CN105189976B - 用于在冷却孔内附加特征的加成制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开一种用于在衬底中形成扩散冷却孔的方法,所述方法包括:从所述衬底移除材料以便形成计量段,所述计量段具有在所述衬底的第一侧上的入口;以及从所述衬底移除材料以便形成扩散段,所述扩散段在所述计量段和位于所述衬底的第二侧上的出口之间延伸,所述第二侧大体上与所述第一侧相反。所述方法还包括在所述计量段和所述扩散段中的一个之内的衬底表面上形成特征。形成所述特征包括:在所述衬底表面上沉积材料;以及选择性地加热所述材料,以便使所述材料与所述衬底表面结合并且形成所述特征。
Description
技术领域
本发明一般涉及涡轮机械,并且具体地说涉及用于燃气涡轮发动机的涡轮流动通道部件。本发明尤其涉及用于暴露于热工作流体流动的机翼和其他燃气涡轮发动机部件的冷却技术,所述其他燃气涡轮发动机部件包括但不限于:转子叶片和定子轮叶、平台、叶片外部空气密封件(BOAS)、护罩和压缩机与涡轮机壳体、燃烧室衬套、涡轮与排气组件、推力增加器和排气喷嘴。
背景技术
燃气涡轮发动机的性能取决于压力比和核心气体通道温度与由于应力和磨损对使用寿命和可靠性的相关影响之间的平衡。这种平衡尤其与压缩机、燃烧室、涡轮和排气段中的燃气涡轮发动机部件相关,在这些部件中可能需要主动式冷却来防止由于气体通道高温造成的损害。
发明内容
一种用于在衬底中形成扩散冷却孔的方法包括:从所述衬底移除材料以便形成计量段,所述计量段具有在所述衬底的第一侧上的入口;以及从所述衬底移除材料以便形成扩散段,所述扩散段在所述计量段和位于所述衬底的第二侧上的出口之间延伸,所述第二侧大体上与所述第一侧相反。所述方法还包括在所述计量段和所述扩散段中的一个之内的衬底表面上形成特征。形成所述特征包括:在所述衬底表面上沉积材料;以及选择性地加热所述材料,以便使所述材料与所述衬底表面结合并且形成所述特征。
附图说明
图1是具有扩散冷却孔的壁的视图。
图2是图1中的扩散冷却孔沿着线2-2取得的截面图。
图3是在附加凸起特征之前的扩散冷却孔的透视图。
图4是具有通过加成制造形成的特征的扩散冷却孔的一个实施方案的透视图。
图5A是具有通过加成制造形成的特征的扩散冷却孔的另一个实施方案的横截面图。
图5B是图5A中的扩散冷却孔沿着线B-B取得的横截面图。
图6是具有通过加成制造形成的特征的扩散冷却孔的另一个实施方案的透视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出壁的图,所述壁具有根据本发明的一个实施例来形成的冷却孔。壁10主要是金属并且包括相反的表面12和14。表面12和14中的一个或两个可包括如热障涂层的涂层。冷却孔16被定向以使得其入口18沿壁10的表面12定位,并且其出口20沿壁10的表面14定位。在燃气涡轮发动机运行期间,表面14靠近高温气体(例如,燃烧气体、热空气)。沿壁10的表面12输送冷却空气,其中冷却空气进入冷却孔16的入口18,离开冷却孔16的出口20并且在表面14上形成冷却气膜。需要冷却的多种部件均可包括冷却孔16。合适的部件包括但不限于涡轮轮叶和叶片、燃烧室、叶片外部空气密封件以及增加器等。冷却孔16可用在轮叶和叶片的压力侧和吸入侧上。冷却孔16还可用在叶片尖端或者叶片或轮叶平台上。
图2示出图1中的冷却孔16沿着线2-2取得的截面图。为了与后面的图进行比较,图2示出在沿界定冷却孔16的表面形成精细特征之前的冷却孔16。冷却孔16包括入口18、出口20、计量段22和扩散段24。入口18是位于表面12上的开口。冷却空气C通过入口18进入冷却孔16并且通过计量段22和扩散段24,然后在沿表面14的出口20处离开冷却孔16。
计量段22邻近入口18并且在入口18的下游,并且控制(计量)穿过冷却孔16的空气流。如图2和3中所示,计量段22由连续的、大体上圆形的表面26界定。在一些实施方案中,计量段22具有大体上从入口18到扩散段24的大致恒定的流动面积。计量段22可具有圆形、长圆形(卵形或椭圆形)、跑道形(有两个平行边具有直线部分的卵形)、新月形、尖角形或双尖角形的横截面。在一些实施方案中,计量段22在壁10的表面12和14之间倾斜,如图2中所示出(即,计量段22并不垂直于壁10)。如图2中所示,轴线27延伸穿过计量段22的中心。
扩散段24邻近计量段22并且在计量段22的下游。如图2和3中所示,扩散段24由底表面28、侧表面30和32以及顶表面34界定。如图2中所示,扩散段24从轴线27和计量段22纵向发散。底表面28随着它从表面26延伸到出口20而从轴线27纵向发散。如图3中最好地展示,扩散段24还从计量段22横向发散。侧表面30和32随着它们从表面26延伸到出口20而张开。穿过冷却孔16的冷却流体扩散并且膨胀以便填充扩散段24。
图3是在沿界定冷却孔的表面中的一个或多个形成精细特征之前的冷却孔16的透视图。在图3中未展示壁10的表面12和14,以便可以更好地示出冷却孔的特征。如图3中所示,底表面28、侧表面30和32以及顶表面34界定扩散段24,并且从表面26延伸到出口20。
图2和3中所示的冷却孔16通常由传统制造技术形成,其中从壁10移除材料以便形成界定冷却孔16的表面26、28、30、32和34。合适的材料移除方法包括但不限于钻孔、激光钻孔、机械加工、放电加工(EDM)和它们的组合。例如,冷却孔16的计量段22可由钻孔形成,而冷却孔16的扩散段24由EDM形成。在一些情况下,冷却孔16还可使用铸造过程制成。
图4示出具有精细特征的冷却孔的一个实施方案。图4是在底表面28上具有凸起特征36的冷却孔16的透视图。通过将材料附加到底表面28上来在冷却孔16内形成凸起特征36。在这个实施方案中,特征36是位于底表面28的材料的突起区域。与计量段22和扩散段24不同,凸起特征36无法通过从壁10移除材料来轻易地形成。铸造、钻孔、激光钻孔、机械加工和EDM技术通常无法可靠地并且可再生产地或廉价地形成凸起特征36的几何结构。根据本发明的实施方案,使用加成制造技术来形成凸起特征36。
用于形成凸起特征36的合适的加成制造技术包括但不限于选择性激光熔化、直接金属激光烧结、选择性激光烧结和电子束熔化。可取决于用来形成凸起特征36的材料类型来选择加成制造技术。在一些实施方案中,凸起特征36由金属、合金或超级合金形成。在这些实施方案中,上述技术中的任一种都可以是合适的。在其他实施方案中,凸起特征36由陶瓷材料形成。在这些实施方案中,选择性激光烧结通常用来形成陶瓷凸起特征36。这些技术中的每一种都涉及加热材料薄层并且将其熔化以便使其和衬底结合。加热/熔化和结合过程可重复若干次,直到材料形成所需的凸起特征36。
更特定地说,通过在底表面28上沉积材料并且选择性地加热所述材料以便其熔化并且在凝固后与底表面28结合,在冷却孔16内形成凸起特征36。可重复这个过程,直到形成所需特征的几何结构和厚度。将所述材料与底表面28结合形成了如图4中所示的凸起特征36。取决于用来形成凸起特征36的材料类型(例如,合金、陶瓷等),可使不同的沉积方法。应用于底表面28的材料可以是喷涂在或放置在底表面28上的金属或陶瓷粉末。或者,可在每个加热步骤之前沿底表面28依序定位金属薄层。还可将金属和陶瓷原材料形成为浆料并且将其刷到底表面28上。
一旦已将材料层沉积在底表面28上,就选择性地加热所述材料,使其超出熔化温度,以便其熔化并且与底表面28结合。使用大功率激光或电子束输送使所述材料熔化所需的能量,来加热所述材料。在使用电子束来加热所述材料的一些实施方案中,可以将整个部件放置在真空内。在第一材料“层”应用于底表面28(即,衬底)的情况下,激光或电子束能量在一些情况下还可熔化底表面28的一部分,从而在底表面28和凸起特征36之间形成牢固的结合。在熔化的材料凝固后,沉积附加材料并且再次执行加热过程。重复这一系列步骤(沉积、加热/熔化、凝固),直到凸起特征36包括所需的三维形状和厚度。
在形成之前,确定凸起特征36的所需几何特性。这些特性通常包括形状、厚度、曲率和所需特征的其他三维性质。一旦确定这些特征,计算机生成提供指令来控制加成制造操作的计算机辅助设计(CAD)文件、加成制造文件(AMF)格式文件或其他类型的文件。这个文件包括控制如上所述的逐层沉积和熔化的信息。在一些实施方案中,加成制造机械和系统在冷却孔16内沉积材料并且选择性地熔化材料以便形成凸起特征36。
在图4中所示的冷却孔16中,凸起特征36为金字塔状三维结构。如上所述,由计算机生成描述凸起特征36的几何结构的CAD、AMF或其他文件。这个文件用来控制用于产生凸起特征36的逐层加成制造过程。凸起特征36包括顶点38和从顶点38延伸到底表面28的相对平坦的表面。凸起特征36使冷却空气转向扩散段24的横向边缘,即凸角40和42,如2012年7月9日提交并且题为“多凸角冷却孔”的美国专利申请号13/544.090中的图8和随附描述中更详细地展示和描述。
虽然已描述在底表面28上形成凸起特征36,但是凸起特征36可类似地在侧表面30和32和顶表面34上形成或在表面26上形成。根据使冷空气转向以通过冷却孔16的需要,凸起特征36还可以是平坦或弯曲的。
加成制造技术还可用来形成其他类型的凸起特征,如冷却孔的计量段中的尖角。图5A和5B示出冷却孔和在冷却孔16A的计量段22内形成的凸起特征36A的一个实例的横截面图。如图5A中示所,凸起特征36A在表面26上形成于计量段22的下游端附近。凸起特征36A阻塞计量段22的一部分并且产生如图5B中所示的尖角状开口。凸起特征36A在冷却孔16A的入口18和出口20之间遮挡视线。凸起特征36A无法通过钻孔或EDM方法轻易地形成。因此,根据上文关于图4所描述的加成制造方法来形成凸起特征36A。
图6示出具有通过加成制造技术形成的凸起特征的冷却孔的另一个实施方案。图6是具有沿从计量段22延伸到出口20A的所有表面(底表面28、侧表面30和32以及顶表面34)的凸起特征36B的冷却孔16B的透视图。冷却孔16B看上去类似于图4中所示的冷却孔16。靠近出口20A的虚线示出图4中的出口20的位置。在这个实施方案中,已沿和靠近出口20A将附加材料附加到底表面28、侧表面30和32以及顶表面34,以便给冷却孔提供“更尖锐的转角”。如上所述,由计算机生成描述凸起特征36B的几何结构(不同之处在于出口20和出口20A之间的距离)的CAD、AMF或其他文件。这个文件用来控制用于产生凸起特征36B的逐层加成制造过程,所述凸起特征36B减小出口20的尖锐转角。
宽转角减少壁10的热机械疲劳,而尖锐转角减小离开扩散段24的冷却空气的流动分离的可能性,从而改进冷却效率。冷却孔可微调成包括沿所述出口的宽转角、尖锐转角或宽转角和尖锐转角的组合,以便符合基于冷却孔位置的具体需要。如图6中所示,在将材料附加到侧表面32和底表面28(即,在出口20处)之前展示出的靠近侧表面32和底表面28的接缝的转角的角度(θ2)大于在出口20A处的侧表面32和底表面28的接缝的转角的角度(θ1)。因此,附加到所述表面的附加材料在侧表面32和底表面28的接合处形成更尖锐的转角,从而减小在所述转角处流动分离的机会。
虽然图6展示了出口20A处的所有表面均包括附加材料的实施方案,但是在其他实施方案中,可以将附加材料仅附加到所述表面中的一个表面。
可能实施方案的讨论
以下是本发明的可能实施方案的非排它性描述。
一种用于在衬底中形成扩散冷却孔的方法可包括:从所述衬底移除材料以便形成计量段,所述计量段具有在所述衬底的第一侧上的入口;以及从所述衬底移除材料以便形成扩散段,所述扩散段在所述计量段和位于所述衬底的第二侧上的出口之间延伸,所述第二侧大体上与所述第一侧相反。所述方法还可包括在所述计量段和所述扩散段中的一个内的衬底表面上形成特征。形成所述特征可包括:在所述衬底表面上沉积材料;以及选择性地加热所述材料,以便使所述材料与所述衬底表面结合并且形成所述特征。
另外和/或可选地,上一段的方法可以任选地包括以下特征、构造和/或额外部件中的任何一个或多个:
前述方法的另一个实施方案可包括:从所述衬底移除材料以便形成计量段并且从所述衬底移除材料以便形成扩散段的步骤是由选自由以下技术组成的组的技术来执行:铸造、钻孔、激光钻孔、机械加工、放电加工和它们的组合。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:形成有所述特征的衬底表面位于所述计量段内。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:所述特征在入口和出口之间遮挡视线。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:所述特征阻塞计量段的一部分以便形成尖角状开口。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:形成有所述特征的衬底表面位于所述扩散段内。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:所述特征包括顶点和从所述顶点延伸的多个平坦侧面。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:所述特征是沿邻近出口的衬底的表面形成。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:在形成所述特征之前,所述出口包括具有第一角度的转角,并且其中所述特征形成第二转角,所述第二转角具有通常小于所述第一角度的第二角度。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:所述特征是沿邻近出口的大致所有衬底表面形成。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:沉积在所述衬底表面上的材料是金属。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:沉积在所述衬底表面上的材料是陶瓷。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:使用激光选择性地加热沉积在所述衬底表面上的材料。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:使用电子束选择性地加热沉积在所述衬底表面上的材料。
前述方法中的任一种的另一个实施方案可包括:通过喷涂将所述材料沉积在所述衬底表面上。
尽管已参阅优选实施方案描述本发明,但是本领域的技术人员将认识到,可以在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下进行形式和细节的改变。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于在衬底中形成扩散冷却孔的方法,所述方法包括:
从所述衬底移除材料以形成计量段,所述计量段具有在所述衬底的第一侧上的入口;
从所述衬底移除材料以形成扩散段,所述扩散段在所述计量段和位于所述衬底的第二侧上的出口之间延伸,所述第二侧大体上与所述第一侧相反;
在所述扩散段之内的衬底表面上形成特征,其包括:
在所述衬底表面上沉积材料;
选择性地加热所述材料,以便使所述材料与所述衬底表面结合并且形成所述特征,
其中所述特征是沿邻近所述出口的所述衬底表面形成,
其中在形成所述特征之前,所述出口包括具有第一角度的转角,
其中所述特征形成第二转角,所述第二转角具有小于所述第一角度的第二角度,并且
其中所述特征是沿邻近所述出口的大致所有所述衬底表面形成。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中从所述衬底移除材料以便形成计量段并且从所述衬底移除材料以便形成扩散段的所述步骤是由如下技术来执行:铸造、或者钻孔、或者它们的组合。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中从所述衬底移除材料以便形成计量段并且从所述衬底移除材料以便形成扩散段的所述步骤是由机械加工来执行。
4.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述钻孔是激光钻孔。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述机械加工是放电加工。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,还包括在所述计量段之内的衬底表面上形成另一特征。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述另一特征在所述入口和所述出口之间遮挡视线。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述另一特征阻塞所述计量段的一部分以便形成尖角状开口。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述特征包括顶点和从所述顶点延伸的平坦侧面。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中沉积在所述衬底表面上的所述材料是金属。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中沉积在所述衬底表面上的所述材料是陶瓷。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中使用激光选择性地熔化沉积在所述衬底表面上的所述材料。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中使用电子束选择性地熔化沉积在所述衬底表面上的所述材料。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过喷涂将所述材料沉积在所述衬底表面上。
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GB2409243A (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2005-06-22 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind | Film-cooled gas turbine engine component |
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