CN105241359B - The survey cone device of quick measurement male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper - Google Patents
The survey cone device of quick measurement male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105241359B CN105241359B CN201510644437.3A CN201510644437A CN105241359B CN 105241359 B CN105241359 B CN 105241359B CN 201510644437 A CN201510644437 A CN 201510644437A CN 105241359 B CN105241359 B CN 105241359B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cylinder
- exterior measuring
- measuring cylinder
- cone
- strobilus masculinus
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Landscapes
- A Measuring Device Byusing Mechanical Method (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices With Unspecified Measuring Means (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to e measurement technology, is related to a kind of survey cone device of quick measurement male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper.The present invention is made up of interior survey cylinder (7), spring (2), exterior measuring cylinder (3) and spacer pin (4).The present invention proposes a kind of survey cone device that can quickly measure male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper, simplifies detection process, shortens the cycle, substantially increases detection efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to e measurement technology, is related to a kind of survey cone device of quick measurement male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper.
Background technology
On batch production on-line checking part of some aviation parts during the taper of male cone (strobilus masculinus), its detection process elapsed time
It is long, cause detection efficiency very low.The measurement to male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper on part is typically the ring gauge of making standard at present, on part
Conical surface surface smear developer, contacted by both, observe the developer situation that is remained on the tested conical surface to judge taper
Crudy.These method detection process are complicated, the cycle is long, efficiency is low, it is difficult to the online survey real-time being applicable in batch production
Amount.Therefore, it is badly in need of a kind of survey tool that can quickly and easily detect male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper on part in production practices.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is：A kind of survey cone device that can quickly measure male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper is proposed, to simplify detection process,
Shorten the cycle, improve detection efficiency.
The technical scheme is that：A kind of survey cone device for being used to measure male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper, it is characterised in that it is by interior survey
Cylinder 7, spring 2, exterior measuring cylinder 3 and spacer pin 4 form；
A, interior cylinder 7 of surveying has a profile of Step Shaft, and interior to survey left section of cylinder 7 be measurement handle 7a that solid cylinder is formed, interior
Survey cylinder 7 right section is hollow cylinder 7b, measurement handle 7a external diameter of the external diameter less than hollow cylinder 7b, in hollow cylinder 7b center
Hole 7c is the blind hole for being opened on interior survey cylinder 7 right side, is had on hollow cylinder 7b external cylindrical surface radially penetrating, vertically
Stretching, extension, the stopper slot 7d, stopper slot 7d and hollow cylinder 7b of Long Circle central bore 7c vertically through；
B, exterior measuring cylinder 3 is the unlimited cylinder of a right-hand member, and the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 carries centre bore, the aperture of the centre bore
Less than the aperture of the endoporus of exterior measuring cylinder 3, the interior hollow cylinder 7b for surveying right section of cylinder 7 is located in the endoporus of exterior measuring cylinder 3 and keeps gap to match somebody with somebody
Close, the interior measurement handle 7a for surveying left section of cylinder 7 is passed to the left from the centre bore of the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3, measurement handle 7a and the left end of exterior measuring cylinder 3
The center interporal lacuna in face coordinates, and has the limit pin hole radially penetrated, the middle part of spacer pin 4 on the external cylindrical surface of exterior measuring cylinder 3
It is through in the stopper slot 7d of interior survey cylinder 7 and keeps glade plane space, the both ends of spacer pin 4 is located in the limit pin hole of exterior measuring cylinder 3 simultaneously
Keep interference fit；
C, 2 sets of spring is surveyed on the measurement handle 7a of left section of cylinder 7 inside, and the left end of spring 2 withstands the bottom surface of the endoporus of exterior measuring cylinder 3,
The right-hand member of spring 2 withstands the step end face of interior survey cylinder 7, and before starting measurement, the right side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 is positioned at interior survey cylinder 7 right side
The right；
D, there are two detection mark lines that are annular, being parallel to each other on the measurement handle 7a face of cylinder, be respectively：Positioned at a left side
The left detection mark line 7e on the side and right detection mark line 7f positioned at the right, the plane where left detection mark line 7e is perpendicular to interior
The axis of cylinder 7 is surveyed, left detection mark line 7e is calculated to the distance L4 of interior survey cylinder 7 right side according to following formula：
L4=L2-[0.5×(d1-d2)÷tanγ1]…………………………………………[1]
γ1=0.5 × (β+λ) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... [2]
In formula：d1It is the internal diameter of exterior measuring cylinder 3, d2It is interior survey cylinder 1 central bore 7c internal diameter, β is male cone (strobilus masculinus) on measured piece 6
The nominal value of 6a coning angles, λ are the upper deviation of male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a cone angles or the absolute value of lower deviation, male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a cone angle size
It is expressed as β ± λ, L2It is the length of exterior measuring cylinder 3, γ1It is the half of the angle of taper maximum of inner conical surface 6a on measured piece 6
Value；
Right detection mark line 7f is calculated to the distance L of interior survey cylinder 7 right side according to following formula5：
L5=L2-[0.5×(d1-d2)÷tanγ2]…………………………………………[3]
γ2=0.5 × (β-λ) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... [4]
In formula：d1It is the internal diameter of exterior measuring cylinder 3, d2It is interior survey cylinder 1 central bore 7c internal diameter, β is male cone (strobilus masculinus) on measured piece 6
The nominal value of 6a coning angles, λ are the upper deviation of male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a cone angles or the absolute value of lower deviation, male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a cone angle size
It is expressed as β ± λ, L2It is the length of exterior measuring cylinder 3, γ2It is the half of the angle of taper minimum value of inner conical surface 6a on measured piece 6
Value.
It is an advantage of the invention that：A kind of survey cone device that can quickly measure male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper is proposed, simplifies detection process,
The cycle is shortened, substantially increases detection efficiency.One embodiment of the present of invention, tests prove that, detection efficiency improves 10
More than times.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the survey cone device for outer cone planar survey.
Fig. 2 is the tested part structural representation for having in embodiment male cone (strobilus masculinus).
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further details below.Referring to Fig. 1, a kind of survey cone device for being used to measure male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper,
Characterized in that, it is made up of interior survey cylinder 7, spring 2, exterior measuring cylinder 3 and spacer pin 4；
A, interior cylinder 7 of surveying has a profile of Step Shaft, and interior to survey left section of cylinder 7 be measurement handle 7a that solid cylinder is formed, interior
Survey cylinder 7 right section is hollow cylinder 7b, measurement handle 7a external diameter of the external diameter less than hollow cylinder 7b, in hollow cylinder 7b center
Hole 7c is the blind hole for being opened on interior survey cylinder 7 right side, is had on hollow cylinder 7b external cylindrical surface radially penetrating, vertically
Stretching, extension, the stopper slot 7d, stopper slot 7d and hollow cylinder 7b of Long Circle central bore 7c vertically through；
B, exterior measuring cylinder 3 is the unlimited cylinder of a right-hand member, and the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 carries centre bore, the aperture of the centre bore
Less than the aperture of the endoporus of exterior measuring cylinder 3, the interior hollow cylinder 7b for surveying right section of cylinder 7 is located in the endoporus of exterior measuring cylinder 3 and keeps gap to match somebody with somebody
Close, the interior measurement handle 7a for surveying left section of cylinder 7 is passed to the left from the centre bore of the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3, measurement handle 7a and the left end of exterior measuring cylinder 3
The center interporal lacuna in face coordinates, and has the limit pin hole radially penetrated, the middle part of spacer pin 4 on the external cylindrical surface of exterior measuring cylinder 3
It is through in the stopper slot 7d of interior survey cylinder 7 and keeps glade plane space, the both ends of spacer pin 4 is located in the limit pin hole of exterior measuring cylinder 3 simultaneously
Keep interference fit；
C, 2 sets of spring is surveyed on the measurement handle 7a of left section of cylinder 7 inside, and the left end of spring 2 withstands the bottom surface of the endoporus of exterior measuring cylinder 3,
The right-hand member of spring 2 withstands the step end face of interior survey cylinder 7, and before starting measurement, the right side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 is positioned at interior survey cylinder 7 right side
The right；
D, there are two detection mark lines that are annular, being parallel to each other on the measurement handle 7a face of cylinder, be respectively：Positioned at a left side
The left detection mark line 7e on the side and right detection mark line 7f positioned at the right, the plane where left detection mark line 7e is perpendicular to interior
The axis of cylinder 7 is surveyed, left detection mark line 7e is calculated to the distance L4 of interior survey cylinder 7 right side according to following formula：
L4=L2-[0.5×(d1-d2)÷tanγ1]…………………………………………[1]
γ1=0.5 × (β+λ) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... [2]
In formula：d1It is the internal diameter of exterior measuring cylinder 3, d2It is interior survey cylinder 1 central bore 7c internal diameter, β is male cone (strobilus masculinus) on measured piece 6
The nominal value of 6a coning angles, λ are the upper deviation of male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a cone angles or the absolute value of lower deviation, male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a cone angle size
It is expressed as β ± λ, L2It is the length of exterior measuring cylinder 3, γ1Be the maximum of inner conical surface 6a angle of taper on measured piece 6 two/
One value；
Right detection mark line 7f is calculated to the distance L of interior survey cylinder 7 right side according to following formula5：
L5=L2-[0.5×(d1-d2)÷tanγ2]…………………………………………[3]
γ2=0.5 × (β-λ) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... [4]
In formula：d1It is the internal diameter of exterior measuring cylinder 3, d2It is interior survey cylinder 1 central bore 7c internal diameter, β is male cone (strobilus masculinus) on measured piece 6
The nominal value of 6a coning angles, λ are the upper deviation of male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a cone angles or the absolute value of lower deviation, male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a cone angle size
It is expressed as β ± λ, L2It is the length of exterior measuring cylinder 3, γ2Be the minimum value of inner conical surface 6a angle of taper on measured piece 6 two/
One value.
The present invention application method be：As the cone angle beta (± λ) for measuring the male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a on measured piece 6, pass through exterior measuring cylinder
3 endoporus, hollow cylinder 7b endoporus with being contacted respectively at male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a to be detected respective diameters, to contact when both end face
The monitoring of range difference, you can realize taper measurement.
The present invention measurement process be：
When measuring external taper size beta (± λ), when the male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a on part 6 to be measured enters measurement position, survey cylinder interior first
The endoporus of 7 hollow cylinder 7b right sides (identical with the hole size of hollow cylinder 7b right sides) place corresponding with male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a connects
Touch, with hand propelled exterior measuring cylinder 3, make its right side endoporus (identical with the right-hand member hole size of exterior measuring cylinder 3) place corresponding with male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a
Contact, now exterior measuring cylinder 3 can not move right again.Observe the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 and left detection mark line 7e, right detection mark line
7f relative position, when the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 is between left detection mark line 7e, right detection mark line 7f, it can determine that to be measured
Male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a taper size value meets β (± λ) requirements, i.e., taper is qualified.When the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 is in left detection mark line
When 7e, right detection mark line 7f sides, it can determine that male cone (strobilus masculinus) 6a to be measured taper size value does not meet β (± λ) requirements, i.e. taper
It is unqualified；When the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 is on the left of left detection mark line 7e, actual taper size value is more than (β+λ)；When exterior measuring cylinder
When 3 left sides are on the right side of right detection mark line 7f, actual taper size value is less than (β-λ).
Embodiment
Certain sensor side has covered a male cone (strobilus masculinus) structure, and referring to Fig. 2, the taper size of its male cone (strobilus masculinus) is 60 ° ± 30 ', right
When it is detected, the relevant parameter for surveying cone device is as follows：
γ1=0.5 × (60 °+30 ')=30.25 °；
γ2=0.5 × (60 ° -30 ')=29.75 °.
From d1=30mm, d2=18mm, L2=50mm, L4And L5Value is calculated as follows：
L4=50- [0.5 × (30-18) ÷ tan (30.25)]=39.712mm；
L5=L2- [0.5 × (30-18) ÷ tan (29.75)]=39.502mm.
When measuring 60 ° ± 30 ' of external taper size, the male cone (strobilus masculinus) that sensor side covers enters measurement position, survey interior first
The endoporus φ 18 of the hollow cylinder 7b right sides of cylinder 7 is corresponding (identical with the hole size of hollow cylinder 7b right sides) with male cone (strobilus masculinus)
Place's contact, with hand propelled exterior measuring cylinder 3, makes its right side endoporus φ 30 corresponding to male cone (strobilus masculinus) (with the right-hand member hole size phase of exterior measuring cylinder 3
Place contacts together), and now exterior measuring cylinder 3 can not move right again.Observe the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 and left detection mark line 7e, right detection
Mark line 7f relative position, when the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 is between left detection mark line 7e, right detection mark line 7f, it can sentence
Fixed male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper size value to be measured meets 60 ° of ± 30 ' requirement, i.e., taper is qualified.When the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 is in left detection mark
When line 7e, right detection mark line 7f sides, it can determine that male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper size value to be measured does not meet 60 ° of ± 30 ' requirement, i.e. taper
It is unqualified；When the left side of exterior measuring cylinder 3 is on the left of left detection mark line 7e, actual taper size value is more than (60 °+30 ')；When outer
When surveying the left side of cylinder 3 on the right side of right detection mark line 7f, actual taper size value is less than (60 ° -30 ').
Claims (1)
1. a kind of survey cone device for being used to measure male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper, it is characterised in that it is by interior survey cylinder (7), spring (2), exterior measuring cylinder
(3) formed with spacer pin (4)；
A, interior cylinder (7) of surveying has the profile of Step Shaft, and left section of interior survey cylinder (7) is the measurement handle (7a) that solid cylinder is formed,
Interior survey cylinder (7) right section is hollow cylinder (7b), and the external diameter of measurement handle (7a) is less than the external diameter of hollow cylinder (7b), hollow cylinder
The central bore (7c) of (7b) is to be opened on the blind hole of interior survey cylinder (7) right side, is had on hollow cylinder (7b) external cylindrical surface
In the center of stopper slot (7d) radially penetrate, axially extended, Long Circle, stopper slot (7d) and hollow cylinder (7b)
Hole (7c) vertically through；
B, exterior measuring cylinder (3) is the unlimited cylinder of a right-hand member, and exterior measuring cylinder (3) left side carries centre bore, the aperture of the centre bore
Less than the aperture of exterior measuring cylinder (3) endoporus, the interior hollow cylinder (7b) for surveying right section of cylinder (7) is located in the endoporus of exterior measuring cylinder (3) and protected
Gap cooperation is held, the interior measurement handle (7a) for surveying left section of cylinder (7) passes to the left from the centre bore of exterior measuring cylinder (3) left side, measures handle
(7a) and the center interporal lacuna of exterior measuring cylinder (3) left side coordinate, and have the limit radially penetrated on the external cylindrical surface of exterior measuring cylinder (3)
Position pin-and-hole, it is through in the middle part of spacer pin (4) in the stopper slot (7d) of interior survey cylinder (7) and keeps glade plane space, the two of spacer pin (4)
End is in the limit pin hole of exterior measuring cylinder (3) and keeps being interference fitted；
C, spring (2) set is surveyed on the measurement handle (7a) of left section of cylinder (7) inside, and the left end of spring (2) withstands exterior measuring cylinder (3) endoporus
Bottom surface, the right-hand member of spring (2) withstands the step end face of interior survey cylinder (7), and before starting measurement, the right side of exterior measuring cylinder (3) is positioned at interior
Survey the right of cylinder (7) right side；
D, there are two detection mark lines that are annular, being parallel to each other on the face of cylinder of measurement handle (7a), be respectively：Positioned at the left side
Left detection mark line (7e) and the right detection mark line (7f) positioned at the right, the plane where left detection mark line (7e) it is vertical
In the axis of interior survey cylinder (7), left detection mark line (7e) is calculated to the distance of interior survey cylinder (7) right side according to following formula
L4：
L4=L2-[0.5×(d1-d2)÷tanγ1]…………………………………………[1]
γ1=0.5 × (β+λ) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... [2]
In formula：d1It is exterior measuring cylinder（3）Internal diameter, d2It is interior survey cylinder（1）Central bore（7c）Internal diameter, β is measured piece（6）It is upper outer
The conical surface（6a）The nominal value of coning angle, λ are male cone (strobilus masculinus)s（6a）The upper deviation of cone angle or the absolute value of lower deviation, male cone (strobilus masculinus)（6a）
Cone angle size be expressed as β ± λ, L2It is exterior measuring cylinder（3）Length, γ1It is measured piece（6）Upper inner conical surface（6a）Angle of taper
The half value of maximum；
Right detection mark line is calculated according to following formula（7f）To interior survey cylinder（7）The distance L of right side5：
L5=L2-[0.5×(d1-d2)÷tanγ2]…………………………………………[3]
γ2=0.5 × (β-λ) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... [4]
In formula：d1It is exterior measuring cylinder（3）Internal diameter, d2It is interior survey cylinder（1）Central bore（7c）Internal diameter, β is measured piece（6）It is upper outer
The conical surface（6a）The nominal value of coning angle, λ are male cone (strobilus masculinus)s（6a）The upper deviation of cone angle or the absolute value of lower deviation, male cone (strobilus masculinus)（6a）
Cone angle size be expressed as β ± λ, L2It is exterior measuring cylinder（3）Length, γ2It is measured piece（6）Upper inner conical surface（6a）Angle of taper
The half value of minimum value.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510644437.3A CN105241359B (en) | 2015-10-08 | 2015-10-08 | The survey cone device of quick measurement male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510644437.3A CN105241359B (en) | 2015-10-08 | 2015-10-08 | The survey cone device of quick measurement male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105241359A CN105241359A (en) | 2016-01-13 |
| CN105241359B true CN105241359B (en) | 2017-11-28 |
Family
ID=55039093
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510644437.3A Active CN105241359B (en) | 2015-10-08 | 2015-10-08 | The survey cone device of quick measurement male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105241359B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106885552B (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2019-12-03 | 慈溪市星环轴承有限公司 | A kind of bearing chamfer size detection mechanism |
| CN109916275A (en) * | 2019-04-03 | 2019-06-21 | 西安飞机工业（集团）有限责任公司 | A kind of straight-neck rivet chamfering detection method |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN202947613U (en) * | 2012-11-18 | 2013-05-22 | 无锡麦铁精密机械制造有限公司 | In-hole trapezoidal groove touch gauge |
| CN103245272A (en) * | 2013-05-06 | 2013-08-14 | 重庆望江工业有限公司 | Gauge for measuring short inner cone |
| CN203405159U (en) * | 2013-06-25 | 2014-01-22 | 常州市双成工具有限公司 | Cone apex angle measuring tool |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015049225A (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2015-03-16 | トヨタ車体株式会社 | Hole measurement jig |
-
2015
- 2015-10-08 CN CN201510644437.3A patent/CN105241359B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN202947613U (en) * | 2012-11-18 | 2013-05-22 | 无锡麦铁精密机械制造有限公司 | In-hole trapezoidal groove touch gauge |
| CN103245272A (en) * | 2013-05-06 | 2013-08-14 | 重庆望江工业有限公司 | Gauge for measuring short inner cone |
| CN203405159U (en) * | 2013-06-25 | 2014-01-22 | 常州市双成工具有限公司 | Cone apex angle measuring tool |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105241359A (en) | 2016-01-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN105241359B (en) | The survey cone device of quick measurement male cone (strobilus masculinus) taper | |
| CN105806702B (en) | For the fixture on horizontal the steel strand relaxation test machine | |
| WO2018086186A1 (en) | Follow-up multi-point contact-type device for measuring circumferential strain | |
| CN104165559A (en) | Taper plug gauge used for taper hole detection | |
| CN104567635A (en) | Device for rapidly detecting coaxial degree of clamps of test machine | |
| CN202255248U (en) | Embedded sleeve perpendicularity detection tool set | |
| CN105258617A (en) | Conicity measurer for fast measuring conicity of inner conical surface | |
| CN204188097U (en) | A kind of taper thread mandrel | |
| CN205482705U (en) | Displacement generator | |
| CN104236446B (en) | Drilling multi -components strain measurement head | |
| CN206095112U (en) | Circular arc screw thread structure detection device | |
| CN106197217B (en) | A kind of accurate detection device of bearing ring outer-diameter accuracy | |
| CN102590333A (en) | Adjustable eddy current probe fixing mechanism used for detecting central hole of turbine rotor | |
| CN103940329B (en) | Roller sleeve of grinding roll of vertical grinding machine survey tool | |
| CN208780589U (en) | A kind of detecting head and detection instrument | |
| CN209259756U (en) | Overcritical water oxidization reactor and its online system for detecting temperature | |
| CN102506657A (en) | Measuring tool for measuring pore diameter of end cover | |
| CN204100968U (en) | The special bore gauge of internal groove inside diameter measurement | |
| TWI805616B (en) | Sensor for detecting concrete filling state and measuring moisture temporal change | |
| CN203758432U (en) | Depth detection device of screw hole | |
| CN206832165U (en) | taper hole diameter measuring tool | |
| CN203642853U (en) | A core shaft for detecting the depth of an inner small conical hole in an engine air cylinder body inclined hole | |
| JP2017129364A (en) | Torque sensor, torque sensor unit, and penetrometer | |
| CN105180775B (en) | Shaft section profile parameters Calibration of measuring instruments gauge | |
| CN201159629Y (en) | Internal bore groove measuring scale |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |