CN105073408B - 具有高刚度和阻尼的约束微层多孔材料 - Google Patents
具有高刚度和阻尼的约束微层多孔材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105073408B CN105073408B CN201380074594.4A CN201380074594A CN105073408B CN 105073408 B CN105073408 B CN 105073408B CN 201380074594 A CN201380074594 A CN 201380074594A CN 105073408 B CN105073408 B CN 105073408B
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
本发明提供具有高阻尼和高刚度并且密度相对较低的复合材料。这些材料包含具有互联纽带的三维结构,其具有由刚性约束层与软阻尼层之间相互交替的多重同心层,以便所述结构的总体形变会导致高的局部剪切应变以及相应的高的整体阻尼。
Description
相关专利的交叉引用
本申请要求2013年3月12日提交的发明名称为“具有高刚度和阻尼的约束微层多孔材料”的临时专利申请No.61/778,253以及2013年5月14日提交的发明名称为“具有高刚度和阻尼的约束微层多孔材料”的美国专利申请No.13/894,295的权益,二者的全部内容以引用方式并入本文。本申请以引用方式将美国专利7,653,279(“279专利”)和美国专利7,382,959(“959专利”)全文并入本文,如同以全文进行阐述。
技术领域
本发明涉及吸能材料,更特别地涉及会呈现显著机械阻尼的低密度复合材料。
背景技术
阻尼材料,即变形时重复耗散能量的材料,被用于许多应用中。例如,其可用来减振,如用在飞行器机身中;用来吸收噪音,如用在汽车中;或者用来缓冲冲击。如在这些例子中所述的,理想的是阻尼材料提供显著的阻尼而无须向被使用的结构中添加更多不必要的物质。由于阻尼效率取决于阻尼系数和模量的乘积,所以具有高刚度的材料是理想的。因此,需要一种具有高刚度的轻质材料,且在变形时该材料会重复吸收机械能。
发明概述
本发明的实施方案提供具有高阻尼和高刚度的、密度相对较低的复合材料。这些材料包含具有互联纽带的三维结构,其中纽带具有由刚性约束层与柔性阻尼层相互交替的多重同心层,以至于该结构的大部分变形会导致高的局部剪应变以及相应的高阻尼。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,提供了一种包含多个纽带的三维开孔多孔结构;所述多个纽带中的每一个都包含多个层;所述多个层中的第一层包含第一物质;所述第一层直接设置于包含第二物质的多个层中的第二层与包含第三物质的多个层中的第三层之间,所述第一物质的剪切模量低于所述第二物质的杨氏模量的十分之一,并且低于所述第三物质的杨氏模量的十分之一。
在一个实施方案中,所述纽带为空心管。
在一个实施方案中,所述三维开孔多孔结构具有微桁架结构。
在一个实施方案中,所述多个纽带中一个纽带的外径大于所述第二层的厚度的超过20倍。
在一个实施方案中,所述多个纽带中的一个纽带包括作为实心核(solid core)的第三层,该实心核的直径小于所述第二层的厚度。
在一个实施方案中,所述纽带包含实心核;所述实心核包含剪切模量低于所述第二物质的杨氏模量的十分之一的物质。
在一个实施方案中,所述第二物质与所述第三物质是相同的物质。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质的阻尼系数tan(δ)超过0.1。
在一个实施方案中,所述纽带基本上是直的。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一层的厚度与所述第二层的厚度之比介于0.02和2之间。
在一个实施方案中,所述多个纽带中的一个纽带与所述多个纽带中的另一个纽带之间的距离小于3厘米。
在一个实施方案中,所述结构包含1000个纽带,其中所述纽带的总体积与所述结构的总体积之比小于0.3。
在一个实施方案中,所述纽带包含多个具有三维级(three-dimensional order)的互联纽带。
在一个实施方案中,所述纽带被构造为开孔泡沫结构。
在一个实施方案中,所述纽带被构造为蜂窝结构。
在一个实施方案中,所述第三物质包括选自下组的物质为主要成分:由镁、铝、钛、钒、铬、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨及其合金组成的第一亚组;由氧化铝、硅、二氧化硅、碳化硅、氮化硅、金刚石、类金刚石碳、氧化铪、氧化镧、二氧化钛、氮化钛、氮化钨、氧化锌、二氧化锆、碳化铪、碳化镧、碳化钨、碳化锆、碳化钽及其组合组成的第二亚组,以及选自第一亚组和第二亚组的物质的组合。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质包括选自下组的物质作为主要成分:聚合物、热塑性塑料、弹性体、橡胶、软金属、沥青材料、碳纳米管阵列及其组合。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质包括选自下组的聚合物作为主要成分:弹性体、热塑性塑料、硅酮、聚氨酯橡胶、丙烯酸树脂、聚异戊二烯、聚烯烃、聚对二甲苯(poly(p-xylylenes))、官能化的聚对二甲苯、聚(氧亚甲基)、聚(3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩)、官能化的聚丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(吡咯共噻吩-3-乙酸)、聚(对亚苯基对苯二甲酰胺)(poly(p-phenylene terephthalamides))、聚(异戊二烯)、聚(丁二烯)、聚(苯乙烯共丁二烯)、聚(降冰片烯)、聚(乙烯丙烯)、聚(乙烯共丙烯共二烯)(EPDM)、聚烯烃、丁基橡胶、氯丁二烯橡胶、聚硫橡胶、氯磺酰化聚乙烯、丁腈橡胶(丙烯腈共丁二烯)、氢化丁腈橡胶、聚(氯乙烯共腈)、聚(醚醚氨基甲酸酯)、聚(酯氨基甲酸酯)、表氯醇共聚物、聚(表氯醇)、聚(氧化丙烯)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、硅橡胶、聚磷腈、乙烯丙烯酸高弹体、聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸酯)及其组合。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质包括选自下组的软金属作为主要成分:铟、锡、铅及其合金。
在一个实施方案中,构造所述纽带以使所述结构均匀压缩造成该结构中某一点处的局部应变超过由大于5的因素所致的均匀压缩程度。
在一个实施方案中,构造所述纽带以使所述结构均匀压缩造成该结构中某一点处的局部剪应变超过由大于5的因素所致的均匀压缩程度。
在一个实施方案中,所述多个层包括包含第四物质的第四层;和包含第五物质的第五层,所述第四层直接介于所述第五层和所述第二层之间;所述第四物质的剪切模量少于所述第二物质的杨氏模量的十分之一,并且少于所述第五物质的杨氏模量的十分之一。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质的剪切模量随温度变化而变化,所述第四物质的剪切模量随温度的变化而变化,并且在第一个温度范围内变化,所述第一物质的剪切模量少于所述第二物质的杨氏模量的十分之一,且少于所述第三物质的杨氏模量的十分之一,并且在第二温度范围内变化,所述第四物质的剪切模量少于所述第二物质的杨氏模量的十分之一,并且少于所述第五物质的杨氏模量的十分之一,所述第一温度范围与所述第二温度范围不同。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,提供了一种三维开孔多孔结构,其包括:多个纽带,每个纽带包括第一层和第二层,两层之间由间隙分开。
在一个实施方案中,限定所述间隙的所述第一层的表面均方根粗糙度大于0.5微米。
在一个实施方案中,所述间隙是空的。
在一个实施方案中,所述间隙包含离散的颗粒。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,提供了一种三维开孔多孔结构,其被构造来通过所述结构容纳流体冷却剂。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,提供了一种形成中空开孔的多孔结构的方法,所述方法包括:形成三维模板;在所述三维模板上形成具有第一物质的第一涂层;在所述第一涂层上形成具有第二物质的第二涂层;在所述第二涂层上形成具有第三物质的第三涂层;以及移除所述三维模板,所述第二物质不同于所述第一物质,且所述第二物质不同于所述第三物质。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质与所述第三物质相同。
在一个实施方案中,所述形成三维模板包含形成微桁架模板。
在一个实施方案中,所述形成微桁架模板包括:通过带图案的罩子将光单体暴露于平行光下。
在一个实施方案中,所述形成微桁架模板包括:形成由多个第一自动传输的聚合物波导管限定多个第一桁架单元,并沿第一方向延伸;形成由多个第二自动传输的聚合物波导管限定的多个第二桁架单元,并沿第二方向延伸;以及形成由多个第三自动传输的聚合物波导管限定的多个第三桁架单元,并沿第三方向延伸。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自以下的物质作为主要成分:由镁、铝、钛、钒、铬、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨及其合金组成的第一亚组;由氧化铝、硅、二氧化硅、碳化硅、氮化硅、金刚石、类金刚石碳、氧化铪、氧化镧、二氧化钛、氮化钛、氮化钨、氧化锌、二氧化锆、碳化铪、碳化镧、碳化钨、碳化锆、碳化钽及其组合形成的第二亚组;以及选自所述第一亚组和所述第二亚组的物质的组合。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自下组的物质作为主要成分:聚合物、热塑性塑料、弹性体、橡胶、软金属、沥青材料、碳纳米管阵列及其组合。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自下组的黏弹性聚合物作为主要成分:弹性体、热塑性塑料、硅酮、聚氨酯橡胶、丙烯酸树脂、聚异戊二烯、聚烯烃、聚对二甲苯、官能化的聚对二甲苯、聚(氧亚甲基)、聚(3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩)、官能化的聚丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(吡咯共噻吩-3-乙酸)、聚(对亚苯基对苯二甲酰胺)、聚(异戊二烯)、聚(丁二烯)、聚(苯乙烯共丁二烯)、聚(降冰片烯)、聚(乙烯丙烯)、聚(乙烯共丙烯共二烯)(EPDM)、聚烯烃、丁基橡胶、氯丁二烯橡胶、聚硫橡胶、氯磺酰化聚乙烯、丁腈橡胶(丙烯腈共丁二烯)、氢化丁腈橡胶、聚(氯乙烯共腈)、聚(醚氨基甲酸酯)、聚(酯氨基甲酸酯)、表氯醇共聚物、聚(表氯醇)、聚(氧化丙烯)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、硅橡胶、聚磷腈、乙烯丙烯酸高弹体、聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸酯)及其组合。
在一个实施方案中,所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自下组的软金属作为主要成分:铟、锡、铅及其合金。
在一个实施方案中,所述移除微桁架模板包括腐蚀(etching out)所述微桁架模板。
在一个实施方案中,所述形成所述第一涂层、形成所述第二涂层和形成所述第三涂层中的一个包括使用选自下组的技术:电镀、电泳沉积、化学气相沉积、物理气相沉积、原子层沉积、溶液沉积、溶胶-凝胶沉积以及泥浆沉积。
在一个实施方案中,所述方法包括移除所述第二涂层。
在一个实施方案中,所述形成所述第一涂层、所述形成所述第二涂层和所述形成所述第三涂层包括形成剪切模量少于所述第一涂层和所述第三涂层中每一个的杨氏模量的十分之一的第二涂层。
在一个实施方案中,提供了一种根据所述方法形成的结构。
在一个实施方案中,提供了一种包括根据所述方法形成的三维开孔多孔结构的材料。
附图简述
参考说明书、权利要求书以及附图,本发明的这些以及其他特点和优势将变得更清楚,同样也变得更易于理解。
图1A为根据本发明的实施方案的部分纽带的侧视图;
图1B为根据本发明的实施方案的纽带的剖视图;
图1C为根据本发明的实施方案的部分纽带的剖视图;
图2A为根据本发明的实施方案的处于未变形状态的三层的剖视图;
图2B为根据本发明的实施方案的处于变形状态的三层的剖视图;
图3A为根据本发明的实施方案的纽带的剖视图;
图3B为根据本发明的实施方案的纽带的剖视图;
图3C为根据本发明的实施方案的纽带的剖视图;
图3D为根据本发明的实施方案的纽带的剖视图;
图4A为根据本发明的实施方案的设置在微桁架构造中的纽带的透视图;
图4B为根据本发明的实施方案的设置在微桁架构造中的纽带的照片;
图5为根据本发明的实施方案的部分纽带的剖视图的照片;
图6示出制造本发明的实施方案的约束微层多孔材料的流程图;
图7示出本发明的实施方案的约束微层多孔材料的机械性能图;
图8示出本发明的实施方案的约束微层多孔材料的机械性能图;
图9为根据本发明的实施方案的约束微层多孔材料的概要剖视侧面图;
图10为根据本发明的实施方案的以开孔泡沫形式存在的约束微层多孔材料的照片;以及
图11为根据本发明的实施方案的以蜂窝形式存在的约束微层多孔材料的照片。
发明详述
以下提出的与附图有关的详细描述意在描述本发明提供的具有高刚度和阻尼的约束微层多孔材料的示例性实施方案,并不意味着表示本发明可以被构造或者被利用的仅有的形式。本说明书结合图示性实施方案提出了本发明的特征。然而应该理解,相同或等同的功能和结构可以通过不同的实施方案来实现,其也意图包含在本发明的精神和范围内。如本文其他地方所示的,相同的元素编号意在表示相同的元素或特征。
在一个实施方案中,约束微层多孔材料可由多个互联纽带制得,每个纽带都具有提供增强的阻尼的内部结构。参考图1A,所述纽带可以为圆柱形结构,参考图1B的剖视图,其可以是中空的,并可以包括三个同心管状层120、130,如另一个剖视图图1C所示。在一个实施方案中,所述三个层可包括一个软层,其可被称作阻尼层120,夹在可被称作约束层130的两个硬层之间。在一个实施方案中,所述约束层130可由相同的物质组成。
参考图2A,具有夹在两个约束层130之间的阻尼层120的结构在如图2B中所示的弯曲变形时可造成阻尼层120显著的剪切应变。所述约束层130可由具有高杨氏模量的物质组成,所述阻尼层120可由具有低剪切模量的物质组成,例如,剪切模量小于所述约束层杨氏模量十分之一,这样当该组装发生弯曲变形时,约束层130会抵抗伸长或压缩,并沿该复合结构相对于彼此局部位移(locally displaced),诱导所述阻尼层120中的剪切应变。该剪切应变可引起阻尼系数大于0.01的阻尼层120显著的能量被耗散。
参考图3A,在另一个实施方案中,所述纽带可以有实心核,即它不可以是中空的。所述纽带可以有刚性中心核,其可被称作中心约束层130,其被阻尼层120和第二约束层130包围。因此,本文所用的术语“层”指纽带的实心核,如圆柱形核,或指纽带中的管状元件。所述形成层的实心核或管状元件无须确实是圆柱体甚至近似圆柱体,而可以是如椭圆形、多边形或不规则的形状。在一个实施方案中,使用厚度小于阻尼层的刚性中心核,以防止所述结构具有过度的刚度。在其他实施方案中,所述纽带可具有形成实心核(图3B)的阻尼层120,并且其可具有更多数量含实心核(图3C)或中空核(图3D)的交替阻尼层120以及约束层130。
参考图4A,在一个实施方案中,所述约束微层多孔材料可由以三维微桁架模式配置的纽带110组成,其中纽带110为桁架元件,其会在多个节点处连接,例如贯穿。参考图5,每个纽带110可由镍(Ni)的内约束层130、聚(对二甲苯)聚合物的中间阻尼层120以及镍的外约束层130组成。图4B显示约束微层多孔材料的照片。
具有图4A图示的结构以及图5所示的纽带的约束微层多孔材料可以通过首先形成硫醇烯微桁架模板来制造,例如在`959专利和`279专利中披露的那样的有序三维(3D)微结构的聚合物波导管。在形成这样的微桁架牺牲支架(micro-truss sacrificial scaffold)的示例性过程中,可以将合适的光聚合树脂倒入托盘并用含一系列孔的罩子覆盖。托盘可以被从罩子不同方向入射的准直光束穿过罩子来辐射。从给定方向穿过给定孔进入罩子的准直光束在树脂中为一束光的形式,造成光束内树脂中一种或多种化学变化。这些化学变化可影响折射率,因此,该光束可导致树脂中形成波导管,其转而引导光束沿着波导管已形成的路线。特别地,在本发明的一个实施方案中,所述准直光束可引起树脂聚合,导致形成微桁架结构。未反应的树脂可随后被洗掉,留下微桁架模板。
所述模板可以用2微米厚的无电镀镍层、2.5微米厚的聚(对二甲苯)聚合物层(聚(对二甲苯)聚合物可以称为派瑞林N(parylene N))以及另一个2微米厚的无电镀镍层包覆。随后可通过化学腐蚀移除硫醇烯模板(thiol-ene template)。产生的中空晶格具有如图5的剖视图所示的“三明治”壁结构。在一个实施方案中,所述波导管和产生的纽带110可以是基本上笔直的。在其他实施方案中,互连的纽带可以具有不同的规则结构或不规则结构,比如开孔泡沫的结构(图10)。具有开孔泡沫结构的约束微层多孔材料可以通过例如使用开孔泡沫作为模板,用约束层130、阻尼层120以及约束层130涂覆该模板,然后任选地例如通过腐蚀移除该模板来形成。在其他的实施方案中,所述材料可具有蜂窝结构(图11)。所述材料单元尺寸,例如节点到节点的距离在10微米到3厘米的范围内。材料的固体体积分数可以显著低于单位1(unity),例如其可以小于0.3,其中固体体积分数可被定义为提供有意义的测量的足量材料(包括例如,至少1000个纽带)的固体材料所占的分数。在一个实施方案中,所述纽带的外径可以为阻尼层厚度的20倍或更多。可以用来形成约束层130和阻尼层120的技术包括电镀、电泳沉积、化学气相沉积、物理气相沉积、原子层沉积、溶液沉积、溶胶-凝胶沉积以及泥浆沉积。
参考图6,根据一个实施方案,涉及制造约束微层多孔材料的操作可以用流程图进行说明。在第一个操作610中,制造模板,例如以硫醇-烯微桁架的形式或者以开孔泡沫的形式。在接下来的操作620中,在模板上形成约束层作为涂层,然后在操作630中,在约束层上形成阻尼层作为涂层。如图6虚线所表示的,操作620和操作630可以重复,以形成多个交替的约束层和阻尼层。在操作640中,所述模板通过例如腐蚀被移除。
参考图7,其显示了在频率50Hz下通过动态力学分析测量的图4A和图5所描述的实施方案的机械性能,持续高的阻尼和动力刚度可以以这样的约束微层多孔材料来实现。在50Hz和5-10微米的振幅下的材料的密度可为26mg/cm3,储能模量为10Mpa,损耗系数(tanδ)约为0.39。参考图8,就给定具体刚度下的阻尼而言,这样的材料的性能超过了包括金属、碳纤维复合材料、诸如泡沫和聚合物的高性能多孔核在内的其他材料。
所述约束层和阻尼层的厚度可以变化,以适应阻尼和刚度,其中较厚的约束层导致较高的刚度和强度。此外,约束层的厚度比可以变化,以在超过阻尼层的玻璃化温度(Tg)时影响刚度的降低。在一个实施方案中,1:1的约束层之比,即约束层厚度与阻尼层厚度之比为1:1,当中心聚合物层在Tg以上时变软,导致最高的阻尼,但是刚度也下降的最大。例如1:3的比例,即阻尼层厚度是约束层厚度的3倍,会导致较低的阻尼,但是刚度下降也会较小。在一个实施方案中,阻尼层的厚度在约束层厚度的0.02倍至2倍之间。在一个实施方案中,纽带110的外径至少是阻尼层120厚度的20倍。
在具有多个阻尼层(如图3C和3D所示)的实施方案中,可以用具有不同的玻璃化转变温度的不同聚合物作为阻尼层,从而加宽阻尼最有效的温度范围。可以更改格子(lattice)的结构或架构以改变刚度和强度并通过改变节点和支柱的弯曲模式来影响阻尼性能。可以设计特定扭转构造,其会将总压缩应变转化为局部扭转,并会增加阻尼层上的应变量,从而增加了阻尼。设想的实施方案包括支柱在偏离中心的节点交叉,迫使其旋转压缩的微桁架结构以及具有诱导旋转压缩的s形基底平面连接器的微桁架结构。在一个实施方案中,这样的结构可显示局部应变,例如剪切应变,其超过由大于5的因素所致的均匀批量压缩(uniform bulk compression)。
多种物质可用于约束层130和阻尼层120。对于约束层130,具有高刚度和强度的物质更感兴趣,尤其是金属或陶瓷。约束层130可以例如由镁、铝、钛、钒、铬、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锆、铌、钼、钽或钨组成或者由其合金组成。在另一个实施方案中,约束层130由氧化铝、硅、二氧化硅、碳化硅、氮化硅、金刚石、类金刚石碳、氧化铪、氧化镧、二氧化钛、氮化钛、氮化钨、氧化锌、二氧化锆、碳化铪、碳化镧、碳化钨、碳化锆或碳化钽组成。约束层130也可以由这些物质的组合组成,例如由在刚性金属层上的刚性陶瓷层形成。
阻尼层120可以由具有高阻尼系数的物质组成,例如黏弹性聚合物、橡胶类聚合物以及诸如铟(In)、锡(Sn)、铅(Pb)的软金属及其合金。合适的聚合物可包括弹性体、热塑性塑料、硅酮、聚氨酯橡胶、丙烯酸树脂、聚异戊二烯(天然橡胶)、聚烯烃(例如聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯或聚丙烯)、聚对二甲苯、官能化的聚对二甲苯、聚(氧亚甲基)、聚(3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩)、官能化的聚丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(吡咯共噻吩-3-乙酸)、聚(对亚苯基对苯二甲酰胺)、聚(异戊二烯)、聚(丁二烯)、聚(苯乙烯共丁二烯)、聚(降冰片烯)、聚(乙烯丙烯)、聚(乙烯共丙烯共二烯)(EPDM)、聚烯烃、丁基橡胶(即聚(异丁烯共异戊二烯))、氯丁二烯橡胶、聚硫橡胶、氯磺酰化聚乙烯、丁腈橡胶(丙烯腈共丁二烯)、氢化丁腈橡胶、聚(氯乙烯共腈)、聚(醚氨基甲酸酯)、聚(酯氨基甲酸酯)、表氯醇共聚物(即聚(表氯醇共环氧乙烷))、聚(表氯醇)、聚(氧化丙烯)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、硅橡胶(例如聚二甲基硅氧烷以及三氟异丙基甲基硅氧烷)、聚磷腈、乙烯丙烯酸高弹体、聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸酯)。
聚(对二甲苯)聚合物在20℃下具有大约0.02-0.05的Tanδ;因此,在图5图示的实施方案中,预期转换为诸如黏弹性氨基甲酸酯聚合物(Tanδ在0.3到0.6之间)的高损耗物质可以实质上提高相应的约束微层多孔材料的阻尼系数。诸如聚(对苯二甲基)、聚(丙烯酸酯)、甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(对亚苯基对苯二甲酰胺)等多个聚合物可被蒸汽沉积。将诸如sorbothane的薄层高损耗物质用在约束微层材料中来代替将其作为散装材料(bulkmaterial)使用的优势在于约束微层材料具有较高的刚度和强度以及较低的密度。
在一个实施方案中,热量可以从约束微层多孔材料中提取同时维持高振动吸收能力。例如,所述约束层130可以由能够容易从薄的黏弹性阻尼层中提取热量的高热导金属组成。该热量随后可被纽带周围或在其之间流动的空气带走。为加强热量提取,可以制造流经多孔材料的可代替空气或者除了空气以外的不同流体。
在一个实施方案中,可以使用“干的”阻尼层120。三明治结构或多层结构中的阻尼层120可以是空隙而非黏弹性聚合物。在这种情况下,阻尼可以通过相邻层之间的摩擦来实现。摩擦可以通过粗糙度、表面凸凹或颗粒来增大。在一个实施方案中,朝向空隙的表面的均方根表面粗糙度至少为0.5微米。多孔架构可以是“自动锁定的”,以便在中间层被移除时不会分裂,即本实施方案的微桁架结构上的层可以锁在一起。可以通过例如使用溶剂或腐蚀剂沉积适合随后的移除的层来制造这样的结构。在一个实施方案中,所述层被烧光或被裂解,留下碳或无机残余物来增加摩擦。在一个实施方案中,易碎层,如陶瓷层被沉积,其在随后的应变中弄碎,留下颗粒可增大约束层之间摩擦。这样的“干的”阻尼层可以提供不受温度限制的阻尼,并且有利于极端温度下的应用,例如空间应用或高温应用。
在一个实施方案中,可以用液体作为阻尼层120。例如,可以通过在阻尼层的特定区域制造具有临时固体层的结构,然后移除该固体层,例如通过溶剂、腐蚀剂、燃烧或裂解并代用黏性液体来制造具有液体阻尼层120的结构。该液体而后可提供粘滞阻尼,从而将阻尼机制变为粘滞阻尼,该粘滞阻尼对于一些应用可能是优选的。
参考图9,在另一个实施方案中,在两个约束层130之间可使用取向碳纳米管(CNT)阵列910。在典型的在生长状态下,这些CNT阵列并非完美地平行,反而显示出可察觉的“内部长度”,其比阵列的高度更长。由于所述结构具有机械应变(mechanically strained)(在本实施例中,在剪切方面(in shear)),所述CNT材料会变直(straighten)。除了变直以外,所述纳米管还滑动穿过另一个或在诸如聚合物、树脂、纳米颗粒泥浆或橡胶的任选“基质”内滑动。在该过程中,内部摩擦会耗散能量。CNT在高温下稳定并在高至1200℃的温度下显示出好的阻尼性能。
正如设想的,示例性制造技术包括沉积催化剂,该催化剂会促进CNT在多孔材料(如微桁架结构)上生长。然后通过包括热CVD和等离子体增强CVD在内的多种常规方法中的任何方法将CNT阵列在该基质上生长。该阵列然后以金属,诸如铜或镍进行涂覆。沉积金属层以便对CNT阵列有粘附力。然后可以沉积额外的约束层130或阻尼层120。
CNT阵列的典型机械性能取决于生长条件。存储和损耗模量可在大约1MPa到约100MPa内配置,更典型地,在7MPa到30MPa之间配置。可以得到0.1到0.25的损耗正切值(Loss tangent values)。
其他实施方案包括允许流体(诸如乙二醇)、聚合物(聚乙二醇)、弹性体(例如硅酮)或纳米粒子材料(如富勒烯)被包含在包含取向CNT层910的区域内。可选地还可以包括垂直于CNT阵列平面的偏向力,其增强了CNT材料的压缩,并允许更多平行于阵列的位移,即在CNT层910中产生剪切形变的方向的位移。
本文所述约束微层多孔材料可以具有多种有用的性质。可设计其具有适于特定应用的损耗系数、模量和密度,并能提供用现存材料无法实现的性质。约束微层多孔材料可以用金属制造,并且可显示出较高的阻尼而又保持包括高导电性和导热性在内的金属性能、环境稳定性以及高的温度容纳力(high temperature capability)。相比于传统的局限于其玻璃化温度附近的较小温度范围内的粘弹性聚合物阻尼物,约束微层多孔材料能够在更大的温度范围内操作。由于具有开孔结构,约束微层阻尼材料可提供多功能的机会,例如同时具有阻尼和主动冷却或加热、阻尼和能量储存或阻尼和冲击能或爆炸能吸收。
约束微层多孔材料具有多方面有用的潜在应用,包括使震动和噪音传播最小化,提供改进的吸声体、更薄的吸声体、更轻的吸声体、不易燃烧的高温吸声体、多功能吸声体以及用以抑制汽车车身或飞机结构振动的改进的阻尼器。其特别适于那些需要低质量、要求依赖减小的温度和要求诸如同时有振动阻尼和冲击保护的多功能性质的应用。具有可调的阻抗和损耗以及具有高强度的吸声材料可在水下应用的水诊器声障板中得到应用。
虽然本文已经明确地描述并图示了所述具有高刚度和阻尼的约束微层多孔材料的示例性实施方案,但对于本领域的技术人员而言,许多修改和变化都将是显而易见的。相应地,应该理解,根据本发明原则建立的具有高刚度和阻尼的约束微层多孔材料除了如本文明确描述的以外可以被包含。以下的权利要求也限定了本发明及其等价方案。
Claims (24)
1.一种用于形成三维开孔多孔结构的方法,该方法包含:
形成三维开孔多孔模板;
在所述三维模板上形成具有第一物质的第一涂层;
在所述第一涂层上形成具有第二物质的第二涂层;
在所述第二涂层上形成具有第三物质的第三涂层;以及
移除所述三维模板,所述第二物质不同于所述第一物质,并且所述第二物质不同于所述第三物质;
其中所述形成所述第一涂层、所述形成所述第二涂层和所述形成所述第三涂层包括形成剪切模量少于所述第一涂层和所述第三涂层中每个的杨氏模量的十分之一的第二涂层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述第一物质与所述第三物质相同。
3.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中所述形成所述三维开孔多孔模板包含形成微桁架模板。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述形成微桁架包含:
通过带图案的罩子将光单体暴露于平行光下。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述形成所述微桁架模板包含:
形成由多个第一自动传输的聚合物波导管限定的多个第一桁架单元,并沿第一方向延伸;
形成由多个第二自动传输的聚合物波导管限定的多个第二桁架单元,并沿第二方向延伸;以及
形成由多个第三自动传输的聚合物波导管限定的多个第三桁架单元,并沿第三方向延伸。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自以下的物质作为主要成分:
由镁、铝、钛、钒、铬、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨及其合金组成的第一亚组;
由氧化铝、硅、二氧化硅、碳化硅、氮化硅、金刚石、类金刚石碳、氧化铪、氧化镧、二氧化钛、氮化钛、氮化钨、氧化锌、二氧化锆、碳化铪、碳化镧、碳化钨、碳化锆、碳化钽及其组合组成的第二亚组,以及
选自所述第一亚组和所述第二亚组的物质的组合。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自以下的物质作为主要成分:聚合物、软金属、沥青材料、碳纳米管组及其组合。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种以橡胶作为主要成分。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自以下的粘弹性聚合物作为主要成分:弹性体、热塑性塑料、硅酮、聚对二甲苯、官能化的聚对二甲苯、聚(3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩)、聚(吡咯共噻吩-3-乙酸)、聚(氯乙烯共腈)、表氯醇共聚物、聚(表氯醇)、聚磷腈及其组合。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自以下的物质作为主要成分:热塑性塑料和/或弹性体。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自以下的粘弹性聚合物作为主要成分:丙烯酸树脂、聚(醚氨基甲酸酯)、聚(酯氨基甲酸酯)及其组合。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述弹性体为氯磺酰化聚乙烯或硅橡胶。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述热塑性塑料为聚烯烃、聚(氧亚甲基)、聚(对亚苯基对苯二甲酰胺)或乙烯醋酸乙烯酯。
14.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述丙烯酸树脂为聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸酯)。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述聚烯烃为聚(氧化丙烯)。
16.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自以下的粘弹性聚合物作为主要成分:聚氨酯橡胶、官能化的聚丙烯酸酯、聚(异戊二烯)、聚(丁二烯)、聚(苯乙烯共丁二烯)、聚(降冰片烯)、聚(乙烯丙烯)、聚(乙烯共丙烯共二烯)、丁基橡胶、氯丁二烯橡胶、聚硫橡胶、丁腈橡胶、氢化丁腈橡胶、乙烯丙烯酸高弹体及其组合。
17.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种以甲基丙烯酸酯作为主要成分。
18.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述第一物质、所述第二物质以及所述第三物质中的一种包括选自以下的软金属作为主要成分:铟、锡、铅及其合金。
19.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述移除所述三维开孔多孔模板包括腐蚀所述三维开孔多孔模板。
20.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述形成所述第一涂层、所述形成所述第二涂层和所述形成所述第三涂层中的一个包括使用选自以下的技术:电镀、电泳沉积、化学气相沉积、物理气相沉积、原子层沉积、溶液沉积、溶胶-凝胶沉积以及泥浆沉积。
21.根据权利要求要求1或2所述的方法,其中进一步包含移除所述第二涂层。
22.根据权利要求要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述形成所述三维开孔多孔模板包含形成开孔泡沫模板。
23.根据权利要求要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述形成所述三维开孔多孔模板包含形成蜂窝状模板。
24.一种结构,其包含:
多个互联的纽带作为三维开孔多孔结构,
所述多个纽带中的每一个都包含多个层;
所述多个层中的第一层包含第一物质;
所述第一层直接设置于包含第二物质的多个层中的第二层与包含第三物质的多个层中的第三层之间,
所述第一物质的剪切模量少于所述第二物质的杨氏模量的十分之一,并且少于所述第三物质的杨氏模量的十分之一。
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CN201380074594.4A Active CN105073408B (zh) | 2013-03-12 | 2013-05-15 | 具有高刚度和阻尼的约束微层多孔材料 |
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EP (1) | EP2969545A4 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN105073408B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2014143098A1 (zh) |
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US9017806B2 (en) * | 2012-03-23 | 2015-04-28 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | High airflow micro-truss structural apparatus |
US9520643B2 (en) * | 2013-04-10 | 2016-12-13 | Apple Inc. | Electronic device with foam antenna carrier |
EP3071800B1 (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2019-11-27 | United Technologies Corporation | Nanocellular foam damper |
US10061078B1 (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2018-08-28 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Polymer microlattice structures with multifunctional coatings for substrate bonding |
JP2017511865A (ja) | 2014-01-07 | 2017-04-27 | ナマ ディベロップメント エルエルシー | 3dハニカムフォーム構造 |
US9771998B1 (en) | 2014-02-13 | 2017-09-26 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Hierarchical branched micro-truss structure and methods of manufacturing the same |
US9376074B2 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2016-06-28 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Architected automotive impact beam |
US9162416B1 (en) * | 2014-08-18 | 2015-10-20 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Basal plane reinforced microlattice |
US9733429B2 (en) | 2014-08-18 | 2017-08-15 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Stacked microlattice materials and fabrication processes |
US9783324B2 (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2017-10-10 | The Boeing Company | Vessel insulation assembly |
FR3037018A1 (fr) * | 2015-06-08 | 2016-12-09 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Element de carrosserie de vehicule a panneau a mailles de protection contre les chocs |
EP3313656A4 (en) * | 2015-06-26 | 2019-05-01 | Lieberman, Steven D. | CELL STRUCTURE FOR COMPOSITE SANDWICHES AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SANDWICH PLATES |
US10933609B2 (en) * | 2016-03-31 | 2021-03-02 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Composite foam |
WO2017197391A1 (en) * | 2016-05-13 | 2017-11-16 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Solid-gap multilayers for thermal insulation and management |
US9781520B1 (en) | 2016-09-20 | 2017-10-03 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Passive mode carbon nanotube underwater acoustic transducer |
FR3056444A1 (fr) | 2016-09-27 | 2018-03-30 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Roue elastique non pneumatique incorporant un stratifie a base de caoutchouc silicone et de composite fibre-resine |
FR3056442A1 (fr) * | 2016-09-27 | 2018-03-30 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Produit stratifie a base de caoutchouc silicone et de composite fibre-resine |
US20180265023A1 (en) * | 2017-03-20 | 2018-09-20 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc. | Additively manufactured lattice core for energy absorbers adaptable to different impact load cases |
CN108866412B (zh) * | 2017-05-08 | 2020-09-29 | 清华大学 | 三维多孔复合材料的制备方法 |
US10730236B2 (en) * | 2017-08-02 | 2020-08-04 | Ethicon Llc | System and method for additive manufacture of medical devices |
CN112020743A (zh) * | 2018-04-27 | 2020-12-01 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 隔音片部件用组合物、隔音片部件和隔音结构体 |
CN110667129A (zh) * | 2019-09-09 | 2020-01-10 | 北京碳垣新材料科技有限公司 | 碳纳米管-聚磷腈复合材料及制备方法 |
US20210098138A1 (en) * | 2019-10-01 | 2021-04-01 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | High efficiency foam compacts for triso fuels |
CN113562690B (zh) * | 2020-04-28 | 2022-05-31 | 清华大学 | 纳米操纵器 |
US20230180447A1 (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2023-06-08 | International Business Machines Corporation | Emc material for thermal transport and vibration dampening |
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- 2013-05-15 CN CN201380074594.4A patent/CN105073408B/zh active Active
- 2013-05-15 WO PCT/US2013/041166 patent/WO2014143098A1/en active Application Filing
- 2013-05-15 EP EP13877869.1A patent/EP2969545A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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2015
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US20160067941A1 (en) | 2016-03-10 |
CN105073408A (zh) | 2015-11-18 |
EP2969545A4 (en) | 2017-03-08 |
US9217084B2 (en) | 2015-12-22 |
US20140272277A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
WO2014143098A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
EP2969545A1 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
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