

Claims (30)

1.一种用于将游离脂肪酸转化为所述游离脂肪酸的乙酯形式的方法,其包括:
使所述游离脂肪酸与非极性溶剂相接触以形成第一混合物;
向所述第一混合物中添加无机酸和醇以形成第二混合物;
加热并搅拌所述第二混合物以形成两相混合物;以及
从所述两相混合物中除去水相。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,所述非极性溶剂进一步包括己烷、环己烷、庚烷、d-柠檬烯、石脑油、二甲苯、甲苯、戊烷、环戊烷、苯、1,4-二烷、氯仿、乙醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸甲酯、及其混合物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,所述非极性溶剂进一步包括庚烷。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,所述游离脂肪酸按重量计占所述第一混合物的约3%至15%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,所述醇进一步包括甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇、及其混合物。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,所述醇进一步包括乙醇。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,所述乙醇按重量计占所述第二混合物的约3%至20%。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,所述无机酸进一步包括硫酸、盐酸、高氯酸、三氟化硼、及其混合物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,所述无机酸进一步包括硫酸。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,所述硫酸按重量计占所述第二混合物的约0.4%至5%。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括在水存在下向所述第一混合物中添加硫酸和乙醇。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,所述水按重量计占所述第二混合物的约0.1%至10%。
13.根据权利要求1的所述方法,其还包括将所述第二混合物加热至约50℃至约100℃,保持约1小时。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括在除去所述水相之前停止搅拌。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括在搅拌所述第二混合物的同时除去所述水相。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其还包括使用离心机除去所述水相。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其还包括使用提取器除去所述水相。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其还包括加热并搅拌通过除去所述水相而形成的剩余溶液。
19.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括:所述游离脂肪酸是通过藻属产生的。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其还包括:所述藻属包括以下中的一种或更多种:双眉藻属、鱼腥藻属、Anikstrodesmis、葡萄藻属、角毛藻属、小球藻属、绿球藻属、小环藻属、筒柱藻属、杜氏藻属、球石藻属、裸藻属、微藻属、红球藻属、等鞭金藻属、单鞭金藻属、单针藻属、微球藻属、微拟球藻属、舟形藻属、肾鞭藻属、肾爿藻属、菱形藻属、节球藻属、念珠藻属、棕鞭藻属、卵囊藻属、颤藻属、巴夫藻属、褐指藻属、Picochloris、扁藻属、颗石藻属、紫菜属、假鱼腥藻属、塔胞藻属、栅藻属、裂丝藻属、聚球藻属、集胞藻属、四爿藻属、海链藻属和束毛藻属。
21.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括产生游离脂肪酸组合物,所述游离脂肪酸组合物包含按干重计约10%至约99%的C16:1n7棕榈油酸和少于约20%的饱和脂肪酸。
22.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括游离脂肪酸组合物,所述游离脂肪酸组合物包含按干重计约10%至约99%的C20:5n3二十碳五烯酸和少于约10%的饱和脂肪酸。
23.一种用于将游离脂肪酸转化为所述游离脂肪酸的乙酯形式的方法,其包括:
使包含游离脂肪酸的藻油与非极性溶剂相接触以形成第一混合物,所述藻油按重量计占所述第一混合物的约3%至15%;
向所述第一混合物中添加硫酸和乙醇以形成第二混合物,所述硫酸按重量计占所述第二混合物的约0.4%至5%,并且所述乙醇按重量计占所述第二混合物的约3%至30%;
加热并搅拌所述第二混合物以形成两相混合物;以及
从所述两相混合物中除去水相。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,所述非极性溶剂进一步包括己烷、环己烷、庚烷、d-柠檬烯、石脑油、二甲苯、甲苯、戊烷、环戊烷、苯、1,4-二烷、氯仿、乙醚、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、乙酸甲酯、及其混合物。
25.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其还包括将所述第二混合物加热至约50℃至约100℃,保持约1小时。
26.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其还包括在除去所述水相之前停止所述搅拌。
27.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其还包括使用离心机除去所述水相。
28.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其还包括使用提取器除去所述水相。
29.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其还包括所述游离脂肪酸是通过藻属产生的。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法,其还包括所述藻属包括以下中的一种或更多种:双眉藻属、鱼腥藻属、Anikstrodesmis、葡萄藻属、角毛藻属、小球藻属、绿球藻属、小环藻属、筒柱藻属、杜氏藻属、球石藻属、裸藻属、微藻属、红球藻属、等鞭金藻属、单鞭金藻属、单针藻属、微球藻属、微拟球藻属、舟形藻属、肾鞭藻属、肾爿藻属、菱形藻属、节球藻属、念珠藻属、棕鞭藻属、卵囊藻属、颤藻属、巴夫藻属、褐指藻属、Picochloris、扁藻属、颗石藻属、紫菜属、假鱼腥藻属、塔胞藻属、栅藻属、裂丝藻属、聚球藻属、集胞藻属、四爿藻属、海链藻属和束毛藻属。
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