CN105023487A - Thermal, electromagnetic and optical integrated experiment method - Google Patents
Thermal, electromagnetic and optical integrated experiment method Download PDFInfo
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- CN105023487A CN105023487A CN201510381870.2A CN201510381870A CN105023487A CN 105023487 A CN105023487 A CN 105023487A CN 201510381870 A CN201510381870 A CN 201510381870A CN 105023487 A CN105023487 A CN 105023487A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a thermal, electromagnetic and optical integrated experiment method. The method comprises the following steps that a light beam emitted from a light source is divided into a reflection light beam and a transmission light beam at the half-reflection surface of a beam splitter, the transmission light beam is radiated to a fixed mirror via a compensation plate, penetrates the compensation plate after being reflected by the fixed mirror, and is reflected on the beam splitter, and the reflection light beam is radiated to a movable mirror, penetrates the beam splitter after being reflected by the movable mirror, and makes interference with the transmission light beam reflected by beam splitter; a metal rod to be measured is abutted tightly by abutting blocks which are arranged on a movable seat and a fixed seat respectively; and the magnetic field intensity or temperature of the position of the metal rod to be measured is changed, and the length variation of the metal rod to be measured is calculated according to the measured variation of interference fringe and the wavelength of the light emitted by the light source. The thermal, electromagnetic and optical integrated experiment method can be used to comprehensively test the basic physical knowledge and integrated experimental capability of students in the aspects of thermotics, electricity, magnetism and optics.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of experimental technique, particularly a kind of calorifics, electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique.
Background technology
Distinguishing hierarchy empirically, Physical Experiment can be divided into basic experiment, comprehensive experiment, Research experiment, experiment designed etc., and wherein comprehensive experiment is the indispensable important component part of Physical Experiment.Comprehensive experiment requires to have in two comprehensive: one is to have comprehensive on knowledge point, and content relates to multiple knowledge point of more than two main chapters of a branch of instruction in school or the comprehensive knowledge of more than two correlated curriculums; Two is to have comprehensive in laboratory facilities, and the experimental facilities used and laboratory facilities should comprise the two or more branch of physics.If should use the experimental facilities in optics in a comprehensive experiment, use the experimental facilities of electricity aspect again, student just needs to apply corresponding knowledge and experimental skill can complete.
At present, offer and relate to multi-door course, multiple knowledge point, investigate the large-scale synthesis experiment of the integrated application of kinds of experiments skills and knowledge, each Physics Practical Courses is badly in need of.
Summary of the invention
The present invention will solve comprehensive experiment of the prior art to the investigation of students'comprehensive ability not comprehensively technical matters, provides a kind of kinds of experiments skills and knowledge integrated use of can investigating, calorifics, electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique.
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, technical scheme of the present invention is specific as follows:
A kind of calorifics, electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique, comprise the following steps:
Step I: the light beam sent from light source, the semi-reflective surface of beam splitter is divided into folded light beam and transmitted light beam; Wherein,
Transmitted light beam through compensating plate directive horizontal glass, and passes compensating plate again after horizontal glass reflection, then reflects on beam splitter;
Folded light beam directive index glass, again through beam splitter after index glass reflection, then interferes with the transmitted light beam reflected through beam splitter;
Step I i: pulled open by the jacking block be separately positioned on sliding seat and holder, puts into the metal bar of standard length; The wavelength of the light that described light source sends is calculated according to the variable quantity of interference fringe;
Step I ii: pulled open by the jacking block be separately positioned on sliding seat and holder, puts into metal bar to be measured, and the wavelength of the light obtained according to step I i calculates the length of metal bar to be measured;
Step I v: the magnetic field intensity or the temperature that change metal bar position to be measured, by the variable quantity of measuring interference fringe and the wavelength of light sent according to light source, calculates the length variations amount of metal bar to be measured.
In technique scheme, described metal bar to be measured is arranged in electric furnace; Field coil and heater coil is respectively equipped with in described electric furnace.
In technique scheme, described field coil and heater coil can work respectively, or work simultaneously.
In technique scheme, the scope of the temperature in the adjustable described electric furnace of described heater coil is 20 ~ 100 DEG C.
In technique scheme, in described electric furnace, be also provided with the supporting plate that is used for holding metal bar to be measured.
In technique scheme, be respectively equipped with one on the top of two described jacking blocks and be suitable for article to be measured and steadily slide and to drop on supporting plate domatic.
The present invention has following beneficial effect:
Calorifics of the present invention, electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique can investigate the calorifics of student, electromagnetics, the basic physics knowledge of optics aspect and comprehensive experimental ability comprehensively.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, the present invention is described in further detail.
Fig. 1 is the light path principle schematic diagram of calorifics of the present invention, electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique.Dotted line frame in figure represents the equivalent position of horizontal glass.
Fig. 2 is the apparatus structure schematic diagram of calorifics of the present invention, electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique.
Fig. 3 is the cross-sectional view of the fixture in calorifics of the present invention, electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique.
Reference numeral in figure is expressed as:
1-index glass; 21-set bolt; 22-gland nut; 23-spring; 3-sliding seat; 4-holder;
41-electric furnace; 5,8-jacking block; 61-field coil; 62-heater coil; 7-metal bar to be measured;
9-beam splitter; 10-compensating plate; 11-horizontal glass; 12-base; 13-supporting plate; 51,81-is domatic.
Embodiment
Invention thought of the present invention is:
The comprehensive knowledge of the multi-door correlated curriculums such as calorifics, electromagnetics, optics is combined, forms a large-scale synthesis experiment designed, investigate the integrated use of kinds of experiments skills and knowledge.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is described in detail.
As Figure 1-3, the experimental apparatus that a kind of calorifics, electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique are suitable for, it comprises and is arranged on base 12: index glass 1, horizontal glass 11, beam splitter 9, compensating plate 10, light source and fixture; Described index glass 1 and described horizontal glass 11 are orthogonal level crossing; Described beam splitter 9 and the flat glass plate of compensating plate 10 for being parallel to each other, with index glass 1 and horizontal glass 11 angle all at 45 °; A surface of described beam splitter 9 is coated with semi-reflective gold and belongs to film; Described fixture comprises described sliding seat 3 and holder 4; Described index glass 1 is arranged in described sliding seat 3; Described sliding seat 3 is connected with holder 4 by 4 set bolts 21; The top of each described set bolt 21 is provided with the gland nut 22 described sliding seat 3 compressed, and is provided with spring 23 between described gland nut 22 and described sliding seat 3.Described holder 4 is provided with electric furnace 41, is provided with field coil 61 in described electric furnace 41, is provided with heater coil 62 in described field coil 61; Metal bar 7 to be measured is placed with in described heater coil 62; Described metal bar to be measured 7 can be separately positioned on jacking block 5 on described sliding seat 3 and described holder 4, jacking block 8 holds out against.The material of described jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 is quartz glass.The supporting plate 13 that one is used for holding metal bar 7 to be measured is also provided with in described fixture.Be respectively equipped with one to be suitable for metal bar 7 to be measured and steadily to slide on the top of jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 and drop on domatic 51 on supporting plate 13 and domatic 81.
From the light beam that light source sends, folded light beam and transmitted light beam can be divided in the semi-reflective surface of described beam splitter 9; Transmitted light beam through compensating plate 10 directive horizontal glass 11, and again through compensating plate 10 after horizontal glass 11 reflects, then can reflect on beam splitter 9; Folded light beam directive index glass 1, again through beam splitter 9 after index glass 1 reflects, then can interfere with the transmitted light beam reflected through beam splitter 9.
Field coil 61 in electric furnace 41 and heater coil 62 can work respectively, also can work simultaneously; The scope of the temperature in the adjustable electric furnace 41 of heater coil 62 is 20 ~ 100 DEG C.
As shown in the light path of Fig. 1, the light that pointolite sends is mapped on the transflective layer of beam splitter 9, is divided into transmitted light beam and folded light beam, reflects respectively through horizontal glass 2 and index glass 1, finally meets at E place to produce and interferes.Dotted line frame in Fig. 1 represents the equivalent position of horizontal glass 2.Interference can regard the film interference that the air film between the equivalent position of horizontal glass 2 and index glass 1 produces as.
The two-beam of interfering at E place also can be regarded as and be sent by two pointolites, and their distance is 2 times of the equivalent position of horizontal glass 2 and the spacing d of index glass 1, i.e. 2d.Two pointolites are approximately (air refraction n ≈ 1) to the optical path difference of any point on screen:
Wherein,
for incident angle.
Strengthened by interference, weakened condition:
Wherein, λ is the wavelength of light.
In interference circle center,
from (2) formula, d increase (or reduction) Δ d, Δ k stripe that center just can " gush out " (or " swallowing "), the relationship of the two is:
By (3) formula, center often gushes out (or a swallowing) striped, increase (or reduction) amount of d is half wavelength.The fringe number that the Distance geometry measuring index glass movement gulps down (or telling), just can obtain wavelength; If known wavelength, count gulp down (or telling) fringe number also can find range from.
Apply calorifics of the present invention, Physical Experiment that electromagnetics, Optical Synthetic experimental technique can carry out multiple different subject, illustrate respectively below by different embodiments.
The wavelength X of the light that embodiment 1 known luminaire sends is 500nm, measures the length l of metal bar to be measured
0
The jacking block 5 be separately positioned on described sliding seat 3 and described holder 4, jacking block 8 are held out against; Progressively pull open jacking block 5 and jacking block 8, and keep the situation of change of observing interference fringe, fall between jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 until metal bar 7 to be measured slides along domatic 51 and domatic 81, held by supporting plate 13, the two ends of the length of metal bar 7 to be measured are stepped up by jacking block 5 and jacking block 8.At this moment, total varied number Δ k=330 of recording interference fringe, 000.
According to l
0=Δ k λ/2, calculate the length l of metal bar to be measured
0for 8.25cm.
The wavelength X of the light that embodiment 2 known luminaire sends is 600nm, measures the diameter D of metal bar to be measured
The jacking block 5 be separately positioned on described sliding seat 3 and described holder 4, jacking block 8 are held out against; Progressively pull open jacking block 5 and jacking block 8, and keep the situation of change of observing interference fringe, fall between jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 until metal bar to be measured 7 slides along domatic 51 and domatic 81, the two ends of the diameter of metal bar 7 to be measured are stepped up by jacking block 5 and jacking block 8.At this moment, total varied number Δ k=110 of recording interference fringe, 000.
According to D=Δ k λ/2, calculate the diameter D=3.3cm of metal bar to be measured.
The length of the known metal bar to be measured of embodiment 3, measures optical maser wavelength
The jacking block 5 be separately positioned on described sliding seat 3 and described holder 4, jacking block 8 are held out against; Progressively pull open jacking block 5 and jacking block 8, and keep the situation of change of observing interference fringe, until length l
0for the metal bar to be measured 7 of 8cm falls between jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 along domatic 51 and domatic 81 slips, held by supporting plate 13, the two ends of the length of metal bar 7 to be measured are stepped up by jacking block 5 and jacking block 8.At this moment, total varied number Δ k=300 of recording interference fringe, 000.
According to λ=2l
0/ Δ k, calculating laser wavelength lambda is 533nm.
Embodiment 4 measures Distribution of Magnetic Field, determines uniform magnetic field scope and magnetic induction density B
Assistant experiment instrument comprises: stabilized current supply, stabilized voltage supply, amp gauge.
Field coil 61 is energized, in fixture, forms magnetic field utilize above-mentioned assistant experiment instrument to measure the Distribution of Magnetic Field in fixture and magnetic induction density B according to Hall's technique.Obtaining measurement result is: in field coil 61, the field homogeneity in the region between two jacking blocks 5 and jacking block 8 and the strongest.
Magnetostriction coefficient μ is measured under embodiment 5 normal temperature
Be l by length
0metal bar to be measured 7 hold out against with jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 respectively;
Be energized to field coil 61, in field coil 61, the region between two jacking blocks 5 and jacking block 8 forms uniform magnetic field; Observe the pattern of interference fringe;
Change the electrical current of field coil 61, and then change magnetic field intensity B;
Total varied number Δ k of recording interference fringe pattern;
According to Δ l=Δ k λ/2, μ=Δ l/l
0b, calculates magnetostriction coefficient μ; Wherein, Δ l is the length variations amount of metal bar 7 to be measured, and λ is optical maser wavelength.
Embodiment 6 measures dynamic magnetostriction coefficient μ (T)
Be l by length
0metal bar to be measured 7 hold out against with jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 respectively;
Be energized to field coil 61, in field coil 61, the region between jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 forms uniform magnetic field; Observe the pattern of interference fringe;
Heater coil 62 is energized, changes the temperature T in fixture, be warmed up to 100 DEG C by 20 DEG C;
Total varied number Δ k of recording interference fringe pattern;
According to Δ l (T)=Δ k λ/2, μ (T)=Δ l/l
0b, calculates dynamic magnetostriction coefficient μ (T); Wherein, Δ l (T) for the length variations amount of metal bar 7 to be measured, B be magnetic field intensity, λ is optical maser wavelength.
Embodiment 7 measures linear expansion coefficient κ
Be l by length
0metal bar to be measured 7 hold out against with jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 respectively;
Observe the pattern of interference fringe;
Heater coil 62 is energized, changes the temperature T in fixture, be warmed up to 100 DEG C by 20 DEG C;
Total varied number Δ k of recording interference fringe pattern;
According to Δ l (T)=Δ k λ/2; κ=Δ l (T)/l
0, calculate linear expansion coefficient κ; Wherein, the temperature variant variable quantity of length that Δ l (T) is metal bar 7 to be measured, λ is optical maser wavelength.
Embodiment 8 Comprehensive Experiment
Step I: measure Distribution of Magnetic Field, determine uniform magnetic field scope and magnetic induction density B
Assistant experiment instrument comprises: stabilized current supply, stabilized voltage supply, amp gauge.
Field coil 61 is energized, in fixture, forms magnetic field utilize above-mentioned assistant experiment instrument to measure the Distribution of Magnetic Field in fixture and magnetic induction density B according to Hall's technique.Obtaining measurement result is: in field coil 61, the field homogeneity in the region between two jacking blocks 5 and jacking block 8 and the strongest.
Step I i: according to the length of standard metal rod, measures optical maser wavelength
The jacking block 5 be separately positioned on described sliding seat 3 and described holder 4, jacking block 8 are held out against; Progressively pull open jacking block 5 and jacking block 8, and keep the situation of change of observing interference fringe, until the standard metal rod that standard length is 33.00mm falls between jacking block 5 and jacking block 8, the two ends of the length of metal bar 7 to be measured clamp by jacking block 5 and jacking block 8.At this moment, total varied number Δ k=110 of recording interference fringe, 000.
According to λ=2l
0/ Δ k, calculating laser wavelength lambda is 600.0nm.
Step I ii: the length l measuring metal bar to be measured
0
The jacking block 5 be separately positioned on described sliding seat 3 and described holder 4, jacking block 8 are held out against; Progressively pull open jacking block 5 and jacking block 8, and keep the situation of change of observing interference fringe, metal bar 7 to be measured slides along domatic 51 and domatic 81 and falls between jacking block 5 and jacking block 8, is held, the two ends of the length of metal bar 7 to be measured are clamped by jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 by supporting plate 13.At this moment, total varied number Δ k=300 of recording interference fringe, 000.
According to l
0=Δ k λ/2, calculate the length l of metal bar to be measured
0for 90.000mm.
Step I v: measure magnetostriction coefficient μ under normal temperature
Be l by length
0metal bar to be measured 7 hold out against with jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 respectively;
Be energized to field coil 61, in field coil 61, the region between two jacking blocks 5 and jacking block 8 forms uniform magnetic field; Observe the pattern of interference fringe;
Change the electrical current of field coil 61, and then change magnetic field intensity B;
Total varied number Δ k of recording interference fringe pattern;
According to Δ l=Δ k λ/2, μ=Δ l/l
0b, calculates magnetostriction coefficient μ; Wherein, Δ l is the length variations amount of metal bar 7 to be measured, and λ is optical maser wavelength.
Step v: measure dynamic magnetostriction coefficient μ (T)
Be l by length
0metal bar to be measured 7 hold out against with jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 respectively;
Be energized to field coil 61, in field coil 61, the region between jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 forms uniform magnetic field; Observe the pattern of interference fringe;
Heater coil 62 is energized, changes the temperature T in fixture, be warmed up to 100 DEG C by 20 DEG C;
Total varied number Δ k of recording interference fringe pattern;
According to Δ l (T)=Δ k λ/2, μ (T)=Δ l/l
0b, calculates dynamic magnetostriction coefficient μ (T); Wherein, Δ l (T) for the length variations amount of metal bar 7 to be measured, B be magnetic field intensity, λ is optical maser wavelength.
Step vi: measure linear expansion coefficient κ
Be l by length
0metal bar to be measured 7 hold out against with jacking block 5 and jacking block 8 respectively;
Observe the pattern of interference fringe;
Heater coil 62 is energized, changes the temperature T in fixture, be warmed up to 100 DEG C by 20 DEG C;
Total varied number Δ k of recording interference fringe pattern;
According to Δ l (T)=Δ k λ/2; κ=Δ l (T)/l
0, calculate linear expansion coefficient κ; Wherein, the temperature variant variable quantity of length that Δ l (T) is metal bar 7 to be measured, λ is optical maser wavelength.
In above-mentioned embodiment of the present invention, the item below of the score line "/" in all mathematical formulaes is all denominator, and item is above all molecule.Hereby illustrate for avoiding producing ambiguity.
Obviously, above-described embodiment is only for clearly example being described, and the restriction not to embodiment.For those of ordinary skill in the field, can also make other changes in different forms on the basis of the above description.Here exhaustive without the need to also giving all embodiments.And thus the apparent change of extending out or variation be still among the protection domain of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. calorifics, electromagnetics, an Optical Synthetic experimental technique, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
Step I: the light beam sent from light source, the semi-reflective surface of beam splitter (9) is divided into folded light beam and transmitted light beam; Wherein,
Transmitted light beam through compensating plate (10) directive horizontal glass (11), and passes compensating plate (10) again after horizontal glass (11) reflection, then reflects on beam splitter (9);
Folded light beam directive index glass (1), again through beam splitter (9) after index glass (1) reflection, then interferes with the transmitted light beam reflected through beam splitter (9);
Step I i: the jacking block (5,8) be separately positioned on sliding seat (3) and holder (4) is pulled open, puts into the metal bar of standard length; The wavelength of the light that described light source sends is calculated according to the variable quantity of interference fringe;
Step I ii: the jacking block (5,8) be separately positioned on sliding seat (3) and holder (4) is pulled open, put into metal bar to be measured (7), the wavelength of the light obtained according to step I i calculates the length of metal bar to be measured (7);
Step I v: the magnetic field intensity or the temperature that change metal bar to be measured (7) position, by the variable quantity of measuring interference fringe and the wavelength of light sent according to light source, calculates the length variations amount of metal bar to be measured (7).
2. synthesis experiment method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described metal bar to be measured (7) is arranged in electric furnace (41); Field coil (61) and heater coil (62) is respectively equipped with in described electric furnace (41).
3. synthesis experiment method according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described field coil (61) and heater coil (62) can work respectively, or work simultaneously.
4. synthesis experiment method according to claim 2, is characterized in that, the scope of the temperature in the adjustable described electric furnace (41) of described heater coil (62) is 20 ~ 100 DEG C.
5. synthesis experiment method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, is also provided with the supporting plate (13) that is used for holding metal bar to be measured (7) in described electric furnace (41).
6. synthesis experiment method according to claim 5, it is characterized in that, be respectively equipped with one on the top of two described jacking blocks (5,8) and be suitable for article to be measured and steadily slide and drop on domatic (51,81) on supporting plate (13).
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Application publication date: 20151104 |