CN105081895A - High-precision machining method for chalcogenide glass lens - Google Patents
High-precision machining method for chalcogenide glass lens Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105081895A CN105081895A CN201510416762.4A CN201510416762A CN105081895A CN 105081895 A CN105081895 A CN 105081895A CN 201510416762 A CN201510416762 A CN 201510416762A CN 105081895 A CN105081895 A CN 105081895A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- polishing
- chalcogenide glass
- carry out
- spherical lens
- radius
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B1/00—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
Abstract
The invention relates to a high-precision machining method for a chalcogenide glass lens, and belongs to the technical field of optical part manufacturing. In the part accurate grinding procedure, accurate grinding is conducted through a metal grinding tool, and then super-accurate grinding is conducted through an accurate grinding plate made of hard glass. In the polishing procedure, a polishing agent with the gradually-decreasing particle size and polishing rubber low in hardness are adopted, and extra pressure of swing frames and polishing molds is not exerted in the polishing process. The technical defects that the soft material accurate grinding procedure is prone to causing deep scratches, damaged layers left in the polishing procedure are difficult to remove, pits are prone to appearing in machining surfaces in the polishing process and the defect level of conventional process surfaces is difficult to improve are overcome, high accuracy of surface roughness and face shapes is achieved, and the effects that the quality is stable, efficiency is improved and cost is reduced are achieved in batched production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to optical element manufacturing technology field, be specifically related to a kind of high accuracy processing method of chalcogenide glass lens.
Background technology
At present, for the optical manufacturing of chalcogenide glass spherical lens, Main Means or abrasive polishing process method.Its technical process as shown in Figure 1.
Under normal circumstances, fine grinding is only undertaken by a kind of metal refiner discs, very easily produces thick cut and larger damage layer, is difficult to eliminate in rear road polishing process, and then causes the center thickness of part overproof or scrap; Polishing also only throws the end with a kind of polishing fluid one, and surface figure accuracy and surface smoothness are difficult to ensure.
Therefore, dark cut is easily produced in order to solve this kind of softer material of chalcogenide glass spherical lens precision grinding process, and be difficult to remove at polishing process residual impairment layer, finished surface easily occurs that pit and common process beauty defects grade are difficult to the problem improved, and need the processing method designing a kind of new chalcogenide glass lens badly in polishing process.
Summary of the invention
(1) technical problem that will solve
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is: the processing method how designing a kind of new chalcogenide glass lens, solve chalcogenide glass spherical lens this kind of softer material precision grinding process and easily produce dark cut, and be difficult to remove at polishing process residual impairment layer, finished surface easily occurs that pit and common process beauty defects grade are difficult to the problem improved in polishing process.
(2) technical scheme
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the invention provides a kind of high accuracy processing method of chalcogenide glass lens, comprising the following steps:
A, chalcogenide glass spherical lens carried out to corase grind and be shaped;
B, employing metal grinding tool refine the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after processing of step A;
C, employing hard glass grinding tool carry out super grinding to the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after mirror step B process;
D, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step C process carry out one rough polishing;
E, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step D process carry out two road rough polishings;
F, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step e process carry out one finishing polish;
G, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step F process carry out two road finishing polishes;
D ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step C process carry out one rough polishing;
E ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step D process carry out two road rough polishings;
F ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step e process carry out one finishing polish;
G ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step F process carry out two road finishing polishes;
Wherein, the size of the polishing agent that step D ~ G tetra-steps adopt successively decreases successively, and the polishing glue also adopting hardness to be less than predetermined threshold value in step G carries out polishing, the size of the polishing agent that step D ' ~ G ' four steps adopt successively decreases successively, and the polishing glue also adopting hardness to be less than predetermined threshold value in step G ' does polishing rete.
Preferably, the polishing agent adopted in step D and step D ' is the white fused alumina solution of granularity W2.5, and polishing time is respectively 60min ~ 80 minute, place to go surplus 0.08mm ~ 0.10mm.
Preferably, step e and step e ' in the polishing agent that adopts be the solution of the white fused alumina polishing powder configuration of granularity W1, polishing time is respectively 40min ~ 60 minute, place to go surplus 0.05mm ~ 0.08mm.
Preferably, step F and step F ' in the polishing agent that adopts be the diadust solution of granularity W0.5, polishing time is 30 ~ 60 minutes, place to go surplus 0.03mm.
Preferably, the polishing agent adopted in step G and step G ' is the diadust solution of granularity W0.25, and the polishing glue of employing is 60# polishing glue, and polishing time is 30 ~ 60 minutes, place to go surplus 0.01 ~ 0.02mm.
Preferably, adopt 45# steel matrix mould to carry out corase grind in steps A to be shaped.
Preferably, in step B, adopt the spherical mould fine grinding of brass base, diamond dust granularity is W40, place to go surplus 0.3mm, and the edge thickness difference Δ t controlling part is less than 0.01mm ~ 0.05mm.
Preferably, in step C, adopt hard glass sphere grinding tool to carry out super grinding, diamond dust granularity is W20, place to go surplus 0.2mm.
(3) beneficial effect
The present invention adopts first with metal grinding tool fine grinding at part precision grinding process, then does refiner discs super grinding with hard glass; The polishing agent that successively decreases of size and the softer polishing glue of hardness is adopted at polishing process, rocker and polished die extra pressure is not applied during polishing, overcome this type of softer material precision grinding process and easily produce dark cut, and be difficult to remove at polishing process residual impairment layer, finished surface easily occurs that pit and common process beauty defects grade are difficult to the technological difficulties improved in polishing process, reach the high accuracy of surface roughness and face shape, achieve the effect that steady quality, efficiency raising and cost reduce in batch production.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the processing process figure of existing chalcogenide glass spherical lens;
Fig. 2 is the high accuracy processing method flow chart of the chalcogenide glass lens of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the decomposition polishing flow process of the key in the high accuracy processing method flow process of the chalcogenide glass lens of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 ~ Fig. 7 is the chalcogenide glass lens schematic diagram of the different size using method of the present invention to process.
Detailed description of the invention
For making object of the present invention, content and advantage clearly, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail.
As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, the invention provides a kind of abrasive polishing method of high accuracy chalcogenide glass lens, comprise the following steps:
A, chalcogenide glass spherical lens carried out to corase grind and be shaped; The concave-convex ball radius surface R value milling that this step provides according to designing requirement or hand are kicked off face, and the edge thickness difference Δ t according to different part control part is less than 0.05mm ~ 0.10mm.Equipment needed thereby: milling and grinding machine, single shaft machine.This stage mainly makes forming parts, and allowance is comparatively large, need not consider breakable layer, 45
#steel matrix die hardness is high, more wear-resisting, adopts in this corase grind operation.
B, employing metal grinding tool refine the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after processing of step A; Brass base die hardness is less, easy tru(e)ing face shape, and therefore, this step spherical mould of brass base refines, and diamond dust granularity is W40 (302
#), place to go surplus 0.3mm, the edge thickness difference Δ t controlling part according to different part is less than 0.01mm ~ 0.05mm.Equipment needed thereby: four axle machines, two axle machines.
C, employing hard glass grinding tool carry out super grinding to the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after mirror step B process; Hard glass material internal is even, and do not have coarse grit in grinding and adhere on it, can not scratch element surface, therefore, this step hard glass sphere grinding tool carries out super grinding, and diamond dust granularity is W20 (303
#), place to go surplus 0.2mm.Equipment needed thereby: four axle machines, two axle machines.
D, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step C process carry out one rough polishing;
E, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step D process carry out two road rough polishings;
F, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step e process carry out one finishing polish;
G, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step F process carry out two road finishing polishes;
D ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step C process carry out one rough polishing;
E ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step D process carry out two road rough polishings;
F ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step e process carry out one finishing polish;
G ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step F process carry out two road finishing polishes;
Wherein, the size of the polishing agent that step D ~ G tetra-steps adopt successively decreases successively, and the polishing glue also adopting hardness to be less than predetermined threshold value in step G carries out polishing, the size of the polishing agent that step D ' ~ G ' four steps adopt successively decreases successively, and the polishing glue also adopting hardness to be less than predetermined threshold value in step G ' does polishing rete.
In the present embodiment, the polishing agent adopted in step D and step D ' is the white fused alumina solution of granularity W2.5, according to the mirror disk size of processed lens and the difference of spherical radius, polishing time is respectively 60min ~ 80 minute, place to go surplus 0.08mm ~ 0.10mm, main purpose eliminates precision grinding process trachoma and reduces damage layer, equipment needed thereby: four axle machines, two axle machines.It is low that the white fused alumina solution of granularity W2.5 also has cost, the feature that corase grind efficiency is high, can reach beauty defects B and be better than IV level.
Step e and step e ' in adopt polishing agent be granularity W1 white fused alumina polishing powder configuration solution, according to the mirror disk size of processed lens and the difference of spherical radius, polishing time is respectively 40min ~ 60 minute, place to go surplus 0.05mm ~ 0.08mm.Main purpose eliminates precision grinding process trachoma and reduces damage layer.Equipment needed thereby: four axle machines, two axle machines.It is low that the white fused alumina solution of granularity W1 also has cost, the feature that corase grind efficiency is high.
Step F and step F ' in the polishing agent that adopts be the diadust solution of granularity W0.5, polishing time is 30 ~ 60 minutes, place to go surplus 0.03mm.Object improves surface smoothness, tru(e)ing face shape.Equipment needed thereby: four axle machines, two axle machines.
The polishing agent adopted in step G and step G ' is the diadust solution of granularity W0.25, and the polishing glue of employing is 60# polishing glue, and polishing time is 30 ~ 60 minutes, place to go surplus 0.01 ~ 0.02mm.Main purpose is refine face shape, improves fineness simultaneously, meets the requirements of beauty defects grade.Equipment needed thereby: four axle machines, two axle machines.Also regulate with pure water when making polishing agent with the diadust of W0.5 in batch production and realize essence throwing together.And adopt 60
#polishing glue, as polishing rete, is easy to the beauty defects grade improving part.
Fig. 4 ~ Fig. 7 shows the chalcogenide glass lens of the different size using method of the present invention to process, and test shows, the qualification rate of processing diagram part reaches 100%.
Can find out, the present invention adopts metal and the multiple fine grinding of hard glass refiner discs, super grinding; Adopt the method for four road polishing agent polishings, realize the Precision Machining to chalcogenide glass lens.Technological process is: corase grind, metal grinding tool fine grinding, the super grinding of hard glass grinding tool, one rough polishing of granularity W2.5 white fused alumina solution, the road rough polishing of granularity W1 white fused alumina solution two, one finishing polish of granularity W2.5 diadust solution, the road finishing polish of granularity W0.25 diadust solution two.The optical element processed in this approach reaches optical design index request, achieves beauty defects grade and surface figure accuracy perfectly unification.Test shows, the optical element surface roughness Ra value processed is better than 0.003 μm; Optical surface defect B is better than IV level; Surface figure accuracy aperture N is better than 2, and local error Δ N is better than 0.5.Efficiency improves more than 2 times than former technique, and part reaches 100% in this operation qualification rate, has had increase substantially relative to the qualification rate of existing technique 60%, especially steady quality reduce cost in batch production.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention; it should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite not departing from the technology of the present invention principle; can also make some improvement and distortion, these improve and distortion also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a high accuracy processing method for chalcogenide glass lens, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
A, chalcogenide glass spherical lens carried out to corase grind and be shaped;
B, employing metal grinding tool refine the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after processing of step A;
C, employing hard glass grinding tool carry out super grinding to the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after mirror step B process;
D, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step C process carry out one rough polishing;
E, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step D process carry out two road rough polishings;
F, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step e process carry out one finishing polish;
G, the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step F process carry out two road finishing polishes;
D ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step C process carry out one rough polishing;
E ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step D process carry out two road rough polishings;
F ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step e process carry out one finishing polish;
G ', the one side little to the radius of the chalcogenide glass spherical lens after step F process carry out two road finishing polishes;
Wherein, the size of the polishing agent that step D ~ G tetra-steps adopt successively decreases successively, and the polishing glue also adopting hardness to be less than predetermined threshold value in step G carries out polishing, the size of the polishing agent that step D ' ~ G ' four steps adopt successively decreases successively, and the polishing glue also adopting hardness to be less than predetermined threshold value in step G ' does polishing rete.
2. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, the polishing agent adopted in step D and step D ' is the white fused alumina solution of granularity W2.5, and polishing time is respectively 60min ~ 80 minute, place to go surplus 0.08mm ~ 0.10mm.
3. method as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that, step e and step e ' in the polishing agent that adopts be the solution of the white fused alumina polishing powder configuration of granularity W1, polishing time is respectively 40min ~ 60 minute, place to go surplus 0.05mm ~ 0.08mm.
4. method as claimed in claim 3, is characterized in that, step F and step F ' in the polishing agent that adopts be the diadust solution of granularity W0.5, polishing time is 30 ~ 60 minutes, place to go surplus 0.03mm.
5. method as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that, the polishing agent adopted in step G and step G ' is the diadust solution of granularity W0.25, and the polishing glue of employing is 60# polishing glue, and polishing time is 30 ~ 60 minutes, place to go surplus 0.01 ~ 0.02mm.
6. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, adopts 45# steel matrix mould to carry out corase grind and be shaped in steps A.
7. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, in step B, adopt the spherical mould fine grinding of brass base, diamond dust granularity is W40, place to go surplus 0.3mm, and the edge thickness difference Δ t controlling part is less than 0.01mm ~ 0.05mm.
8. the method according to any one of claim 1 ~ 7, is characterized in that, in step C, adopt hard glass sphere grinding tool to carry out super grinding, diamond dust granularity is W20, place to go surplus 0.2mm.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510416762.4A CN105081895A (en) | 2015-07-15 | 2015-07-15 | High-precision machining method for chalcogenide glass lens |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510416762.4A CN105081895A (en) | 2015-07-15 | 2015-07-15 | High-precision machining method for chalcogenide glass lens |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105081895A true CN105081895A (en) | 2015-11-25 |
Family
ID=54563692
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510416762.4A Pending CN105081895A (en) | 2015-07-15 | 2015-07-15 | High-precision machining method for chalcogenide glass lens |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105081895A (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106363486A (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-02-01 | 成都光明光学元件有限公司 | Preparation method of infrared chalcogenide glass prefabricated spheres |
| CN107971875A (en) * | 2017-11-24 | 2018-05-01 | 中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 | A kind of multilayer polishing glue and its preparation method and application |
| CN108247431A (en) * | 2017-12-05 | 2018-07-06 | 佛山华国光学器材有限公司 | The infrared efficient polishing process of chalcogenide glass |
| CN111015432A (en) * | 2019-11-26 | 2020-04-17 | 天津津航技术物理研究所 | Chemical mechanical processing method for improving optical surface quality of Ge-As-Se chalcogenide glass |
| CN111215968A (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2020-06-02 | 宜城市泳瑞玻璃科技有限公司 | Optical glass surface forming method |
| CN111890522A (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2020-11-06 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Method for processing spherical cover optical element |
| CN112680111A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-04-20 | 广东先导先进材料股份有限公司 | Polishing solution for glass and application thereof |
| CN113231920A (en) * | 2021-05-24 | 2021-08-10 | 苏州市泰吉宇机电设备有限公司 | Light-weight processing technology for optical glass |
| CN116460667A (en) * | 2022-12-30 | 2023-07-21 | 北京创思工贸有限公司 | Processing method of calcium fluoride optical part |
-
2015
- 2015-07-15 CN CN201510416762.4A patent/CN105081895A/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 回长顺: "φ256mm大口径锗透镜加工技术", 《光学技术》 * |
| 苑希昌: "《新工艺新技术选编》", 28 February 1994 * |
Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106363486B (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2018-06-19 | 成都光明光学元件有限公司 | The preparation method of the infrared prefabricated bead of chalcogenide glass |
| CN106363486A (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-02-01 | 成都光明光学元件有限公司 | Preparation method of infrared chalcogenide glass prefabricated spheres |
| CN107971875A (en) * | 2017-11-24 | 2018-05-01 | 中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 | A kind of multilayer polishing glue and its preparation method and application |
| CN107971875B (en) * | 2017-11-24 | 2019-09-06 | 中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 | A kind of multilayer polishing glue and its preparation method and application |
| CN108247431A (en) * | 2017-12-05 | 2018-07-06 | 佛山华国光学器材有限公司 | The infrared efficient polishing process of chalcogenide glass |
| CN108247431B (en) * | 2017-12-05 | 2019-09-20 | 佛山华国光学器材有限公司 | The infrared efficient polishing process of chalcogenide glass |
| CN111215968A (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2020-06-02 | 宜城市泳瑞玻璃科技有限公司 | Optical glass surface forming method |
| CN111015432B (en) * | 2019-11-26 | 2022-04-01 | 天津津航技术物理研究所 | Chemical mechanical processing method for improving optical surface quality of Ge-As-Se chalcogenide glass |
| CN111015432A (en) * | 2019-11-26 | 2020-04-17 | 天津津航技术物理研究所 | Chemical mechanical processing method for improving optical surface quality of Ge-As-Se chalcogenide glass |
| CN111890522A (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2020-11-06 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Method for processing spherical cover optical element |
| CN111890522B (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2022-04-05 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Method for processing spherical cover optical element |
| CN112680111A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-04-20 | 广东先导先进材料股份有限公司 | Polishing solution for glass and application thereof |
| CN112680111B (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2022-07-08 | 安徽中飞科技有限公司 | Polishing solution for glass and application thereof |
| CN113231920A (en) * | 2021-05-24 | 2021-08-10 | 苏州市泰吉宇机电设备有限公司 | Light-weight processing technology for optical glass |
| CN116460667A (en) * | 2022-12-30 | 2023-07-21 | 北京创思工贸有限公司 | Processing method of calcium fluoride optical part |
| CN116460667B (en) * | 2022-12-30 | 2023-11-07 | 北京创思工贸有限公司 | Processing method of calcium fluoride optical part |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN105081895A (en) | High-precision machining method for chalcogenide glass lens | |
| CN105834859A (en) | Cold-machining technology for high-precision optical lenses | |
| CN104385064B (en) | The heavy-calibre planar processing method that a kind of numerical control small tool combines with glass polishing machine | |
| Lee et al. | A study on optimum grinding factors for aspheric convex surface micro-lens using design of experiments | |
| CN103659520B (en) | Ultra-precision machining device and method for off-axis thin-wall aspherical optical element | |
| CN111015432B (en) | Chemical mechanical processing method for improving optical surface quality of Ge-As-Se chalcogenide glass | |
| CN107671605A (en) | A kind of optical mirror slip burnishing device and glossing | |
| Kakinuma et al. | Ultra-precision grinding of optical glass lenses with La-doped CeO2 slurry | |
| CN106625035A (en) | Method for processing 3D zirconia ceramic used for mobile phone rear cover | |
| CN106239835A (en) | The bright finish mold insert of a kind of injection mold and manufacture method thereof | |
| CN109623564A (en) | A kind of high-efficiency polishing method of easily-deformable lens | |
| CN102490103A (en) | Meniscus lens and processing method therefor | |
| CN106466796A (en) | A kind of manufacture method of 3D sapphire panel and sapphire panel | |
| CN109531280B (en) | Blind hole machining process for glass panel | |
| CN203956720U (en) | A kind of diamond-impregnated wheel | |
| JP3236749B2 (en) | Method for manufacturing aspherical bifocal mold part | |
| CN109202602B (en) | Method for polishing non-spherical mold insert | |
| CN110450009B (en) | Method for manufacturing substrate, apparatus for processing substrate end face, method for processing substrate end face, and grinding stone | |
| CN104616672B (en) | A kind of manufacturing process of glass master substrate | |
| Chen et al. | Ultra precision grinding of spherical convex surfaces on combination brittle materials using resin and metal bond cup wheels | |
| CN108564970B (en) | Method for manufacturing glass substrate, and method for manufacturing glass substrate for magnetic disk | |
| JP2002100025A (en) | Molded glass substrate for magnetic disk and method for producing the same | |
| CN112872724A (en) | Bearing raceway precise progressive precise forming grinding machining method based on ELID grinding | |
| Venkatesh et al. | Studies on polishing of glass moulds after lapping with hard and soft pellets | |
| JP4030136B2 (en) | Glass lens mold, method for manufacturing the same, and glass lens molding method |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20151125 |