CN104947836A - Supportless construction method for cast-in-place floor of high-rise steel structure house - Google Patents
Supportless construction method for cast-in-place floor of high-rise steel structure house Download PDFInfo
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- CN104947836A CN104947836A CN201510357447.9A CN201510357447A CN104947836A CN 104947836 A CN104947836 A CN 104947836A CN 201510357447 A CN201510357447 A CN 201510357447A CN 104947836 A CN104947836 A CN 104947836A
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of template construction, in particular to a supportless construction method for a cast-in-place floor of a high-rise steel structure house. The supportless construction method for the cast-in-place floor of the high-rise steel structure house comprises the steps that a load on a supportless template is calculated according to the condition of an actual high-rise steel structure, and steel tubes and support rods are selected; multiple steel tubes are fixed between a pair of steel beams which are arranged in parallel through locking devices. Each steel tube and a pair of steel beams are vertically arranged. The locking devices are a pair of locking devices. The pair of locking devices clamp one ends of the steel tubes in the middle and limit one ends of the steel tubes in installing spaces of the steel beams. Multiple support rods are fixed above the multiple steel tubes. Two ends of each support rod are fixed in the installing space that a pair of steel beams and the other pair of steel beams are vertically arranged. A bottom die template is arranged above the multiple support rods and is fixed with two pairs of steel beams simultaneously. The supportless construction method for the cast-in-place floor of the high-rise steel structure house has the advantages that the construction period is shortened, safety hazards caused by template collapse due to instability of a scaffold are eradiated completely, at the same time, the construction cost is saved, and the construction quality is guaranteed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to template construction field, particularly relate to the unsupported construction method of a kind of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses.
Background technology
Steel work is according to it from heavy and light, and foundation cost is low, and anti-seismic performance is good, is applicable to soft foundation, install easily, construction period is fast, and gain quick return in investment, construction environment is polluted few, reduces production capacity surplus, one of comprehensive advantages " green building " that be described as 21st century such as anti-seismic performance is good.Present stage, steel structure technique floor mainly adopted cast-in-place concrete structure, floor is cast-in-place need steel girder erection to complete after, set up full hall scaffold, install template, assembling reinforcement, concreting again, after needing to wait until that concrete reaches some strength, full hall scaffold and template can be removed, carry out lower first floor plate and build operation construction.As floor is not built, just cannot carry out the installation of next joint steel column, directly affects the installation rate of steel work.
In recent years because scaffold unstability causes template cave-in accident again and again to occur, comparatively large owing to setting up full hall scaffold quantity below template, the scaffold probability that caves in is higher, once occur caving in implement to rescue all very difficult.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention has designed and developed the unsupported construction method of a kind of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, object is to provide a kind of without the need to setting up full hall scaffold, the method of the construction of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses can be realized, to shorten construction period, thoroughly stop to cave in the potential safety hazard brought because of template that scaffold unstability causes, save construction cost simultaneously, ensure construction quality.
Technical scheme provided by the invention is:
The unsupported construction method of a kind of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, comprises the following steps:
Step one, situation according to actual high-rise steel structure, calculate without the load on support shuttering, and select steel pipe and support bar;
Step 2, the multiple steel pipes selected are fixed on pair of parallel setting by locking device girder steel between, each steel pipe is all vertical with a pair girder steel to be arranged, described locking device is set to a pair, one end of described steel pipe is clamped in centre by pair of locking device, and being limited in the installing space of described girder steel, locking device described in up-down adjustment is fixed to make described steel pipe and described girder steel;
Step 3, the multiple support bars selected are fixed on the top of multiple steel pipe, and the two ends of each support bar be separately fixed at a pair girder steel in step 2 vertically disposed another in the installing space of girder steel;
Step 4, bed die template is fixed on the top of multiple support bar, and fixes with two pairs of girder steels simultaneously.
By using two pairs of girder steels as main framework, install fixing steel pipe, support bar and bed die template successively from top to bottom, achieve the unsupported construction of in-situ floor slab in houses, what eliminate that full hall scaffold below template supports sets up and removes, save construction cost, shorten construction period; And the connection between steel pipe and girder steel can regulate tautness according to actual needs, meets the demand of different construction conditions.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, described locking device is a pair adjustable bolt and two pairs of clamping plate, a pair adjustable bolt divides the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, two pairs of clamping plate also divide the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, each adjustable bolt comprises a leading screw and is separately positioned on two nuts at leading screw two ends, and the two ends of each leading screw are all through the through hole that a pair clamping plate is offered, rotate described leading screw to support respectively on a frange plate of described girder steel and an end face of described steel pipe to make a pair clamping plate.This locking device is applicable to be highly the girder steel of 250-400mm, regulates fixing between steel pipe and girder steel, can meet the needs of practice of construction by the adjustable bolt of upper and lower, again can by steel pipe and girder steel fixation.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, the two ends of each leading screw are provided with external screw thread, each nut is provided with internal thread, and the direction of the internal thread of two nuts is contrary, each nut is fixed with clamping plate away from the one end in leading screw axle center, and rotational lead screw drives a pair clamping plate to support respectively on a frange plate of described girder steel and an end face of described steel pipe to make two nuts, described steel pipe and described girder steel is fixed.Change distance between two nuts with fixing steel pipe and girder steel by the rotation of leading screw, simple to operate, a pair clamping plate and girder steel contact area large, fixing more firm.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, described locking device is a pair adjustable bolt and two pairs of clamping plate, a pair adjustable bolt divides two sidepieces being located at Steel pipe end surface, two pairs of clamping plate divide the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, each adjustable bolt comprises a leading screw and is separately positioned on multiple nuts at leading screw two ends, and the two ends of each leading screw are all through the through hole that a pair clamping plate is offered, rotate described multiple nut respectively to support respectively on an end face of the edge of a wing portion of described girder steel and described steel pipe to make a pair clamping plate.This locking device is applicable to be highly the girder steel of 150-250mm, regulates fixing between steel pipe and girder steel, can meet the needs of practice of construction by the adjustable bolt of both sides, again can by steel pipe and girder steel fixation.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, the two ends of each leading screw are provided with external screw thread, multiple nut and two pairs of clamping plate are all set on the external screw thread of leading screw, and one end of each leading screw is all arranged with a pair clamping plate, the centre of a pair clamping plate is provided with at least two nuts, rotate multiple nut respectively to move in the direction away from each other to make multiple nut, and promote a pair clamping plate and support respectively on an end face of the edge of a wing portion of described girder steel and described steel pipe, described steel pipe and described girder steel are fixed.Change distance between a pair clamping plate with fixing steel pipe and girder steel by two nuts to the rotation of different directions, easy to operate, and a pair clamping plate and girder steel contact area large, fixing more firm.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, rubber pad is provided with between the end face of each clamping plate and described steel pipe and between the edge of a wing portion of each clamping plate and described girder steel, to increase the frictional force of contact surface, effectively prevent steel pipe under load gravity, slide displacement occurring.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, when installing steel pipe in described step 2, the both sides of the central part of each steel pipe are provided with a pair pilot pin, are regulated the position of each steel pipe by a pair pilot pin.Pilot pin plays the effect of quick position when installing steel pipe, can effectively prevent steel pipe sideways, and template cave-in accident occurs.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, adjacent two girder steels are connected and fixed by combined special-shaped steel column, to make the connection between girder steel more firm.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, the bed die template in described step 4 is connected and fixed by multiple support and described combined special-shaped steel column, is connected firmly to make bed die template and combined special-shaped steel column.
Preferably, in the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, in the space between described bed die template and described girder steel and between described bed die template and described support, all expanding sealing strips is filled with.Expanding sealing strips is met after water and is expanded, and effectively can stop spillage, ensures the impression quality of the smooth and concrete surface of the concrete surface after form removal.
In the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses of the present invention, according to the situation of actual high-rise steel structure, calculate without the load on support shuttering, and select sectional dimension and the arrangement pitch of steel pipe and support bar, and from top to bottom steel pipe, support bar and bed die template and steel girder erection are fixed successively, mounting method is simple, eliminates setting up and removing of full hall scaffold below bed die template, greatly reduce working procedure, shorten construction period.Each steel pipe is all fixed by pair of locking device and the adjustable installation of girder steel, meet the difference needs that construction is actual, and be provided with rubber pad at contact surface, add the frictional force of contact surface, effectively prevent steel pipe, under load gravity, slide displacement occurs, stop potential safety hazard.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the unsupported general arrangement of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the contour schematic diagram of the both sides girder steel of 1-1 section in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the not contour schematic diagram of the both sides girder steel of 1-1 section in Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram one of 2-2 section in Fig. 1;
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram two of 2-2 section in Fig. 1;
Fig. 6 is highly the side schematic view of the steel girder erection of 250-400mm;
Fig. 7 is highly the front schematic view of the steel girder erection of 250-400mm;
Fig. 8 (a), Fig. 8 (b) and Fig. 8 (c) are the schematic diagrames of three kinds of structures of combined special-shaped steel column;
Fig. 9 (a) and Fig. 9 (b) is the schematic diagram of two kinds of structures of support;
Figure 10 is highly the side schematic view of the steel girder erection of 150-250mm;
Figure 11 is highly the front schematic view of the steel girder erection of 150-250mm.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is described in further detail, can implement according to this with reference to manual word to make those skilled in the art.
As shown in Figure 1, Figure 4 and Figure 5, the invention provides the unsupported construction method of a kind of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, comprise the following steps:
Step one, situation according to actual high-rise steel structure house, i.e. job site residence building standard width of a room in an old-style house situation, calculate house without the load supported on cast-in-situ floor, according to house without the load supported on cast-in-situ floor, select sectional dimension and the arrangement pitch of steel pipe 4 and support bar 5, steel pipe of the present invention is square steel pipe, and support bar is that the lumps of wood is stupefied, and multiple steel pipe and support bar are equidistant arrangement.
Step 2, the multiple steel pipes selected are fixed on pair of parallel setting by locking device girder steel 9 between, a pair steel girder erection is at the reserved location place of the building standard width of a room in an old-style house, girder steel is H profile steel beam, H profile steel beam comprises a web and is positioned at two frange plates at web two ends, each steel pipe is all vertical with a pair girder steel to be arranged, and parallel with the minor face of the building standard width of a room in an old-style house, to make stress equalization.When installing steel pipe, the both sides of the central part of each steel pipe are provided with a pair pilot pin 8, are regulated the position of each steel pipe by a pair pilot pin.The central part of steel pipe is limited in its grasping part by a pair pilot pin, plays location and scale effect, pilot pin can be a pair steel disc or other play the component of clamping action, effectively prevent square steel pipe from rolling under load force.Described locking device is set to a pair, one end of described steel pipe is clamped in centre by pair of locking device, and be limited in the installing space of described girder steel, namely, in the hemi-closure space that a web and two frange plates are formed, locking device described in up-down adjustment is fixed to make described steel pipe and described girder steel.
Step 3, the multiple support bars selected are fixed on the top of multiple steel pipe, centre post 2 is arranged on the top of the central part of each steel pipe, first mounting center support bar during installation, remaining support bar is installed again, and the two ends of each support bar be separately fixed at a pair girder steel in step 2 vertically disposed another in the installing space of girder steel, namely each support bar is vertical with each steel pipe is arranged.
Step 4, bed die template 3 is fixed on the top of multiple support bar, and fixes with two pairs of girder steels simultaneously, in the present invention, bed die template is wooden form.
In the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, this girder steel is be highly the H profile steel beam of 250-400mm.Described locking device is a pair adjustable bolt and two pairs of clamping plate 13, a pair adjustable bolt divides the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, two pairs of clamping plate also divide the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, namely, penstock installation in the hemi-closure space of H profile steel beam, the distance that the upper surface of steel pipe and lower surface are all certain apart from two edges of a wing portion of H profile steel beam.Each adjustable bolt is arranged in the space between the end face of steel pipe and the edge of a wing portion of H profile steel beam respectively, each adjustable bolt comprises a leading screw 7 and is separately positioned on two nuts 12 at leading screw two ends, and the two ends of each leading screw are all through the through hole that a pair clamping plate is offered, rotate described leading screw and support respectively on a frange plate of described girder steel and an end face of described steel pipe to make a pair clamping plate.
In the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, the two ends of each leading screw are provided with external screw thread, and each nut is provided with internal thread, and the direction of the internal thread of two nuts is contrary, during to make screw turns, two nuts are to direction motion away from each other.Each nut is fixed with clamping plate away from the one end in leading screw axle center, train wheel bridge is a flat board, lower plate is a U-shaped plate that Open Side Down, rotational lead screw drives a pair clamping plate to support respectively on a frange plate of described girder steel and an end face of described steel pipe to make two nuts, described steel pipe and described girder steel is fixed.
In the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, as shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11, this girder steel is be highly the H profile steel beam of 150-250mm.Described locking device is a pair adjustable bolt and two pairs of clamping plate 13, a pair adjustable bolt divides two sidepieces being located at Steel pipe end surface, two pairs of clamping plate divide the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, namely, penstock installation in the hemi-closure space of H profile steel beam, the distance that the upper surface of steel pipe and lower surface are all certain apart from two edges of a wing portion of H profile steel beam.Each adjustable bolt is arranged on left side and the right side of steel pipe respectively, each adjustable bolt comprises a leading screw 7 and is separately positioned on multiple nuts 12 at leading screw two ends, and the two ends of each leading screw are all through the through hole that a pair clamping plate is offered, rotate described multiple nut respectively and support respectively on an end face of the edge of a wing portion of described girder steel and described steel pipe to make a pair clamping plate.
In the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, the two ends of each leading screw are provided with external screw thread, multiple nut and two pairs of clamping plate are all set on the external screw thread of leading screw, and one end of each leading screw is all arranged with a pair clamping plate, the centre of a pair clamping plate is provided with at least two nuts.A pair clamping plate is level board, a pair clamping plate is arranged with the edge of a wing portion of girder steel and an end contact of steel pipe respectively, rotate upper and lower two nuts respectively to move in the direction away from each other to make two nuts, and promote a pair clamping plate and support respectively on an end face of the edge of a wing portion of described girder steel and described steel pipe, described steel pipe and described girder steel are fixed, namely, for the adjustable bolt on top, upper cap nut makes train wheel bridge hold out against the upper limb edge of girder steel, and lower nut makes lower plate hold out against the upper surface of steel pipe.
The H profile steel beam of 250-400mm and the H profile steel beam of 150-250mm can be selected according to the construction demand of reality, and the H profile steel beam of 250-400mm is relative to the H profile steel beam of 150-250mm, and installing space is comparatively large, and range of application is wider.As shown in Figures 2 and 3, also can select contour H profile steel beam and not contour H profile steel beam according to the construction demand of reality, regardless of the H profile steel beam that contour H profile steel beam is still not contour, when constructing, the upper surface of girder steel is in level all the time.
In the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, between the end face of each clamping plate and described steel pipe and between the edge of a wing portion of each clamping plate and described girder steel, be provided with rubber pad 11.Rubber pad after penstock installation completes, can be placed in upper surface and the lower surface place of steel pipe, then installs clamping plate, nut and leading screw successively.
In the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, adjacent two girder steels are connected and fixed by combined special-shaped steel column 1, as shown in Fig. 8 (a), Fig. 8 (b) He Fig. 8 (c), combined special-shaped steel column can be cross, half cross or right angle type.Criss-cross combined special-shaped steel column is applicable to the construction of template in the middle part of the building standard width of a room in an old-style house, and half criss-cross combined special-shaped steel column is applicable to the construction of building standard width of a room in an old-style house edge template, and the combined special-shaped steel column of right angle type is applicable to the construction of building standard width of a room in an old-style house corner template.By multiple combined special-shaped steel column, multiple template is connected, to be suitable for the needs of practice of construction.
In the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, bed die template in described step 4 is connected and fixed with described combined special-shaped steel column by multiple support 10, support can be angle iron bracket, as shown in Fig. 9 (a) He Fig. 9 (b), the end of angle iron bracket can be wedge shape or plane, to adapt to the needs of practice of construction, and strengthen the fixing of bed die template and combined special-shaped steel column.
In the described unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, weather strip 6 is all filled with in space between described bed die template and described girder steel and between described bed die template and described support, weather strip can be expandable sponges bar, or other have the bar of sealing function, weather strip whole without support shuttering installation after, be blocked in the space between all parts.
Adopt construction method of the present invention, there is following effective effect:
1, short construction period, saving construction cost.Such as, the building of 24 floor heights, traditional mold method needs 6 working days, and could enter lower one deck operation again after needing to have built, completing entire building needs 144 working days.The present invention can three layers or four layers construct simultaneously, install for three floor plates and construct simultaneously, entire building totally 8 construction sections, 5 every period working days, 40 working days of total lever factor, substantially reduce the construction period, directly reduce construction cost.
2, material lease expenses and labour cost is saved.Tradition mold method needs to set up full hall scaffold as shuttering supporting, then on scaffold, set up wooden stupefied bone, lays template above wooden stupefied bone.The present invention utilizes H profile steel beam itself to do fulcrum, without the need to setting up all round victory scaffold, saving the lease expenses of full hall scaffold and setting up the labour cost of scaffold, dismounting scaffold.
3, in recent years because scaffold unstability causes template cave-in accident again and again to occur, the present invention, without the need to setting up all round victory scaffold, has thoroughly stopped because of the scaffold unstability potential safety hazard brought that causes template to cave in.
Although embodiment of the present invention are open as above, but it is not restricted to listed in manual and embodiment utilization, it can be applied to various applicable the field of the invention completely, for those skilled in the art, can easily realize other amendment, therefore do not deviating under the universal that claim and equivalency range limit, the present invention is not limited to specific details and illustrates here and the legend described.
Claims (10)
1. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
Step one, situation according to actual high-rise steel structure, calculate without the load on support shuttering, and select steel pipe and support bar;
Step 2, the multiple steel pipes selected are fixed on pair of parallel setting by locking device girder steel between, each steel pipe is all vertical with a pair girder steel to be arranged, described locking device is set to a pair, one end of described steel pipe is clamped in centre by pair of locking device, and being limited in the installing space of described girder steel, locking device described in up-down adjustment is fixed to make described steel pipe and described girder steel;
Step 3, the multiple support bars selected are fixed on the top of multiple steel pipe, and the two ends of each support bar be separately fixed at a pair girder steel in step 2 vertically disposed another in the installing space of girder steel;
Step 4, bed die template is fixed on the top of multiple support bar, and fixes with two pairs of girder steels simultaneously.
2. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described locking device is a pair adjustable bolt and two pairs of clamping plate, a pair adjustable bolt divides the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, two pairs of clamping plate also divide the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, each adjustable bolt comprises a leading screw and is separately positioned on two nuts at leading screw two ends, and the two ends of each leading screw are all through the through hole that a pair clamping plate is offered, rotate described leading screw to support respectively on a frange plate of described girder steel and an end face of described steel pipe to make a pair clamping plate.
3. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that, the two ends of each leading screw are provided with external screw thread, each nut is provided with internal thread, and the direction of the internal thread of two nuts is contrary, each nut is fixed with clamping plate away from the one end in leading screw axle center, rotational lead screw drives a pair clamping plate to support respectively on a frange plate of described girder steel and an end face of described steel pipe to make two nuts, described steel pipe and described girder steel is fixed.
4. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described locking device is a pair adjustable bolt and two pairs of clamping plate, a pair adjustable bolt divides two sidepieces being located at Steel pipe end surface, two pairs of clamping plate divide the upper and lower being located at Steel pipe end surface, each adjustable bolt comprises a leading screw and is separately positioned on multiple nuts at leading screw two ends, and the two ends of each leading screw are all through the through hole that a pair clamping plate is offered, rotate described multiple nut respectively to support respectively on an end face of the edge of a wing portion of described girder steel and described steel pipe to make a pair clamping plate.
5. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that, the two ends of each leading screw are provided with external screw thread, multiple nut and two pairs of clamping plate are all set on the external screw thread of leading screw, and one end of each leading screw is all arranged with a pair clamping plate, the centre of a pair clamping plate is provided with at least two nuts, rotate multiple nut respectively to move in the direction away from each other to make multiple nut, and promote a pair clamping plate and support respectively on an end face of the edge of a wing portion of described girder steel and described steel pipe, described steel pipe and described girder steel are fixed.
6. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as described in claim 3 or 5, is characterized in that, is provided with rubber pad between the end face of each clamping plate and described steel pipe and between the edge of a wing portion of each clamping plate and described girder steel.
7. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, when installing steel pipe in described step 2, the both sides of the central part of each steel pipe are provided with a pair pilot pin, are regulated the position of each steel pipe by a pair pilot pin.
8. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, adjacent two girder steels are connected and fixed by combined special-shaped steel column.
9. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as claimed in claim 8, it is characterized in that, the bed die template in described step 4 is connected and fixed by multiple support and described combined special-shaped steel column.
10. the unsupported construction method of high-rise steel structure in-situ floor slab in houses as claimed in claim 9, is characterized in that, be all filled with expanding sealing strips in the space between described bed die template and described girder steel and between described bed die template and described support.
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CN110439284A (en) * | 2019-07-23 | 2019-11-12 | 孟令红 | A kind of steel construction formwork |
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CN201539098U (en) * | 2009-10-23 | 2010-08-04 | 清华大学 | Detachable convenient support device of steel structure building template |
CN101949212A (en) * | 2010-09-29 | 2011-01-19 | 中冶建筑研究总院有限公司 | Slabform detachable support system and construction method thereof |
CN102140841A (en) * | 2010-12-31 | 2011-08-03 | 青岛一建集团有限公司 | Construction method of building superstructure in high-rise steel-concrete mixed structure with few supporting formworks |
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CN110439284A (en) * | 2019-07-23 | 2019-11-12 | 孟令红 | A kind of steel construction formwork |
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