CN105193482A - Engagement device for preventing bone fusion of fibula truncation part - Google Patents
Engagement device for preventing bone fusion of fibula truncation part Download PDFInfo
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- CN105193482A CN105193482A CN201510541037.XA CN201510541037A CN105193482A CN 105193482 A CN105193482 A CN 105193482A CN 201510541037 A CN201510541037 A CN 201510541037A CN 105193482 A CN105193482 A CN 105193482A
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- fibula
- elastic
- convergence part
- truncated
- bone
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B2017/564—Methods for bone or joint treatment
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B2017/681—Alignment, compression, or distraction mechanisms
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses an engagement device for preventing bone fusion of a fibula truncation part. The engagement device comprises a first engagement part, a second engagement part and an elastic part, wherein the first engagement part is used for engaging a first truncation end of a truncated fibula positioned at the outer side of a shin bone; the second engagement part is used for engaging a second truncation end of the fibula; the elastic part is engaged between the first and second engagement parts, so that the elastic part can be subjected to elastic deformation due to the acting force between the first and second engagement parts; and if the engagement device is engaged at two ends of the fibula truncation part, rigid re-fusion of the truncated fibula can be effectively prevented so as to remove the supporting force at the outer side of the shin bone of a patient, so that a shin bone platform can be settled uniformly.
Description
Technical field
The invention relates to that a kind of bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device, espespecially a kind of being applied to is connected fibula two ends through blocking, and can with external force deformation, be that rigidity merges once again effectively to prevent the fibula be truncated, the bracing force of subduction to lateral of tibia, and pin down the connecting device by blocking fibula.
Background technology
Pathologic changes of knee joint, great majority are because wound, degeneration or osteoporosis etc. reason caused; At present for treatment pathologic changes of knee joint, mostly number adopts the method changing artificial joint, remove patient's focus, but owing to changing artificial joint operation, the most bone of patient must be excised, sufferer must cut larger wound, makes this type of operation have larger risk and restore slower shortcoming.
Recent medical circles, for the inner side pathologic changes of knee joint that osteoporosis causes, propose " knee joint differential settlement " theoretical, this theory is pointed out, when the osteoporosis of human tibia or after degenerating, can sedimentation phenomenon be produced, but due to the outside of human tibia, supported by fibula, therefore tibial plateau can uneven sedimentation, makes the gravity that human body bears, and can offset towards tibial medial, thus pathological changes inside the knee joint caused, causes patient's gonalgia, discomfort.According to this theory, for the settling mode of this type of pathological changes, the fibula being positioned at lateral of tibia is bestowed block operation, namely the support of lateral of tibia is removed, make tibial plateau can obtain uniform sedimentation, and making tibial medial release of pressure, thus sufferer can obtain solution and delay, remove because knee joint that this type of focus produces is ached and sense of discomfort.
In right said method, after the fibula of patient blocks, there is no suitable interface components can be limited the fibula after blocking, be connected; Connect according to the known rigid plate being widely used in orthopaedics, the fibula making to be truncated is merged in rigidity again once again, and loses the meaning of blocking fibula; Edge this, in the recuperation of patient after blocking fibula, fibula in the lower limb of patient, by muscle traction and swing, displacement, or appoint a fibula arbitrarily grow in the osseous tissue of truncated end, not restricted; Also because of like this, patient also cannot obtain stable, good expection restoration result, increases the risk of operative failure on foot.
In addition, clinically, there is some patients after for many years, due to the fibula place of being truncated comparatively convergence, and effectively do not separated, because settlement action makes fibula two truncated end of separation originally, contact again, cause fibula to produce in truncated position and merge, again support force is produced to lateral of tibia, make again the uneven sedimentation of tibia, and patient's tibial medial ache focus is recurred, cause Endodontic failure.
In view of this inventor, is add to give research, and the bone that prevents disclosing illustrated fibula truncated position merges connecting device.
Summary of the invention
The bone that prevents that object of the present invention aims to provide a kind of fibula truncated position merges connecting device, is comprise: one first convergence part, in order to be connected the first truncated end of this fibula truncated position; One second convergence part, in order to be connected the second truncated end of this fibula truncated position; And an elastic, be connected between this first and second convergence part, make the elastic deformation by the active force of first and second convergence part of this elastic; Just fibula two ends in being truncated can be connected by the present invention in this way, make the fibula be truncated not in positive engagement or fusion, can with the characteristic of external force deformation by this elastic, the fibula be connected is made no longer to produce powerful support force to the outside of tibia, and remove the support of patient's lateral of tibia, guarantee that tibial plateau obtains sedimentation equably, suffer oppression produce the focus of aching to eliminate patient's tibial medial, and the problem that fibula truncated end swings arbitrarily can be solved.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, and wherein this first and second convergence part, can make from metal material, polymeric material or ceramic material, makes its one end be embedded in this elastic respectively; This first and second convergence part above-mentioned, can be respectively equipped with fixing hole, makes this first and second convergence part can distinguish mat screw locking on this fibula.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first convergence part, and its one end is embedded in this elastic; And this second convergence part, be the sliding sliding cave being placed in this elastic, and make this elastic radially be equipped with one group of cave, this group of cave is made radially to be communicated with this cunning cave, just by instrument, can stretch in this group of cave in this way, and extrapolated cunning is placed in second convergence part in this cunning cave.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first convergence part, be provided with first set cave, in order to be socketed the first truncated end of this fibula in interior, and this second convergence part, be provided with the second cover cave, in order to be socketed the second truncated end of this fibula in interior, to pin down the fibula displacement be truncated, and the truncated position freshman bone tissue limiting fibula grows arbitrarily.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first and second convergence part and this elastic, can by such as silica gel elastomeric material is one-body molded, and this elastic can be solid shape or hollow tube shape.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, and wherein this elastic to be hollow form, and insert a solid elastomeric post or insert silica gel in this elastic.Or in this elastic in hollow tube shape, be equipped with a stuffing hole, insert hole by this, in order to inject if the elastic fillers such as silica gel are in this elastic.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this elastic, is to be set between this first and second convergence part; Or make this first convergence part and this elastic be one-body molded, and this second convergence part is that sliding sleeve is in this first convergence part and elastic outer rim.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein in this first and second convergence part outer rim, be equipped with multiple tracks bead ring, to avoid this first and second convergence part in the process of socket fibula, split, as reinforced structure of the present invention, also can be used as different sufferer in addition and use length to carry out the foundation of cutting.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, and wherein this elastic is provided with compression groove, makes the two ends of this elastic, can relatively axial compression, allows the present invention can implant the go-and-retum of this fibula truncated position smoothly.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, and wherein this first convergence part can in gradually spike shape or isometrical column, in order to be inserted in the medullary cavity of this fibula first truncated end; This second convergence part also can in gradually spike shape or isometrical column, in order to be inserted in the medullary cavity of this fibula second truncated end.
Desirable entity of the present invention, can by the following description and appended each graphic, and be able to distinct.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is first embodiment of the invention axonometric chart;
Fig. 2 is application state schematic diagram embodiment illustrated in fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is second embodiment of the invention axonometric chart;
Fig. 4 compresses schematic diagram embodiment illustrated in fig. 3 relatively;
Fig. 5 is application state figure embodiment illustrated in fig. 3;
Fig. 6 is third embodiment of the invention schematic diagram;
Fig. 7 is fourth embodiment of the invention schematic diagram;
Fig. 8 is for stretch out the second convergence part schematic diagram from Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is fifth embodiment of the invention axonometric chart;
Figure 10 is application state schematic diagram embodiment illustrated in fig. 9;
Figure 11 is sixth embodiment of the invention axonometric chart;
Figure 12 is from application state figure embodiment illustrated in fig. 11;
Figure 13 is seventh embodiment of the invention schematic diagram:
Figure 14 is eighth embodiment of the invention schematic diagram;
Figure 15 is ninth embodiment of the invention schematic diagram;
Figure 16 is tenth embodiment of the invention schematic diagram;
Figure 17 is eleventh embodiment of the invention schematic diagram;
Figure 18 is twelveth embodiment of the invention axonometric chart; And
Figure 19 is application state schematic diagram embodiment illustrated in fig. 18.
In Fig. 1 to Figure 19, Reference numeral is:
11, the first convergence part 110, fixing hole 111, first set cave
112, embedding ditch or convergence part 120, embedding hole 12, second, fixing hole
121, the second cover cave 122, embedding ditch or embedding hole 13, elastic
13a and 13b, compression groove 130, sliding cave 131, stuffing hole
132, elastic solid post 133, group cave 14, implant
15, bead ring C, syringe F, fibula
F1, the first truncated end F11, medullary cavity F2, the second truncated end
F21, medullary cavity S, instrument T, tibia
Detailed description of the invention
Refer to shown in Fig. 1 ~ 19, the invention relates to that a kind of bone fusion connecting device that prevents of fibula truncated position comprises: one first convergence part 11, in order to be connected the first truncated end F1 person of this fibula F truncated position; One second convergence part 12, in order to be connected the second truncated end F2 person of this fibula F truncated position; And an elastic 13, be connected between this first and second convergence part 11,12, and the elastic deformation by the active force of first and second convergence part 11,12; Just the present invention can be connected first and second truncated end F1, the F2 in being truncated fibula F in this way, can with the characteristic of external force deformation by elastic 13 of the present invention, making by the fibula F be connected is not rigidity skeleton, eliminate the support force outside tibia T, guarantee that tibial plateau obtains sedimentation equably, patient's tibial medial is suffered oppression produce the focus of aching to be eliminated; The present invention effectively can pin down and isolate the two ends being truncated fibula F, can solve fibula F truncated end and to swing arbitrarily or once again because contacting the problem that again merges, and its novelty aobvious.
As shown in Figure 1, 2, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first and second convergence part 11,12, makes its one end be embedded in this elastic 13; This first and second convergence part 11,12 above-mentioned, can be respectively equipped with fixing hole 110,120, makes this first and second convergence part 11,12 can distinguish mat screw locking on this fibula F.
As seen in figures 3-5, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, and wherein this first convergence part 11 to be the spike of gradually point or isometrical column, in order to be inserted in the medullary cavity F11 of this fibula F first truncated end F1; This second convergence part 12 to be the spike of gradually point or isometrical column, in order to be inserted in the medullary cavity F21 of this fibula F second truncated end F2.
Above-mentioned elastic 13 can be provided with spiral compression groove 13a as shown in Figure 3; Or elastic 13 is provided with majority and wears the compression groove 13b that groove or depression form as shown in Figure 6, make this elastic 13 can from two ends relatively axial compression, and shorten the spacing being positioned at first and second convergence part 11,12; In time applying, can by instrument S1, S2, be held on these two ends of the present invention [or as Fig. 4, make this instrument S1, S2 penetrate be embedded in the default hole in elastic 13 place in this first and second convergence part 11,12], when relatively and after closing this instrument S1, S2, just can compression groove 13a or 13b of this elastic 13 of elastic compression, the present invention can be implanted in smoothly and block between first and second truncated end F1, F2 of rear fibula F, and make this first and second convergence part 11,12 be inserted in medullary cavity F11, the F21 of this fibula F, as shown in Figure 5.
As shown in Figure 7,8, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first convergence part 11, and its one end is embedded in this elastic 13; This second convergence part 12, that sliding this elastic 13 1 that is placed in slides cave 130, and make this elastic 13 radially be equipped with one group of cave 133, this group of cave 133 is made radially to be communicated with this cunning cave 130, in this way just can by an instrument, after this group of cave 133 is stretched into, extrapolated the second convergence part 12 being arranged in this cunning cave 130, inserts it in the medullary cavity F21 of corresponding fibula F.
As shown in Fig. 9,10, wherein this first convergence part 11, is provided with first set cave 111, be positioned at lateral of tibia in order to socket and the first truncated end F1 through blocking fibula F in; This second convergence part 12, is provided with the second cover cave 121, in order to socket through blocking the second truncated end F2 of this fibula F in interior; Because first and second truncated end F1, the F2 of this fibula F are socketed by first and second convergence part 11,12, therefore effectively can avoid growth or the contact arbitrarily in the process of restoring of fibula F truncated position, fusion phenomenon occurs.
As shown in Figure 10,11, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first and second convergence part 11,12 and this elastic 13, can by such as silica gel elastomeric material is one-body molded, and form a hollow tube, make the first end of this hollow tube, axially this first set cave 111 recessed, be defined as this first convergence part 11, and the second end of this hollow tube, axially this second cover cave 121 recessed, be defined as this second convergence part 12, and between this first and second convergence part 11,12, define and form this elastic 13.
As shown in Figure 11,12, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, and be can in the elastic 13 in hollow tubular, insert a solid elastomeric post 132, this solid elastomeric post 132 can make from silica gel or other elastic material.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, and wherein this elastic 13 can be hollow tubular, and inserts the implants such as silica gel 14.As shown in figure 13, wherein this elastic 13 is in hollow form, and be equipped with a stuffing hole 131, after this first and second convergence part 11,12 is socketed on first and second truncated end F1 of fibula F, the F2 be truncated, the injection of this stuffing hole 131 can be followed if the implants such as silica gel 14 are in this elastic 13 by mat syringe C.
As shown in figure 14, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first and second convergence part 11,12 and this elastic 13, can be one-body molded by silica gel elastomeric material, make its first end axially this first set cave 111 recessed, be defined as this first convergence part 11, and its second end is axially defined as this second convergence part 12 in this second cover cave 121 recessed, and between this first and second convergence part 11,12, define and form this elastic 13, and this elastic 13 is in solid shape person.
As shown in figure 15, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first and second convergence part 11,12 and this elastic 13, can be one-body molded by elastomeric material, in this first and second convergence part 11,12 outer rim, be equipped with multiple tracks bead ring 15, to avoid this first and second convergence part 11,12 in the process of socket fibula F, split, also can be used as different sufferer in addition and use length to carry out the foundation of cutting.
As shown in figure 16, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, and wherein this first convergence part 11 and this elastic 13 are one-body molded, and this second convergence part 12 be can sliding sleeve in this first convergence part 11 with outside elastic 13.Or shown in Figure 17, this elastic 13 that makes still all right is set between this first and second convergence part 11,12.The each inter-module of above can slide adjustment mutually, can make the installation length that the present invention is applicable to required for different patient.
As shown in Figure 18,19, the bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, wherein this first and second convergence part 11,12, the metal material such as titanium alloy freely can be made, and this elastic 13 makes silica gel elastomeric material freely, these elastic 13 two ends are made to rabbet this first and second convergence part 11,12 respectively.This first and second convergence part 11,12 above-mentioned, be respectively equipped with embedding ditch or embedding hole 112,122, when making this elastic 13 of molding, this elastic 13 can embed in this embedding ditch or embedding hole 112,122, with firmly in conjunction with this first and second convergence part 11,12 and elastic 13.
The bone that prevents of disclosed fibula truncated position merges connecting device, due to the two ends being truncated fibula F can be engaged on, in non-rigid linking, make the present invention can with external force elastic deformation, therefore effectively can eliminate the support force outside tibia T, the osseous tissue of avoiding fibula F to be truncated end grows arbitrarily, also can limit and be truncated any displacement of fibula, and can stop that the fibula be truncated is once again because contact is merged again together, chance is cured to promote patient, and aobvious novelty of the present invention and progressive.
Disclosed structure, shape, can be modified under not disobeying spirit of the present invention and category and apply, the present invention is from being limited to above-mentioned embodiment.
Claims (13)
1. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges a connecting device, it is characterized in that, comprising:
One first convergence part, in order to be connected the first truncated end of this fibula truncated position;
One second convergence part, in order to be connected the second truncated end of this fibula truncated position; And
One elastic, is connected between this first and second convergence part, makes the elastic deformation by the active force of first and second convergence part of this elastic.
2. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this first and second convergence part, makes its one end be embedded in respectively in this elastic.
3. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device according to claim 1, and it is characterized in that: this first convergence part, its one end is embedded in this elastic; This second convergence part, is the sliding sliding cave being placed in this elastic, and makes this elastic radially be equipped with one group of cave, make this group of cave radially be communicated with this cunning cave.
4. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this first convergence part, is provided with first set cave, in order to be socketed the first truncated end of this fibula in interior; This second convergence part, is provided with the second cover cave, in order to be socketed the second truncated end of this fibula in interior.
5. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device according to claim 1, and it is characterized in that: this first and second convergence part and this elastic, one-body molded by elastomeric material, this elastic is solid shape or hollow tube shape.
6. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this elastic is in hollow tube shape, and is equipped with a stuffing hole.
7. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this elastic is set between this first and second convergence part.
8. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this first convergence part and this elastic are one-body molded, and this second convergence part is that sliding sleeve is in this first convergence part and elastic outer rim.
9. according to claim 1 or 6, the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device, it is characterized in that: this elastic is in hollow form, and inserts a solid elastomeric post or insert silica gel in this elastic.
10. the bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merges connecting device according to claim 5, it is characterized in that: this first and second convergence part outer rim, is equipped with multiple tracks bead ring.
11. according to claim 1,2,3 or 8 fibula truncated position prevent bone merge connecting device, it is characterized in that: this first and second convergence part, is respectively equipped with fixing hole.
12. according to claim 2,4 or 5 bone that prevents of fibula truncated position merge connecting device, it is characterized in that: this elastic has compression groove, make the two ends of this elastic can relatively axial compression.
13. according to claim 1,2 or 3 fibula truncated position prevent bone merge connecting device, it is characterized in that: this first convergence part in gradually point spike or isometrical column, in order to be inserted in the medullary cavity of this fibula first truncated end; This second convergence part is the spike of gradually point or isometrical column, in order to be inserted in the medullary cavity of this fibula second truncated end.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201510541037.XA CN105193482B (en) | 2015-08-28 | 2015-08-28 | Fibula truncated position prevents bone fusion connecting device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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CN201510541037.XA CN105193482B (en) | 2015-08-28 | 2015-08-28 | Fibula truncated position prevents bone fusion connecting device |
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CN105193482A true CN105193482A (en) | 2015-12-30 |
CN105193482B CN105193482B (en) | 2017-11-28 |
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CN201510541037.XA Expired - Fee Related CN105193482B (en) | 2015-08-28 | 2015-08-28 | Fibula truncated position prevents bone fusion connecting device |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105496531A (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2016-04-20 | 宝楠生技股份有限公司 | Fixing device for re-fixing broken fibula to tibia |
CN108652725A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-10-16 | 江苏艾为康医疗器械科技有限公司 | Elastic pinning for cross locking marrow nail |
CN111434321A (en) * | 2019-01-11 | 2020-07-21 | 宝楠生技股份有限公司 | Fusion-preventing member for fibula amputation |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1276194A (en) * | 1999-06-07 | 2000-12-13 | 贺西京 | Artificial fibula |
US20050085814A1 (en) * | 2003-10-21 | 2005-04-21 | Sherman Michael C. | Dynamizable orthopedic implants and their use in treating bone defects |
CN102106750A (en) * | 2011-02-17 | 2011-06-29 | 上海微创骨科医疗科技有限公司 | Spinal column dynamic connection rod |
CN202714905U (en) * | 2012-06-08 | 2013-02-06 | 张英泽 | Bionic elastic fixing device |
US20140257294A1 (en) * | 2013-03-07 | 2014-09-11 | Philippe Gédet | Improvements in and relating to implants |
-
2015
- 2015-08-28 CN CN201510541037.XA patent/CN105193482B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1276194A (en) * | 1999-06-07 | 2000-12-13 | 贺西京 | Artificial fibula |
US20050085814A1 (en) * | 2003-10-21 | 2005-04-21 | Sherman Michael C. | Dynamizable orthopedic implants and their use in treating bone defects |
CN102106750A (en) * | 2011-02-17 | 2011-06-29 | 上海微创骨科医疗科技有限公司 | Spinal column dynamic connection rod |
CN202714905U (en) * | 2012-06-08 | 2013-02-06 | 张英泽 | Bionic elastic fixing device |
US20140257294A1 (en) * | 2013-03-07 | 2014-09-11 | Philippe Gédet | Improvements in and relating to implants |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105496531A (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2016-04-20 | 宝楠生技股份有限公司 | Fixing device for re-fixing broken fibula to tibia |
CN108652725A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-10-16 | 江苏艾为康医疗器械科技有限公司 | Elastic pinning for cross locking marrow nail |
CN111434321A (en) * | 2019-01-11 | 2020-07-21 | 宝楠生技股份有限公司 | Fusion-preventing member for fibula amputation |
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Granted publication date: 20171128 Termination date: 20190828 |