CN105051148A - 井眼液及使用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于配制井眼液的基液。所述基液包含来源于费-托产物流的合成脂族烃的混合物,并且含有大于96%的具有C6至C30的碳数范围的脂族烃。具有C10以下的碳数的同系物的百分比小于约3重量%。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2012年9月24日提交的美国申请号61/704,794的优先权,其公开内容通过引用结合在本文中用于全部目的。
发明背景-发明领域
本发明涉及烃液体,尤其是用于配制在油气井作业如钻井、水力压裂、砾石充填以及许多其他井下作业中使用的井眼液的烃液体。
现有技术描述
在向带有油气的地层中钻井的过程中,钻井液或“泥浆”经由钻杆泵入正在开发的井眼中,并且经由安装在钻杆端部的旋转钻头中的喷嘴离开。钻井液之后经由环空(钻杆和井眼壁之间的空间)循环回到地面。回到地面,将固体移除并且将泥浆泵送至液槽,在那里,如果需要的话,可以将其再利用或处理。典型地,将钻井液系统设计为当钻头旋转时钻井液不断循环的回路。钻井液发挥油或气井的成功完井所必需的一些功能,并且提高钻井作业的整体效率。钻井液用于,例如,冷却并润滑正在旋转的钻井工具,减少钻头和井眼之间的摩擦,防止钻杆的粘着,控制井眼中的地下压力,提升钻井岩屑并且将其携带至地面,以及清洁井眼和钻井工具。
钻井液的主要组分是它的基液。钻井液可以是水性基的、烃基的、合成基的、或乳液,如水包油或油包水(“反相(invert)”)乳液。在工业中经常使用水性基或水基钻井液。它们提供与油基钻井液相比经济的优点,并且也是更环保的。然而,对于某些地层来说,归因于由地层内吸收水的岩石和粘土的溶胀而导致的井眼不稳定性,利用水性基液体的钻井可能是成问题的,所述岩石和粘土的水化可以通过使用油基钻井液而大幅降低。尽管油基液比水性基液更昂贵,对于深钻井、高温钻井来说,或者当对于特定的钻井作业或地层需要基本上无反应性的基液时,它们通常是优选的。油基液倾向于提供比水基液更自然的润滑,并且实现钻井进度的更大幅度的增加或提高的机械钻速(ROP)。
由烃基液体提供的较好的润滑性降低了不希望的扭转和牵拉,并且在高度倾斜的井中,例如在摩擦是主要担忧的水平井中是特别重要的。水平钻井已经变得越来越重要,尤其是在北美洲的所谓的页岩远景区(shaleplay)中。事实上,最近的工业出版物表明,在美国,在任何给定的星期中,每十个运行的钻机中有六个在水平钻井。因此,尽管烃基液更昂贵,但它们在ROP、降低的扭转和牵拉方面所得到的结果使得它们在水平钻井中是经济上有吸引力的。
发明概述
在一个方面中,本发明提供非水性基液,其用于钻井液、水力压裂(压碎(fracking))液和在井眼应用例如清除、增产处理等中使用的其他液体的配制。
在另一方面中,本发明提供在井眼液中使用的非水性基液,其来源于费-托(FischerTropsch)产物流。
在又一个方面中,本发明提供在井眼液配制中使用的非水性基液,其展现出小于约0.17的润滑系数。
本发明的再又一个方面是用于配制井眼液的基液,其基本上由脂族烃组成,所述脂族烃具有小于约3.00重量%的碳数含量为C10以下的烃。
在还另一个方面中,本发明提供进行井眼作业的方法。
本发明的这些和另外的特征和优点将会由以下详细描述变得显而易见,其中参照了附图中的图。
附图简述
图1是示出多种液体的润滑系数的柱状图。
图2是显示在典型的FT馏出物中关于直链和支链烃二者的碳同系物分布的图。
图3是类似于图2的图,但显示的是已经蒸馏至约180°F的闪点的图2的馏出物。
图4是润滑系数相对于C8和C9含量的图。
优选实施方案详述
本发明的基液包含至少约96重量%的主要为直链和支链的合成脂族烃的混合物,所述混合物来源于费-托(FT)产物流,所述基液具有约C6至约C30、优选约C8至约C26的碳数范围,其中小于约3重量%的烃是C10同系物并且具有C9以下的碳数的同系物的百分比将会是小于约0.2重量%,最优选低于约0.1重量%。通常,烃将会是约50重量%以上支链的,主要是甲基支链的。优选地,基液具有小于约0.35重量%的具有C9的碳数的烃。基液将会具有0.17以下、优选低于约0.15以下、甚至更优选低于0.12以下的润滑系数。润滑系数被定义为在150psi(1,034,200Pa)下在钻井液中以60rpm旋转的金属环对硬化金属表面的摩擦系数。测试可以在可从OFITestingEquipment,Inc.获得的Model#112-00极限压力(EP)和润滑测试仪(ExtremePressureandLubricatingTester)上进行。测试被设计为模拟钻杆的旋转速度和对着钻孔壁的该杆所负荷的压力。
本发明的烃基液优选为具有约150°F以上的闪点的费-托产物流(下文中被称为FT馏出物)。
理想地,本发明的基液将会具有小于约0.3重量%、优选小于约0.2重量%、最优选小于约0.1重量%的芳族含量。
参照图1,示出了比较包括水、来自费-托设备的产物流的多种馏出物、和来源于典型炼油作业的石油柴油在内的多种液体的润滑系数的柱状图。正如可见的,三种FT馏出物都具有高于约0.3的润滑系数。还示出了两种FT“轻”馏出物,其基本上为FT馏出物的较低沸点馏分。这些后面的材料具有高于约0.4的润滑系数。
以下表1示出了图1中提及的FT“轻”馏出物中同系物的碳数分布。正如可见的,存在大量的具有C10以下的碳数的链烷烃。
表1
碳# | 直链链烷烃 | 甲基支链的 | 其他支链的 | 总计 |
C7 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
C8 | 2.76 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 2.98 |
C9 | 24.64 | 4.66 | 1.03 | 30.33 |
C10 | 41.58 | 11.15 | 5.53 | 58.26 |
C11 | 0.19 | 2.28 | 5.47 | 7.95 |
C12 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
C13 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.21 |
C14 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
C15 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
C16 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
C17 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
总计 | 69.35 | 18.39 | 12.22 | 99.95 |
图1中提及的柴油#2,为典型的石油柴油,具有约0.12的润滑系数。最后,被标识为ODCFT-180的已经蒸馏至大约180°F的闪点的典型FT馏出物具有0.12的润滑系数,基本上与石油柴油相同。尽管典型的石油柴油和来自FT的ODCFT-180的润滑系数基本上相同,但由于ODCFT-180的较低的芳族含量和与其相联系的环境益处,后者显然是比典型的石油柴油更适宜的用于钻井或其他井眼液的基液。
对于图1中提及的FT馏出物来说,现在参照表2和图2示出典型的FT馏出物的同系物细目分类。如可以从表2和图2中看到的,FT馏出物具有大量的具有C10以下的碳数的同系物。将其与表3和图3相比,其示出了,如果将表2和图2的FT馏出物蒸馏至大约180°F的闪点,具有C10以下碳的同系物的含量显著降低。意外地,发现,通过降低较低碳数同系物的含量,即C10以下并且尤其是C9以下碳数含量,润滑系数显著降低。事实上,如可以从图1看到的,ODCFT-180的润滑系数大致为FT馏出物的润滑系数的三分之一。
表2
FTC馏出物
碳数 | 直链的 | 支链的 | 总计 |
7 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.12 |
8 | 1.89 | 0.34 | 2.23 |
9 | 4.73 | 1.58 | 6.30 |
10 | 5.40 | 2.48 | 7.87 |
11 | 5.28 | 2.89 | 8.17 |
12 | 4.92 | 3.17 | 8.09 |
13 | 4.51 | 3.38 | 7.89 |
14 | 4.04 | 3.55 | 7.59 |
15 | 3.48 | 3.92 | 7.41 |
16 | 3.08 | 4.01 | 7.09 |
17 | 2.55 | 4.42 | 6.97 |
18 | 2.09 | 4.14 | 6.23 |
19 | 1.85 | 3.87 | 5.72 |
20 | 1.39 | 3.97 | 5.36 |
21 | 1.02 | 3.06 | 4.08 |
22 | 0.68 | 2.85 | 3.53 |
23 | 0.43 | 2.18 | 2.61 |
24 | 0.23 | 1.46 | 1.69 |
25 | 0.08 | 0.84 | 0.92 |
26 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.12 |
总计 | 47.75 | 52.24 | 99.98 |
表3
ODCFT-180
碳数 | 直链的 | 支链的 | 总计 |
7 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
8 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
9 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
10 | 2.5% | 0.4% | 2.8% |
11 | 5.5% | 2.5% | 8.0% |
12 | 5.9% | 3.8% | 9.7% |
13 | 5.6% | 4.1% | 9.7% |
14 | 4.9% | 4.5% | 9.4% |
15 | 4.3% | 4.8% | 9.1% |
16 | 3.5% | 5.0% | 8.6% |
17 | 3.0% | 5.0% | 8.0% |
18 | 2.5% | 5.0% | 7.5% |
19 | 1.9% | 5.1% | 6.9% |
20 | 1.6% | 4.5% | 6.1% |
21 | 1.1% | 3.7% | 4.9% |
22 | 0.8% | 3.0% | 3.8% |
23 | 0.5% | 2.3% | 2.8% |
24 | 0.3% | 1.5% | 1.8% |
25 | 0.1% | 0.7% | 0.8% |
26 | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
总计 | 43.9% | 56.1% | 100.0% |
正如由图3可见的,对于ODCFT-180来说,存在相当多的直链组分。事实上,在本发明的范围内预期的是,本发明的基液可以具有多得多的支链组分,并且事实上,在某些情况下,可以理想地基本上全是支链的。
以下表4示出了FT馏出物、FT“拔顶”馏出物和ODCFT-180之间的关于闪点、润滑系数和C8-C11含量的比较。在这点上,FT“拔顶”馏出物是已经将轻馏分从其中移除的FT馏出物。
表4
样品 | 闪点(°F) | 润滑系数 | C8 | C9 | C10 | C11 |
FT馏出物 | 140 | 0.34 | .012 | 2.23 | 6.30 | 7.87 |
FT“拔顶”馏出物 | 170 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 5.93 | 8.21 |
ODC FT-180 | 180 | .012 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 8.00 |
如可以从表4中看到的,FT馏出物具有与FT“拔顶”馏出物和ODCFT-180相比更高的润滑系数,后两者是非常低的。正如还可见的,FT馏出物含有比FT“拔顶”馏出物或ODCFT-180明显更多的C8-C10含量。显然,ODCFT-180基本上不含C8和C9并且含有比拔顶馏出物明显更少的C10。表4清楚地说明,关于润滑系数,较高的C8-C10同系物含量是有害的。
图4通过图说明,降低C8和C9含量引起润滑系数的降低。因此,如在图4中所示,当C8和C9含量超过约0.2%时,润滑系数升高至约0.15。
如上所述的本发明的基液可以用于配制环保的合成的油基钻井液,实现较大的ROP,导致减小钻柱上的扭转和牵拉,并且在水平钻井中是尤其适宜的。此外,本发明的基液可以在关注减小的摩擦、地层组成和环境因素的场合用于压碎液和其他井眼液。
在配制用于处理井眼的井眼液中,多种添加剂或药剂与基液一起使用。此类添加剂包括,但不限于,乳化剂、润湿剂、增黏剂、加重剂、防滤失剂、支撑剂和用于形成砾石充填的颗粒剂。本领域技术人员将会容易理解的是,在某些情况下,可以在用于进行特定井眼作业的给定的井眼液中使用多于一种上文列出的添加剂。例如,在钻井液的情况下,常见的将会是包括加重剂以及防滤失剂。在目前通常用于紧密页岩地层的水力压裂的情况下,通常使用支撑剂以确保一旦压裂了地层,即保持裂缝开放,例如,借助使用支撑剂的支撑的开放。再次根据地层中的钻井条件和要实现的目标,添加剂如乳化剂、润湿剂等也可以用于某些钻井和其他井眼液。
本领域技术人员将会理解的是,在给定的井眼配制物中使用的添加剂的量将会根据被井眼穿过的地层的性质和其他公知的因素而大范围地变化。
典型地,采用本发明的基液的井眼液将会包含至少约50重量%的基液,并且可以包含60、70、80或甚至90重量%的基液。还预期的是,在某些情形下,可以使用基液作为井眼液而不添加另外的添加剂。
尽管已经在本文中一些细节方面描述了本发明的具体实施方案,这仅是出于解释本发明的多个方面的目的而完成的,并且并非意在限制如以下权利要求中所定义的本发明的范围。本领域技术人员将会理解,所示出和描述的实施方案是示例性的,并且在不背离其范围的情况下,可以在本发明的实施中做出多种其他替换、变更和修改,包括但不限于在本文中具体讨论的那些设计替代方案。
Claims (26)
1.一种用于配制井眼液的基液,所述基液包含:
合成脂族烃的混合物,所述混合物来源于费-托产物流并且含有大于96%的具有C6-C30的碳数范围的脂族烃,具有C10以下的碳数的同系物的百分比小于约3重量%,所述液具有0.17以下的润滑系数,其中润滑系数被定义为在150psi下在所述基液中以60rpm旋转的金属环对硬化金属表面的摩擦系数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基液,其中具有C9以下的碳数的同系物的百分比小于约0.35重量%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基液,其中具有C9以下的碳数的同系物的百分比小于约0.2重量%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基液,其中具有C9以下的碳数的同系物的百分比小于约0.1重量%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的基液,其中所述润滑系数低于约0.12。
6.根据权利要求1所述的基液,其中所述费-托产物流包含来源于天然气炼油技术过程的产物流。
7.根据权利要求6所述的基液,其中所述产物流来源于瓦斯油馏分。
8.根据权利要求7所述的基液,其中所述产物流的闪点为约180°F以上。
9.根据权利要求1所述的基液,其中所述烃的芳族含量小于约0.3重量%。
10.根据权利要求9所述的基液,其中所述烃的芳族含量小于约0.2重量%。
11.一种井眼液,所述井眼液包含根据权利要求1所述的基液,以及至少一种选自由下列各项组成的组中的添加剂:乳化剂、润湿剂、增黏剂、加重剂、防滤失剂、支撑剂和用于形成砾石充填的颗粒剂。
12.根据权利要求11所述的井眼液,其中所述添加剂包含支撑剂。
13.根据权利要求11所述的井眼液,其中所述添加剂包含加重剂。
14.根据权利要求11所述的井眼液,其中具有C9以下的碳数的同系物的百分比小于约0.35重量%。
15.根据权利要求11所述的井眼液,其中具有C9以下的碳数的同系物的百分比小于约0.2重量%。
16.根据权利要求11所述的井眼液,其中具有C9以下的碳数的同系物的百分比小于约0.1重量%。
17.根据权利要求11所述的井眼液,其中所述润滑系数低于约0.12。
18.根据权利要求11所述的井眼液,其中所述费-托产物流包含来源于天然气炼油技术过程的产物流。
19.根据权利要求18所述的井眼液,其中所述产物流来源于瓦斯油馏分。
20.根据权利要求19所述的井眼液,其中所述产物流的闪点为约180°F以上。
21.根据权利要求11所述的井眼液,其中所述烃的芳族含量小于约0.3重量%。
22.根据权利要求21所述的井眼液,其中所述烃的芳族含量小于约0.2重量%。
23.一种处理井眼的方法,所述方法包括:
向所述井眼中引入配制物,所述配制物包含根据权利要求1所述的基液和选自由下列各项组成的组中的添加剂:乳化剂、润湿剂、增黏剂、加重剂、防滤失剂、支撑剂和用于形成砾石充填的颗粒剂。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述处理包括钻井。
25.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述处理包括将井压裂。
26.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述处理包括形成砾石充填。
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US5635457A (en) * | 1995-04-17 | 1997-06-03 | Union Oil Company Of California | Non-toxic, inexpensive synthetic drilling fluid |
CN1150294A (zh) * | 1995-08-09 | 1997-05-21 | 索尼公司 | 记录介质,记录装置和重放装置 |
CN101198682A (zh) * | 2005-06-23 | 2008-06-11 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 电气绝缘用油配制物 |
US20100204067A1 (en) * | 2007-06-22 | 2010-08-12 | Canadian Energy Services, L.P. | Drilling Fluid Additive and Method for Improving Lubricity or Increasing Rate of Penetration in a Drilling Operation |
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