CN105084614A - Drilling waste fluid processing method - Google Patents
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- CN105084614A CN105084614A CN201510494875.6A CN201510494875A CN105084614A CN 105084614 A CN105084614 A CN 105084614A CN 201510494875 A CN201510494875 A CN 201510494875A CN 105084614 A CN105084614 A CN 105084614A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a drilling waste fluid processing method. The method includes the steps of firstly, conducting chemical flocculation, wherein chemical flocculant is added to drilling waste fluid or drilling waste fluid preprocessed water to be stirred into a mixture; secondly, conducting micro/nano air floatation, wherein micro/nano air dissolving water and the obtained mixture stand and are separated after being mixed to obtain air floatation water; thirdly, conducting electric flocculation, wherein electric flocculation is conducted on the obtained air floatation water. By means of the method, air floatation of micro/nano air dissolving water is assisted by chemical flocculation so that suspended matter in water can be removed, then residual suspended matter, organic matter, COD and heavy metal are further removed through the electric flocculation method, less types of chemical agents are used, consumption of chemical agents is low, and the secondary pollution to the environment can be avoided; the treatment process is simple, the required treatment time is short, and efficiency is high; the output water quality is good, the content of metal elements is low, the content of organic matter is low, the CODCr of output water is smaller than 150 mg/L, and the treated water quality index meets the discharge standard GB8978-1996.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to waste liquid of drilling processing technology field, be specifically related to a kind of waste liquid of drilling treatment process.
Background technology
In oil, construction of natural gas fields process, drilling operation can produce a large amount of waste liquid of drilling; The compositions such as the waste liquid that waste liquid of drilling produces primarily of drilling fluid, drilling cuttings and various operation are one of principal pollutant of oil and gas industry.Waste liquid of drilling composition is complicated, if petroleum drilling waste liquid is mainly containing pollution substances such as drilling cuttings, wilkinite, organic polymer treatment agent, inorganic salt, high-density weighting material, sewage, oils and soluble trace elements.Waste liquid of drilling is generally in alkalescence, and pH value is between 8.5 ~ 12, and what have reaches more than 13; Tiny containing solid phase particles granularity, grating is poor; Outward appearance is generally in viscous fluid or semi-fluid shape, and colourity is large, and water ratio is not high not easily dewaters (water ratio is about 30% ~ 90%); Have solid content higher, viscosity is large, the features such as oleaginousness high (part waste liquid of drilling oleaginousness reaches more than 10%); In addition owing to containing various organic and inorganic class chemical processing agent in waste liquid of drilling, the concentration of narmful substances such as heavy metal wherein, COD value, oil and tensio-active agent are higher, and indivedual nuisance contamination index exceeds hundreds of times that country allows emission concentration.
Due to waste liquid of drilling good stability, Direct Dehydration difficulty but also containing the fabulous special property of water retention property, its naturally dry and hard process slowly, is placed and do not dried up for several years in waste liquid pool, can not earthing also field; And its dry and hard thing easily forms waste liquid of drilling sample thing after meeting water-soaked once again, long-term detrimentally affect can be produced to the soil physical factors stacking point and neighbouring area, therefore waste liquid of drilling or its dry and hard thing are stacked on the spot, not only form long-term situation of taking up an area, also there is very serious pollution hidden trouble.
Along with the fast development of petroleum industry, the kind of drilling fluid constantly increases, and the kind of use additive and quantity, also increasing, make the composition of waste liquid of drilling more complicated, and wherein some composition all has toxic action to the person and environment; Meanwhile, the consumption of drilling fluid is also continuing to increase, and the amount of waste liquid of drilling is also being on the increase thereupon.According to statistics, bore the conventional oil gas well of a bite 3000m to 4000m, the waste liquid of drilling produced after completion is close to 300m
3; Because of the waste liquid of drilling about ten thousand stere more than 100 that oil drilling produces, there is larger environmental pollution hidden danger, if do not carry out safe harmless treatment or deal with improperly, will certainly cause ecotope and have a strong impact in China every year.Therefore, waste liquid of drilling is one of primary pollution source becoming industrial gas oil, and how carrying out safe harmless treatment to it is a large technical barrier for a long time.
At present, the main methods of waste liquid of drilling has chemical method and physico-chemical processes, and the main object of process is oil in waste liquid and drilling fluid additive.First be breakdown of emulsion, breaking method mainly contains chemical demulsification, film breakdown of emulsion, electric field breakdown of emulsion, heating demulsification type, centrifugal breakdown of emulsion etc.; What present application was more is chemical method breakdown of emulsion, namely in the waste liquid of drilling of oil-containing emulsification, adds emulsion splitter, by chemical action, is aided with other separate modes, makes de-steady, the breakdown of emulsion of emulsion, realizes the object of oily water separation.Next is that flocculation realizes solid-liquid separation, finds in waste liquid of drilling treatment research, and inorganic polymer flocculant flocculation composition is low, and alone amount is large; Organic floculant consumption is few, and flocculation rate is fast, but cost is high, therefore usually by the inorganic and composite use of organic floculant, can give full play to the advantage of two class flocculation agents, while enhanced flocculation performance, reduce processing cost, have a good application prospect.
Although prior art is widely used chemical flocculation and processes waste liquid of drilling, simple breakdown of emulsion and flocculation process limited to the removal of pollutent in waste liquid, treatment effect is still difficult to meet environmental requirement.As in prior art, CN102019110B discloses a kind of waste liquid of drilling chemically enhanced solid-liquid separation method, in dash adjustment pond, waste liquid of drilling is carried out after dilution regulates with clear water mixing, enter de-steady reaction tank by medicine system add coagulant (sulfuric acid or nitric acid, polysilicate aluminum chloride and bodied ferric sulfate) carry out de-surely; Waste liquid of drilling through de-steady reaction enters absorption reaction pond, adds flocculation agent (cationic polyacrylamide, anionic polyacrylamide or amphiprotic polyacrylamide) by medicine system; Waste liquid of drilling through flocculation reaction enters whizzer and completes solid-liquid separation, and water outlet is admittedly containing≤0.5%.Although the method is through taking off surely, flocculating and solid-liquid separation, water outlet solid content is made to reduce by less than 0.5%, but its chemical demulsification and the removal effect of flocculation process to the organic pollutant brought by drilling fluid additive and metal ion not good, water outlet COD is still higher, is difficult to the requirement meeting qualified discharge.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of waste liquid of drilling treatment process, solve the removal effect of existing treatment technology to the organic pollutant in waste liquid of drilling and metal ion not good, water outlet COD is still higher, is difficult to the problem of the requirement meeting qualified discharge.
In order to realize above object, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
A kind of waste liquid of drilling treatment process, comprises the following steps:
1) chemical flocculation: add chemical floc in waste liquid of drilling or waste liquid of drilling pre-treatment water outlet, stir to obtain mixture;
2) micro-nano air supporting: by micro-nano dissolved air water and step 1) gained mixture mix after standing separation, emersion water of bringing about the desired sensation;
3) electric flocculation treatment: by step 2) gained air supporting water outlet carries out electric flocculation treatment, obtains electric flocculation water outlet.
Described waste liquid of drilling pre-treatment water outlet is the water outlet of waste liquid of drilling through settlement treatment, or the water outlet obtained by the method comprised the following steps:
I) breakdown of emulsion: add emulsion splitter in waste liquid of drilling, stirs to obtain unstability system;
Ii) solid-liquid separation: by step 1) after gained unstability system carries out solid-liquid separation, by gained liquid diluting 0 ~ 5 times, obtain pre-treatment water outlet.
In above-mentioned treatment process, according to the water quality condition of handling object and discharge, reuse, whether waste liquid of drilling carried out sedimentation or pre-treatment before carrying out chemical flocculation can require that selection is determined.As simple in waste liquid of drilling composition or be mainly polymer-containing wastewater, solid content <3%, COD
cr<2500mg/L, only through simple sedimentation, without the need to pretreated breakdown of emulsion unstability, solid-liquid separation, directly can carry out subsequent disposal.
In preprocessing process, breakdown of emulsion adopts chemical method breakdown of emulsion, generally adds inorganic emulsion splitter.Step 1) in, described emulsion splitter (also referred to as chemical destabiliser) is calcium chloride or ferrous sulfate; The dosage of emulsion splitter is 6 ~ 8g/L.Preferably, described emulsion splitter is calcium chloride.Calcium chloride Mechanismic is mainly: calcium chloride drops into dissociation in emulsifying liquid waste water becomes positive and negative ion, strong hydration occurs, the free water molecule in emulsion is reduced, and produces dehydration to oil droplet, thus destroys the hydration layer of emulsion oil droplet; Ca
2+compression double electric layer, reduces zeta-potential, the mutual repulsive force between less oil in water emulsion micelle, and under van der Waals interaction, likely collision also becomes dispersed oil greatly; Ca
2+can generate water-fast metallic soap with tensio-active agent to precipitate, the formation of metallic soap makes emulsion be converted into w/o type by O/W type, de-steady in transition, thus reaches breakdown of emulsion object.
In breakdown of emulsion process, step I) described in stir be stir 5 ~ 10min with the rotating speed of 500r/min.In this whipping process, can after first high-speed stirring 1min, then low rate mixing, contribute to emulsion splitter dispersion and system unstability.
In preprocessing process, this area ordinary method can be adopted to carry out solid-liquid separation; Preferably, centrifugation or folded spiral shell machine (folded spiral shell formula sludge dehydrating agent) is adopted to carry out solid-liquid separation; Wherein, the rotating speed of described centrifugation is 5000 ~ 10000r/min, and centrifugation time is 5 ~ 10min.
Step I i) in, diluting water used is step 2) gained air supporting water outlet, step 3) gained electricity flocculation water outlet or tap water.In above-mentioned treatment process, whether the different choice according to water quality dilutes; As filtered rear COD
cr,>2000mg/L then needs dilution, can first dilute with tap water, until step 2) in air-flotation process or step 3) in electric flocculation treatment production water time, adopt air supporting water outlet or electricity flocculation water outlet to dilute.This kind of not extra consumption of natural resource of processing mode, saves processing cost.
In above-mentioned treatment process, step 1) in, described chemical floc is polymerize aluminum chloride, and dosage is 1 ~ 9g/L.
Also coagulant aids is added after adding chemical floc; Described coagulant aids is polyacrylamide, and dosage is 0.5 ~ 3mg/L.Chemical floc and coagulant aids use simultaneously, and both coordinate mutually, can produce better flocculating effect.
Step 1) in, described stirring stirs 2 ~ 4min with the rotating speed of 50 ~ 200r/min.Preferably, first add chemical floc, after stirring 2min with the rotating speed of 200r/min, then add coagulant aids, stir 2min with the rotating speed of 50r/min.
Step 2) in, micro-nano dissolved air water and step 1) volume ratio of gained mixture is 1:10 ~ 20; The time left standstill is 5 ~ 20min.By Bubble-floating Method can be divided into aeration By Bubble-floating Method and dissolved air flotation according to the method producing microbubble, and the mechanism of dissolved air flotation is the gas be dissolved in water, just can overflow from water form micro-bubble when water surface air pressure reduces.What the present invention adopted is pressure air-dissolving method, and air pressurized dissolves in water the formation dissolved air water that reaches capacity, and dissolved air water decompression enters air-floating apparatus and namely disengages microbubble.The equipment of pressure air-dissolving method has force (forcing) pump, dissolving and air compressor etc.Micro-nano dissolved air water disengages the dissolved air water of micro-nano bubble when referring to decompression; Micro-nano bubble refers generally to the bubble that diameter is 0.1 ~ 50 μm.The feature such as micro-nano bubble has that bubble size is little, specific surface area is large, adsorption efficiency is high, lift velocity is slow in water, micro-nano bubble is passed in water, can effectively solid impurity in Separation of Water, improve water body oxygen concn fast, kill harmful levels of pathogens in water, reduce solid-liquid interface frictional coefficient, thus than macroscopical bubble, there is higher efficiency and better treatment effect in flotation waste water treatment process.
Described micro-nano dissolved air water dissolved-air pressure is in the preparation 0.1 ~ 0.3MPa.Preferably, described micro-nano dissolved air water is produced by micro-nano air flotation device, and concrete preparation method is as follows: a) open topping-up pump, makes dissolving pressure be 0.1 ~ 0.3MPa; B) opening lift pump, is dissolving water filling, and after reaching certain liquid level, lift pump stops water inlet automatically; C) ON cycle water pump, circulation 10min, obtains micro-nano dissolved air water.
Electricity flocculation pole plate is the combination of any one or two kinds in aluminium, iron.Electricity flocculation principle be with the metal such as aluminium, iron be anode, under galvanic effect, anode is dissoluted, produce Al
3+, Fe
2+plasma, then through the oxidising process of a series of hydrolysis, polymerization and ferrous iron, develop into various hydroxo complex, multinuclear hydroxo complex so that oxyhydroxide, makes the colloidal state impurity in waste water, suspended impurity coagulative precipitation and being separated; Meanwhile, the swimming in the electric field of charged contaminant particle, its Partial charge is neutralized by electrode and impels its de-steady coagulation.
Step 3) in, during described electric flocculation treatment, during process unit volume liquid, required polar plate area is 60 ~ 100cm
2/ L, polar plate spacing is 1.0 ~ 4.0cm, and current density is 10 ~ 15mA/cm
2; The time of electricity flocculation treatment is 10 ~ 30min.
In above-mentioned treatment process, the scum silica frost produced in chemical flocculation, micro-nano air supporting and electric flocculation process after slag scraper strikes off, then by folded spiral shell machine extrusion dehydration.
Waste liquid of drilling treatment process of the present invention, comprise and chemical flocculation, micro-nano air supporting, electric flocculation treatment are carried out successively to waste liquid of drilling or waste liquid of drilling pre-treatment water outlet, suspended substance in water is removed by the air supporting of chemical flocculation auxiliary micro-nano rice dissolved air water, remaining levitation thing, organism, COD and heavy metal is removed further again by the method for electricity flocculation, the kind that chemical agent uses is few, consumption is little, can avoid the secondary pollution to environment; Treatment process is simple, and the required treatment time is short, and efficiency is high; Effluent quality is good, and metal element content is low, and organic content is few, water outlet COD
crlower than 150mg/L, the water-quality guideline after process meets the outer row's standard of GB8978-1996.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is further illustrated.
Embodiment 1
The waste liquid of drilling treatment process of the present embodiment, handling object is certain oil field 160-1 well contaminated product system drilling waste liquid (COD
crfor 37770mg/L), the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) breakdown of emulsion: add calcium chloride in waste liquid of drilling, dosage is 7g/L, stirs 5min, obtain unstability system with the rotating speed of 500r/min;
2) solid-liquid separation: by step 1) gained unstability system is after under 10000r/min condition, centrifugal 5min carries out solid-liquid separation, is separated water outlet COD
crfor 4600mg/L, this water outlet is diluted 5 times, obtain parting liquid (COD
crfor 920mg/L);
3) chemical flocculation: to step 2) add polymerize aluminum chloride in gained parting liquid, dosage is 1.5g/L, after stirring 2min with the rotating speed of 200r/min, add polyacrylamide again, dosage is 1mg/L, stirs 2min, obtain mixture with the rotating speed of 50r/min;
4) micro-nano air supporting: be the ratio of 1:20 according to the volume ratio of micro-nano dissolved air water and mixture, be 0.2MPa by dissolved-air pressure, cycling time be the micro-nano dissolved air water of high pressure (air-dissolving air-float water) and the step 3 of 10min) after gained mixture mixes, after leaving standstill 5min, scum silica frost is separated completely, strike off scum silica frost, to bring about the desired sensation emersion water, COD
crfor 186.6mg/L, clearance is 99.5%;
5) electric flocculation treatment: by step 4) gained air supporting water outlet carries out electric flocculation treatment, and electric flocculation treatment take aluminium as pole plate, and during process unit volume liquid, required polar plate area is 60cm
2/ L, polar plate spacing is 1.0cm, and current density is 12.5mA/cm
2, the time of electric flocculation treatment is 20min, after scraping removing dross, obtains electric flocculation water outlet, COD
crfor 127mg/L.Total nitrogen is down to below 15.0mg/L from 29.1 ~ 32.3mg/L before electricity flocculation.
In the treatment process of the present embodiment, step 2) dilute water used and start, for tap water, to treat step 4) micro-nano air supporting obtain air supporting water outlet, the air supporting water outlet described in employing is diluted.
Water sample ultimate analysis after chemical flocculation in the method for table 1 embodiment 1
Embodiment 2
The waste liquid of drilling treatment process of the present embodiment, handling object is 160-1 well large native pond, certain oil field waste water (waste liquid of drilling COD
crfor 2136mg/L), the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) chemical flocculation: add polymerize aluminum chloride and polyacrylamide in waste liquid of drilling, polymerize aluminum chloride dosage is 8g/L, and polyacrylamide dosage is 1mg/L, stirs 2min, obtain mixture with the rotating speed of 200r/min;
2) micro-nano air supporting: be the ratio of 1:20 according to the volume ratio of micro-nano dissolved air water and mixture, be 0.1MPa by dissolved-air pressure, cycling time be the micro-nano dissolved air water of high pressure (air-dissolving air-float water) and the step 3 of 10min) after gained mixture mixes, after leaving standstill 10min, scum silica frost is separated completely, strike off scum silica frost, to bring about the desired sensation emersion water, COD
crfor 155.4mg/L, clearance is 99.4%;
3) electric flocculation treatment: by step 2) gained air supporting water outlet carries out electric flocculation treatment, and electric flocculation treatment take aluminium as pole plate, and during process unit volume liquid, required polar plate area is 100cm
2/ L, polar plate spacing is 2.0cm, and current density is 10mA/cm
2, the time of electric flocculation treatment is 20min, after scraping removing dross, obtains electric flocculation water outlet, COD
crfor 119mg/L.
Water sample ultimate analysis after chemical flocculation in the method for table 2 embodiment 2
Embodiment 3
The waste liquid of drilling treatment process of the present embodiment, handling object is L848 well large native pond, certain oil field waste water (waste liquid of drilling COD
crfor 11340mg/L), the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) chemical flocculation: add polymerize aluminum chloride in waste liquid of drilling, polymerize aluminum chloride dosage is 3.5g/L, and polyacrylamide dosage is 1mg/L, stirs 2min, obtain mixture with the rotating speed of 200r/min;
2) micro-nano air supporting: be the ratio of 1:20 according to the volume ratio of micro-nano dissolved air water and mixture, be 0.3MPa by dissolved-air pressure, cycling time be the micro-nano dissolved air water of high pressure (air-dissolving air-float water) and the step 3 of 10min) after gained mixture mixes, after leaving standstill 20min, scum silica frost is separated completely, strike off scum silica frost, to bring about the desired sensation emersion water, COD
crfor 112.9mg/L, clearance is 99.0%;
3) electric flocculation treatment: by step 2) gained air supporting water outlet carries out electric flocculation treatment, and electric flocculation treatment take aluminium as pole plate, and during process unit volume liquid, required polar plate area is 80cm
2/ L, polar plate spacing is 4.0cm, and current density is 15mA/cm
2, the time of electric flocculation treatment is 30min, after scraping removing dross, obtains electric flocculation water outlet, COD
crfor 88.8mg/L.
In the present embodiment, after chemical flocculation and electric flocculation treatment, water sample ultimate analysis is as shown in table 3.
Water sample ultimate analysis after chemical flocculation and electric flocculation treatment in the method for table 3 embodiment 3
As can be seen from Table 3, after adopting the treatment process of embodiment 3, the metal element content in water outlet obviously reduces.Result shows, waste liquid of drilling treatment process of the present invention, effectively can remove the metallic element in waste liquid of drilling, and effluent quality is good, reaches emission request.
Claims (10)
1. a waste liquid of drilling treatment process, is characterized in that: comprise the following steps:
1) chemical flocculation: add chemical floc in waste liquid of drilling or waste liquid of drilling pre-treatment water outlet, stir to obtain mixture;
2) micro-nano air supporting: by micro-nano dissolved air water and step 1) gained mixture mix after standing separation, emersion water of bringing about the desired sensation;
3) electric flocculation treatment: by step 2) gained air supporting water outlet carries out electric flocculation treatment, obtains electric flocculation water outlet.
2. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described waste liquid of drilling pre-treatment water outlet is the water outlet of waste liquid of drilling through settlement treatment, or the water outlet obtained by the method comprised the following steps:
I) breakdown of emulsion: add emulsion splitter in waste liquid of drilling, stirs to obtain unstability system;
Ii) solid-liquid separation: by step 1) after gained unstability system carries out solid-liquid separation, by gained liquid diluting 0 ~ 5 times, obtain pre-treatment water outlet.
3. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 2, is characterized in that: step I) in, described emulsion splitter is calcium chloride or ferrous sulfate; The dosage of emulsion splitter is 6 ~ 8g/L.
4. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 2, is characterized in that: step I i) in, diluting water used is step 2) gained air supporting water outlet, step 3) gained electricity flocculation water outlet or tap water.
5. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that: step 1) in, described chemical floc is polymerize aluminum chloride, and dosage is 1 ~ 9g/L.
6. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 5, is characterized in that: step 1) in, also add coagulant aids after adding chemical floc; Described coagulant aids is polyacrylamide, and dosage is 0.5 ~ 3mg/L.
7. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 6, is characterized in that: step 1) in, described stirring stirs 2 ~ 4min with the rotating speed of 50 ~ 200r/min.
8. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that: step 2) in, micro-nano dissolved air water and step 1) volume ratio of gained mixture is 1:10 ~ 20; The time left standstill is 5 ~ 20min.
9. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 8, is characterized in that: described micro-nano dissolved air water dissolved-air pressure is in the preparation 0.1 ~ 0.3MPa.
10. waste liquid of drilling treatment process according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that: step 3) in, during described electric flocculation treatment, during process unit volume liquid, required polar plate area is 60 ~ 100cm
2/ L, polar plate spacing is 1.0 ~ 4.0cm, and current density is 10 ~ 15mA/cm
2; The time of electricity flocculation treatment is 10 ~ 30min.
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| CN106495372A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-03-15 | 上海城市水资源开发利用国家工程中心有限公司 | The apparatus and method of enhanced coagulation and clarifying treatment in a kind of Emergency water supply process |
| CN107285437A (en) * | 2016-04-12 | 2017-10-24 | 长江三星能源科技股份有限公司 | A kind of marine poly- drive use in waste water treatment electrofloatation device |
| CN108218060A (en) * | 2018-03-27 | 2018-06-29 | 大连交通大学 | Purification uses emulsion integral system and method online |
| CN109205877A (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2019-01-15 | 佛山科学技术学院 | A kind of method of electric flocculation and chemical flocculation combination processing sewage |
| WO2019023058A1 (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2019-01-31 | Extrakt Process Solutions, Llc | Treatment of drill cuttings |
| CN110372126A (en) * | 2019-07-30 | 2019-10-25 | 南阳油田腾龙实业有限公司 | A kind of method for innocent treatment of rejected well drilling liquid containing alkali |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107285437A (en) * | 2016-04-12 | 2017-10-24 | 长江三星能源科技股份有限公司 | A kind of marine poly- drive use in waste water treatment electrofloatation device |
| CN106495372A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-03-15 | 上海城市水资源开发利用国家工程中心有限公司 | The apparatus and method of enhanced coagulation and clarifying treatment in a kind of Emergency water supply process |
| WO2019023058A1 (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2019-01-31 | Extrakt Process Solutions, Llc | Treatment of drill cuttings |
| CN108218060A (en) * | 2018-03-27 | 2018-06-29 | 大连交通大学 | Purification uses emulsion integral system and method online |
| CN109205877A (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2019-01-15 | 佛山科学技术学院 | A kind of method of electric flocculation and chemical flocculation combination processing sewage |
| CN110372126A (en) * | 2019-07-30 | 2019-10-25 | 南阳油田腾龙实业有限公司 | A kind of method for innocent treatment of rejected well drilling liquid containing alkali |
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Application publication date: 20151125 |