CN104929146B - A kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method - Google Patents
A kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104929146B CN104929146B CN201510225892.XA CN201510225892A CN104929146B CN 104929146 B CN104929146 B CN 104929146B CN 201510225892 A CN201510225892 A CN 201510225892A CN 104929146 B CN104929146 B CN 104929146B
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of pile foundation engineering technique field, specifically related to a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method, show that karst region pile foundation installing intersection depth determines prospecting depth and reconnoitres thinking including setting up computation model and computing formula by structural mechanics and geological theory first, according to prospecting thinking prospecting basement rock characteristic formation investigation result, fault zone distribution map and proposed building and karst growth zone relative position relation figure are drawn according to investigation result, then the sequence of construction of place pile foundation is determined in units of proposed every building building, the subdivided proposed pile foundation construction per building building is sequentially on this basis, and carry out different slip casting pretreatments by different level in batches to pile foundation, then the karst growth zone pile foundation to every building building carries out mortar depositing construction, according to multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method disclosed by the invention construct to be prevented effectively from because construction causes surface collapse and casualties and property loss.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of pile foundation engineering technique field, and in particular to a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method.
Background technology
Substrate karst easily forms soil cave because level of ground water is with the effect such as seasonal variations and latent erosion, vacuum suction, and develops into collapse, or Upper Plate of Karst Cave is produced collapse due to the reason such as newly-increased built-loading increase load.Collapse and jeopardize the stabilization of building, influence traffic safety, Karst grouting consolidation process need to be carried out.Before treatment measures and construction are formulated, targetedly probing and Geophysical Work should be carried out on the basis of conscientious ground investigation, then according to prospecting results, formulate feasible treatment measures.Otherwise it can cause casualties and property loss.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering Comprehensive Treatment construction method, it is prevented effectively from and is caused casualties and property loss because construction causes surface collapse.
The present invention above-mentioned technical purpose technical scheme is that：
A kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method, it is characterised in that Specific construction step is as follows：
（One）Comprehensively set up computation model and computing formula formation karst region pile foundation installing intersection depth and prospecting thinking；
（Two）According to step（One）The lithology of described prospecting thinking prospecting basement rock, construction, scar change, rate of decay, determine its hardness, integrated degree and gross grade, determine whether cave, free face, fragmented rock body or soft stratum, form investigation result；
（Three）According to step（Two）Described investigation result draws fault zone distribution map and proposed building and karst growth zone relative position relation figure；
（Four）According to step（Three）Described fault zone distribution map and relative position relation figure, formulate the sequence of construction of construction site pile foundation in units of proposed every building building；
According to local after first totality, the sequence of construction of building is first selected in units of single building.Generally, the pile foundation for a problem that having solution cavity, crack for exposure, also in line with easy first and difficult later principle, selects dangerous relatively small region to carry out early stage construction, first constructing, cranny development is poor, solution cavity is less, solution cavity level is less；Then pile foundation that construction solution cavity is big, more complicated situations such as solution cavity level is more.For each building foundation construction, it should follow in batches with pre-processing principle in advance, it is ensured that construction speed and duration.
（Five）According to step（Four）Described sequence of construction, four grades are classified as according to the possible caused surface collapse danger classes of the location of karst growth zone, developmental state and karst pile foundation construction：
The first estate：Solution cavity is not met in advance borehole or the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness is less than or equal to 1 meter, and karst pile foundation construction does not cause surface collapse or surface collapse depth to be less than 0.5 meter；
Second grade：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than 1 meter again less than or equal to 3 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be less than 1.5 meters；
The tertiary gradient：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than 3 meters again less than or equal to 5 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be less than 2.5 meters；
The fourth estate：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than 5 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be more than or equal to 2.5 meters；
（Six）To the karst growth zone of every building building pile, pile foundation is according to step（Five）Described grade is carried out mortar depositing construction by different level in batches：
（I）For the first estate, first construction is carried out, directly construction is without preventing and treating；
（II）For the second grade, second batch construction is carried out, impact holing part is calculated at 2 meters of throwing slabstones and ball clay horizontal pack-press, tip-tap when entering rock before basement rock；
（III）For the tertiary gradient, the 3rd batch of construction, impact holing part, total length throwing slabstone and ball clay horizontal pack-press, tip-tap when entering rock are carried out；
（IV）For the fourth estate, the 4th batch of construction is carried out；
（Seven）Before first pile foundation construction, solution cavity is pre-processed using following preprocess method in advance：Small-bore drills, and injects mortar, and its cement mortar proportion is：Water：Cement：Sand=0.8：1.0：1.0.Impact holing part is calculated at 2 meters of throwing slabstones and ball clay horizontal pack-press, tip-tap when entering rock before basement rock.
Analyzed through advance borehole prospecting statistics with calculating, cause surface collapse prevention and cure project practical experience with reference to a large amount of karst pile foundation constructions, the surface collapse danger classes according to caused by karst pile foundation construction is possible is classified as four grades, its karst pile foundation construction is divided into four batches, and the different prophylactico-therapeutic measures of correspondence.
Preferably, step（Two）Described in prospecting basement rock lithology, construction use boring coring method, specific method according to ground classification, ground Grades of Drillability and drilling technique requirement etc. determine.Drilling for requiring to take core, should use rotary drilling；Can be according to regional experience using Auger drilling or hammering drilling method for cohesive soil；, can be using natural plant gum slurries retaining wall double core barrel with diamond bits drilling for gravelly soil.Drilling method, is repeated no more.
The special project prospecting of construction period karst.The ongoing place physical prospecting of early stage, engineering are surveyed in detail, advance drilling construction etc. data analyzed, arranged, according to being fruitful, find out the subject matter for waiting to find out, and arrange corresponding probing workload, verify skim-coat karst band development in place outer, the deep karst band being still distributed with, finds out karsts developing area elevation location.When playing advance drilling prospecting, should be in the way of " cornerpoints method ", according to every building building axis line position, on building periphery and centre position controlling investigation bore holes are arranged by prospecting depth, according to every building building construction area, ultra-deep control hole is preferably controlled between 6 ~ 8, and no less than 4, the depth of control hole is according to step（One）It is determined that.
Preferably, for karst, fault belt area, exploratory hole should enter good ground through solution cavity or fault belt, and stake bottom enters intact rock depth and is not less than 5.0m.
Crept into preferably, being used to landslide loose earth and severely-weathered horizon d with sleeve pipe retaining wall drilling or mud off；5m sections are crept into using two-tube single action coring below stake bottom；The complete basement rock in bottom is crept into using mud off.
Preferably, step（Six）Described in mortar depositing construction order it is as follows：
（a）Preparation of construction；
（b）Pilot hole is crept into；
（c）Water injection test before slip casting；
（d）Slip casting；
（e）Sealing of hole；
（f）General injected hole drilling；
（g）General injected hole slip casting；
（h）Detection of grouting effects.
Preferably, described step（b）In, when geotechnical boring finds that karst is larger, when adjacent holes may be connected, injected hole should jump hole and apply brill, slip casting again after not answering all drilled hole complete.
Preferably, described step（b）In, injected hole hole position deviation is no more than 50cm.
Preferably, described step（d）Slip casting during in the embedded observation stake in slip casting region, its ground settlement is observed before and after slip casting, ground observation record is carried out.
Preferably, described observation stake is arranged on wire center, outside roadbed both sides embankment or cutting toe and toe（Or outside moat top）10m is set respectively, and longitudinal pitch is not more than 50m, and transition segment limit and heterogeneous area should encrypt observation section.
Preferably, described step（d）Slip casting process reach following standard for the moment, terminate the hole slip casting：
1. slip casting aperture pressure maintains 0.5MPa or so, maintains 10min.
2. when grout point has gone out 3~5m outside range of grouting.
（1）The Comprehensive Treatment constructed in the Changjiang river second bottom Karst Area using geological tectonics, structural mechanics, engineering geology, engineering investigation scheduling theory integrated application analysis and guidance Karst Area pile foundation engineering, is set up computation model by structural mechanics and geological theory and computing formula draws karst region pile foundation installing intersection depth；（2）When carrying out advance drilling prospecting, according to every building building axis position, controlling investigation bore holes should be arranged by prospecting depth on building periphery and centre position in the way of " cornerpoints method "；（3）According to local after first totality, according to combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis thinking, overall pile foundation construction of the proposition in units of building body is drawn in fault zone distribution map and proposed building and karsts developing area relative position relation figure, proposed place using physical prospecting and installing intersection achievement sequentially；（4）" angle point control methods " are proposed on the basis of overall fault zone distribution map with local relative position figure, position and developmental state as at karst, carried out in batches by different level for the pile foundation construction order that every building is built, different construction pretreatment measures are targetedly carried out simultaneously, prevent that the construction of large area deep from collapsing generation；（5）Propose the pile foundation construction order in the every building building in Karst Area and paint sequence of construction figure guiding construction.（6）Large area deep collapses generation during avoiding pile foundation construction by above step, it is to avoid the injures and deaths of construction machinery and personnel, while ensureing that construction reaches design specification requirement and standard.
In summary, according to multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method disclosed by the invention construct to be prevented effectively from because construction causes surface collapse and casualties and property loss.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 be specific embodiment midfield pile foundation sequence of construction figure.
Fig. 2 is multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering precedence diagram in specific embodiment.
Embodiment
A kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method, Specific construction step is as follows：
（One）Comprehensively set up computation model and computing formula formation karst region pile foundation installing intersection depth and prospecting thinking.
（Two）According to step（One）Described prospecting thinking is using the lithology of boring coring method prospecting basement rock, construction, scar change, rate of decay, determine its hardness, integrated degree and gross grade, cave, free face, fragmented rock body or soft stratum are determined whether, investigation result is formed.
For karst, fault belt area, exploratory hole should enter good ground through solution cavity or fault belt, and stake bottom once enters intact rock depth and is not less than 5.0m.
Landslide loose earth and severely-weathered horizon d are used with sleeve pipe retaining wall drilling or mud off drilling；5m sections are crept into using two-tube single action coring below stake bottom；The complete basement rock in bottom is crept into using mud off.
（Three）According to step（Two）Described investigation result draws fault zone distribution map and proposed building and karst growth zone relative position relation figure.
（Four）According to step（Three）Described fault zone distribution map and relative position relation figure, the sequence of construction of place pile foundation is formulated in units of proposed every building building, it is specifically shown in accompanying drawing 1, the representative first step construction of label 5, the representative second step construction of label 6, the step of representative the 3rd construction of label 7, the step of representative the 4th construction of label 8, the step of representative the 5th construction of label 9.
（Five）According to step（Four）Described sequence of construction, is classified as four grades according to the possible caused surface collapse danger classes of the location of karst growth zone, developmental state and karst pile foundation construction, is specifically shown in accompanying drawing 2,
The first estate 1：Solution cavity is not met in advance borehole or the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness is less than or equal to 1 meter, and karst pile foundation construction does not cause surface collapse or surface collapse depth to be less than 0.5 meter；
Second grade 2：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than 1 meter again less than or equal to 3 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be less than 1.5 meters；
The tertiary gradient 3：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than 3 meters again less than or equal to 5 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be less than 2.5 meters；
The fourth estate 4：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than 5 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be more than or equal to 2.5 meters；
（Six）To the karst growth zone pile foundation of every building building pile according to step（Five）Described grade carries out in batches mortar depositing construction by different level：
（I）For the first estate 1, first construction is carried out, directly construction is without preventing and treating；
（II）For the second grade 2, second batch construction is carried out, impact holing part is calculated at 2 meters of throwing slabstones and ball clay horizontal pack-press, filling volume about 18.84m before basement rock3, tip-tap when entering rock；
（III）For the tertiary gradient 3, the 3rd batch of construction, impact holing part, total length throwing slabstone and ball clay horizontal pack-press are carried out（Volume about 18.84m3）, tip-tap when entering rock, above filling volume can be according to actual conditions calculating determination；
（IV）For the fourth estate 4, the 4th batch of construction is carried out, particular order is as follows：
（a）Preparation of construction
（1）It is familiar with each Karst grouting work point project profile, the technical works such as arrangement and method for construction, Karst grouting arrangement of boring holes plan, technical annotation in construction is performed in advance.
（2）Surveying setting-out, according to Karst grouting hole position floor plan, carries out setting-out, and measure, record corresponding slip casting aperture ground elevation to each slip casting hole position.
Required according to design drawing, bury good settlement observation stake, construction period carries out settlement observation.
（3）Connect construction water, electricity, rig trial operation, it is ensured that equipment can normally spud in.
（4）The cement of preparation grouting, sand, waterglass, flyash, raw material of marching into the arena are tested.
（5）Detect all grouting equipment states, it is ensured that equipment can run well, cement canopy and mixing plant and affiliated facility are rationally set.
（b）Pilot hole is crept into；
The principle for filling and being combined according to visiting, drilling is divided into pilot hole and general injected hole, and brill pilot hole is applied first, treats after the completion of pilot hole, arrays data, report management and designing unit, it is determined that related slip casting depth and scope.
（1）Drilling：Soil layer and rock stratum part carry out pore-forming using water drilling, and injected hole hole position deviation is no more than 50cm.
Slip casting pitch of holes 5m;Soil thickness >=3m, grouting layer thickness is not less than 10m, stretches into and 5m is no less than below bedrock surface, and soil thickness ＜ 3m, karst treatment depth is not less than 10m.
1. soil layer drills：Crept into using φ 108mm drill bits, it is ensured that opening diameter ≮ 110mm, after the completion of the round trip that often drills, take out core, put it is neat, and with the depth of label record different soil.Whole holes uses φ 108mm sleeve pipes, and protection casing bassets 0.2~0.5 meter.
2. rockhole：Used below bedrock surface in φ 91mm drill bits, boring procedure and take out core, put neatly, with small label record different lithology and the depth of solution cavity.After drilling to completion, and drilling is cleaned, the borehole cleaning time is no less than 20min.
When geotechnical boring finds that karst is larger, when adjacent holes may be connected, injected hole should jump hole and apply brill, slip casting again after not answering all drilled hole complete.
（2）After the completion of drilling, core is edited and recorded in time by geological record person, the depth of laminated record different soil and rock stratum, the situation of karsts developing area and the depth of level of ground water.In boring procedure, supervising engineer's side reporting geology situation of change.
（3）Slip casting sleeve pipe is fixed using cement mortar.
（c）Water injection test before slip casting；
（d）Slip casting：（1）Disk blender (ring flange) is disposed on sleeve pipe, slip casting machine is debugged, pressure testing is carried out to pipeline, pipeline, the connection of joint, airtight quality is checked, pressure gauge is connected, slip casting preparation is performed.
（2）After the completion of water injection test, start slip casting.Such as Karst corridor, compared with optionally filling medium coarse sand, cement mortar etc. at cavern and crack.If any karsts developing area but midge amount is few or when not entering to starch, first using dredging Karst Fissures passage, then slip casting after the hole flushing of high pressure clear water or rig borehole cleaning.
（3）Borehole cleaning slip casting again is carried out using rig after slip casting is completed 1~2 hour to the injected hole for having the injected hole of charges in solution cavity or suspecting grouting quality, it is ensured that slurries to solution cavity lower limit or meet design grouting amount and slip casting termination condition.Slip casting process reaches that following standard for the moment, terminates the hole slip casting：
1. slip casting aperture pressure maintains 0.5MPa or so, maintains 10min.
2. when grout point has gone out 3~5m outside range of grouting.
Outside slip casting region wire center, roadbed both sides embankment or cutting toe and toe（Or outside moat top）10m sets observation stake respectively, and longitudinal pitch is not more than 50m, and transition segment limit and heterogeneous area should encrypt observation section, and its ground settlement is observed before and after slip casting, carries out ground observation record.Construction period must carry out surface deformation monitoring daily, survey earth's surface deflection, measurement accuracy is not more than 1mm, and carry out detailed record, according to observation data control grouting pressure, in case the stability on moat slope or neighbouring structures are impacted, while Monitoring Data should submit relevant departments, in case Analysis of Subgrade Settlement is used.
（e）Sealing of hole：After slip casting terminates, through quality inspection engineer inspection, notify that supervising engineer checks and confirm whole hole condition.Unload lower flange, extract sleeve pipe, backfill M7.5 cement mortar sealing of holes, fiddle with it is closely knit, and perform aperture mark.
（f）General injected hole drilling, general injected hole slip casting：After the construction of guide's exploratory hole is finished, general injected hole is drilled, mortar depositing construction and sealing of hole.
（g）Detection of grouting effects：Pass through physical prospecting, drill core, water pressure test method detection process effect after slip casting.
（1）Water injection test, before water injection test, measures in hole after fixed level, carries out hole quantification water filling, observation unit length water absorption amplitude of variation, the unit length water absorption tested after slip casting should be less than 3~5% of water absorption before slip casting, you can judgement reaches slip casting effect.
（2）Borehole inspection, it is 5% to check hole count, and situation intuitive judgment slip casting effect is filled according to coring slurries.
（Seven）Before first pile foundation construction, solution cavity is pre-processed using following preprocess method in advance：Small-bore drills, and injects mortar, and its proportioning cement mortar is：Water：Cement：Sand=0.8：1.0：1.0.Impact holing part, is calculated at 2 meters of throwing slabstones and ball clay horizontal pack-press, filling volume about 18.84m before basement rock3, tip-tap when entering rock.
This specific embodiment is only explanation of the invention; it is not limitation of the present invention; those skilled in the art can make the modification without creative contribution to the present embodiment as needed after this specification is read, but as long as all being protected in scope of the presently claimed invention by Patent Law.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method, it is characterised in that Specific construction step is as follows：
（One）Comprehensively set up computation model and determine that Piles in Karst Region substratess are visited and installing intersection depth and prospecting thinking with computing formula；
（Two）According to step（One）The lithology of described prospecting thinking prospecting basement rock, construction, scar change, rate of decay, determine its hardness, integrated degree and gross grade, determine whether cave, free face, fragmented rock body or soft stratum, form investigation result；
（Three）According to step（Two）Described investigation result draws fault zone distribution map and proposed building and karst growth zone relative position relation figure；
（Four）According to step（Three）Described fault zone distribution map and relative position relation figure, formulate the sequence of construction of place pile foundation in units of proposed every building building；
（Five）According to step（Four）Described sequence of construction, four grades are classified as according to the possible caused surface collapse danger classes of the location of karst growth zone, developmental state and karst pile foundation construction：
The first estate（1）：Solution cavity is not met in advance borehole or the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness is less than or equal to 1 meter, and karst pile foundation construction does not cause surface collapse or surface collapse depth to be less than 0.5 meter；
Second grade（2）：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than 1 meter again less than or equal to 3 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be less than 1.5 meters；
The tertiary gradient（3）：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than 3 meters again less than or equal to 5 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be less than 2.5 meters；
The fourth estate（4）：Advance borehole discloses the accumulating totals of solution cavity thickness and is more than or equal to 5 meters, and karst pile foundation construction causes surface collapse depth to be more than 2.5 meters；
（Six）To the karst growth zone pile foundation of every building building pile, according to step（Five）Described grade carries out in batches mortar depositing construction by different level：
(I) for the first estate（1）, first construction is carried out, directly construction is without preventing and treating；
(II) for the second grade（2）, second batch construction is carried out, impact holing part is calculated at 2 meters of throwing slabstones and ball clay horizontal pack-press, tip-tap when entering rock before basement rock；
(III) for the tertiary gradient（3）, carry out the 3rd batch of construction, impact holing part, total length throwing slabstone and ball clay horizontal pack-press, tip-tap when entering rock；
(IV) for the fourth estate（4）, carry out the 4th batch of construction；
（Seven）Before first pile foundation construction, solution cavity is pre-processed using following preprocess method in advance：Small-bore drills, and injects mortar, and its cement mortar proportion is：Water：Cement：Sand=0.8：1.0：1.0；Impact holing part, is computed, 2 meters of throwing slabstones and ball clay horizontal pack-press, tip-tap when entering rock before basement rock is entered.
2. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（Two）Described in prospecting basement rock lithology, construction use boring coring method.
3. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：It is different according to place different zones karstic development pattern and degree, select suitable pile-type and stake long, carry out Karst roof Stability Checking, for karst, fault belt area, exploratory hole should enter good ground through solution cavity or fault belt, and stake bottom enters intact rock depth and is not less than 5.0m, and gathers experiment to core sample, different Lou Dong bottoms rock mass compression strength, shearing strength, tensile strength are determined, pile foundation Karst roof Stability Checking is carried out.
4. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to Claims 2 or 3, it is characterised in that：Landslide loose earth and severely-weathered horizon d are used with sleeve pipe retaining wall drilling or mud off drilling；5m sections are crept into using two-tube single action coring below stake bottom；The complete basement rock in bottom is crept into using mud off.
5. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（Six）Described in mortar depositing construction order it is as follows：
（a）Preparation of construction；
（b）Pilot hole is crept into；
（c）Water injection test before slip casting；
（d）Slip casting；
（e）Sealing of hole；
（f）General injected hole drilling；
（g）General injected hole slip casting；
（h）Detection of grouting effects.
6. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：Described step（b）In, when geotechnical boring finds that karst is larger, when adjacent holes may be connected, injected hole should jump hole and apply brill, slip casting again after not answering all drilled hole complete.
7. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：Described step（b）In, injected hole hole position deviation is no more than 50cm.
8. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：Described step（d）Slip casting during in the embedded observation stake in slip casting region, its ground settlement is observed before and after slip casting, ground observation record is carried out.
9. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to claim 8, it is characterised in that：Described observation stake is arranged on outside wire center, roadbed both sides embankment or cutting toe and toe or 10m is set respectively outside moat top, and longitudinal pitch is not more than 50m, and transition segment limit and heterogeneous area should encrypt observation section.
10. a kind of multilayer karst growth zone pile foundation engineering method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：Described step（d）Slip casting process reach following standard for the moment, terminate the hole slip casting：
1. slip casting aperture pressure maintains 0.5MPa or so, maintains 10min；2. when grout point has gone out 3~5m outside range of grouting.
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| SU1333740A1 (en) * | 1985-07-23 | 1987-08-30 | Украинский Институт Инженеров Водного Хозяйства | Foundation |
| JP2008308865A (en) * | 2007-06-14 | 2008-12-25 | Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd | Construction method and structure for semi-rigidly jointing pile head portion and foundation structure together |
| CN101634143A (en) * | 2009-08-27 | 2010-01-27 | 中冶建筑研究总院有限公司 | Method for treating spiral oil-extruding filling pile composite foundation in stratum containing soft clay |
| CN201627209U (en) * | 2010-03-03 | 2010-11-10 | 长沙理工大学 | Half-through pile foundation applicable to karst regions |
| CN103485336A (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2014-01-01 | 中铁二十局集团有限公司 | Drilling pile drilling construction method of bead-type karst area |
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