CN104898162B - Crack detection method in geological exploration - Google Patents
Crack detection method in geological exploration Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a crack detection method in geological exploration. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining converted wave signals in each acquisition orientation; based on an Alford rotation method, educing an analytical expression of two-component data of the converted wave signals in each acquisition orientation expressed by assumed orthogonally-arranged four-component data, orthogonally-arranged azimuth angles being randomly-assumed angles; based on the analytical expression, associating the two-component data in each acquisition orientation and the assumed orthogonally-arranged four-component signals, and carrying out calculating to obtain the four-component data in orthogonally-arranged orientation; and obtaining crack azimuth angle according to the four-component data in orthogonally-arranged orientation obtained through calculating, and carrying out detection to obtain orientation and time difference of the generation of a crack. The method breaks the limitation of orthogonal arrangement in a convention four-component Alford rotation shear wave splitting algorithm, and realizes a non-orthorhombic multi-component Alford rotation shear wave splitting algorithm.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to geological prospecting and oil-gas field development, furthermore, it is related to the Crack Detection in geological prospecting
Method.
Background technology
Current multicomponent seismic survey technology mainly p-wave source excites, three-component or four component cymoscopes receive.
Compressional wave is descending run into reflecting interface after wave mode can be occurred under certain condition to change, compressional wave is converted to shear wave and is referred to as converted wave
（PS）.The up shear wave of conversion can occur shear wave splitting phenomenon when encountering fracture medium, and this phenomenon can be detected device record
Get off, it can play an important role in fracture detection type oil-gas reservoir.In the reservoir of fracture development, the speed of longitudinal wave propagation
Change with line direction with amplitude and change.But, this variable quantity maximum less than 3%, slightly error in data processes and explains
This Orientation differences may be covered.
And shear wave can be split into different polarization direction after entering crack（Generally orthogonal）Two Shear Waves Splittings.This two horizontal strokes
Ripple has various amplitude size and speed spread speed, and typically strong amplitude is fireballing to be referred to as fast transverse wave（S1）, otherwise it is slow
Shear wave（S2）.The principal direction in crack is exactly the direction of fast transverse wave.In multi-component seismic data collection observation system, along survey line side
The component obtaining to embedding cymoscope is referred to as X-component, and the component obtaining along the embedding cymoscope of cross line direction is referred to as
For Y-component.The acquisition system coordinate being determined by X, Y-component and " natural coordinates "（The Fracture System being defined by S1 ripple and S2 ripple）It
Between exist a unknown angle, θ.
For the oil-gas reservoir of fracture detection type and its crack main formula position and development degree of micro cracks in oil effectively, available shear wave splitting
This wave phenomenon is estimating the angle between coordinate acquisition and natural coordinates, so that it is determined that the main formula position of fracture development.Seek
The time difference between fast transverse wave and slow shear-wave can determine whether the development degree in crack.Currently exist multiple utilization shear wave splitting phenomenons
The method in detection crack, the number of components according to being related to is basically divided into two components method and four components method.Wherein, compare
Influential it is：The four component spinning solutions based on pure shear wave exploration of Alford proposition in 1986, it is commonly referred to Alford
Spinning solution；Two component spinning solutions of Thomsen proposition in 1988；And, Harrison was based on waveform similarity in 1992
Property assume to propose the spinning solution of two components.Two components method are more suitable for Converted P-SV-Waves Exploration in theory, because converted wave cannot
The data matrix of four components is built as Alford.However, Comparatively speaking, four components method are more stable.James
E.Gaiser1997 gives the Alford spinning solution based on converted wave four componets data, and his method is extensive in industrial quarters
Accepted.This method builds the data matrix of four components using the converted wave data of the mutually orthogonal collection in two orientation, uses
Carry out the four componets data that approximately pure shear wave exploration obtains.
As described above, four component A lford spinning solutions of converted wave orthogonal arrangement receive two collection arrangements must be just
The restriction handed over.Therefore, in actual data collection, substantial amounts of data is in fact non-orthogonal, they or do not exist strict
Orthogonal two collection orientation, or meet the data of orthogonality condition and relatively will lack a lot.And, do not exist orthogonal yet
Arrangement, therefore, these data can only be avoided in Crack Detection.And the data volume used in Crack Detection is less will necessarily
The correctness of impact result.Therefore, in order to sufficiently using the multi-component data collecting it is necessary to break orthogonal restriction.
For this reason, it may be necessary to provide a kind of do not need gathered component data all to meet orthogonal property just can be according to Alford
Circumgyration determines fracture azimuth thus the method that detects crack generation position.
Content of the invention
The present invention is directed to the deficiencies in the prior art it is proposed that a kind of crack detection method in geological prospecting, it include with
Lower step：
Obtain the converted wave signal in each collection orientation；
Derived based on Alford circumgyration and any institute gathering orientation is represented by the four componets data of the orthogonal arrangement supposing
State two component data Analytical Expression of converted wave signal, the wherein orientation angles of orthogonal arrangement are the angle of arbitrary assumption；
Based on described Analytical Expression by two component datas in each collection orientation with assume orthogonal arrangement orientation on four points
Amount signal contact gets up, thus trying to achieve the four componets data in orthogonal arrangement orientation；
Fracture azimuth is obtained based on the four componets data in calculated orthogonal arrangement orientation, thus detection is split
Orientation and the time difference that seam occurs.
According to one embodiment of present invention it is assumed that the orientation angles of two orthogonal arrangement are 0 degree and 90 degree, then arbitrarily adopt
Collection orientation two analytical expressions between component data and the four componets data of orthogonal arrangement be：
Wherein,Represent two component datas in i-th collection orientation respectively, a1, a2, a3, a4 represent 0 respectively
Four componets data in degree, 90 degree of orientation orthogonal arrangement, θiRepresent the angle between i-th collection orientation and 0 degree of orientation.Obtain
0 degree of angle selected by this formula does not provide constraints to the present invention.
In one embodiment, tried to achieve according to following Analytical Expression two component datas in N number of any collection orientation with
The relation of the four componets data of orthogonal arrangement：
Wherein, a1, a2, a3, a4 represent the four componets data in orthogonal arrangement orientation respectively, Represent two component datas in N number of any collection orientation, θ respectively1……θNRepresent collection orientation respectively
Azimuth.
In one embodiment of the invention, according to four componets data a1, a2, a3, the a4 in orthogonal arrangement orientation with split
Stitch the fast transverse wave component data f of the shear wave splitting causing11、f12With slow shear-wave component data f21、f22Between rotation relationship, base
Shear wave splitting in theoretical model is assumed to calculate fracture azimuth θ：
It is assumed that the cross stream component f of fast transverse wave in shear wave splitting is assumed12Cross stream component f with slow shear-wave21It is zero, or
The cross stream component sum of hypothesis fast transverse wave and slow shear-wave is zero：
f12+f21=0.
In one embodiment of the invention, crack detection method also includes scanning to count according to angle and time shift further
Calculate the division time difference of fracture development orientation and Shear Waves Splitting.
In one embodiment of the invention, determine fracture orientation according to capacity volume variance maximum, then using rotation
Matrix rotates to the four componets data in shear wave splitting orientation in fracture orientation, thus based on mutual between fast transverse wave and slow shear-wave
Related relation divides the time difference to determine.
In one embodiment of the invention, described converted wave signal includes the component data of orthogonal arrangement and nonopiate row
The component data of row.
Present invention offers following beneficial effect：
The present invention can achieve non-orthogonal Alford rotation, its can make full use of the data collecting come more accurately true
Determine fracture orientation and the Concerning With Fast-slow Waves time difference, and provide crack based on the rational shear wave splitting theory hypothesis assumed as theoretical model
Azimuthal analytical expression.The method of the present invention has broken the orthogonal row that traditional four component A lford rotate shear wave splitting algorithm
The restriction of row is it is achieved that non-orthogonal multi -components Alford rotates shear wave splitting algorithm.The collection number of permutations for any angle
According to the crack angle calculation that can realize shear wave splitting.Additionally, the fracture orientation angle additionally providing angle rotation sweep calculates
Method.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will illustrate in the following description, and partly become from description
It is clear that or being understood by implementing the present invention.The purpose of the present invention and other advantages can be by wanting in description, right
Structure specifically noted in book and accompanying drawing is asked to realize and to obtain.
Brief description
Fig. 1 shows Alford coordinate rotation schematic diagram；
Fig. 2 is the method flow diagram of one embodiment of the present of invention；
Fig. 3 is the picture of the input component data before implementing the present invention；And
Fig. 4 is the picture implementing the output component data after the present invention carries out Concerning With Fast-slow Waves TEC time error correction.
Specific embodiment
To describe embodiments of the present invention below with reference to accompanying drawing in detail, whereby to the present invention how application technology means
To solve technical problem, and reach realizing process and fully understanding and implement according to this of technique effect.As long as it should be noted that
Do not constitute conflict, each feature in various embodiments of the present invention and each embodiment can be combined with each other, the technical side being formed
Case is all within protection scope of the present invention.
Shear wave splitting detects that the classical way Alford spin theory in crack is to propose based on pure shear wave exploration.It will
The shear-wave generation of orthogonal arrangement and shear wave is asked to receive.Later, J.E.Gaiser et al. was expanded in Converted P-SV-Waves Exploration, equally
It is two orthogonal arrangements of requirement.
As shown in figure 1, two dotted lines represent the converted-wave acquisition arrangement of two different azimuth, their orthogonal thereto passes respectively
System.Four components are collected and on parallel fracture and vertical fracture orientation according to Alford theory any two orthogonal arrangement
Four components collecting meet Alford rotation formula, such as formula（1）：
The four componets data that any orthogonal arrangement of matrix representative on the wherein equation left side collects, the right represents in crack
The four componets data collecting in orientation, it just can obtain the left side after the spin matrix rotation of shot point and geophone station and appoint
Four components in meaning orthogonal orientation.Thus, it is supposed that parallel fracture orientation and vertical fracture orientation collect four components can
To be represented by a1, a2, a3, a4, such as formula（2）Matrix in the middle of the right.θiRepresentative fracture orientation to be found and collection orientation
Angle, θ 1 as shown in Figure 1.And formula（2）The matrix on the left side then represents actual orthogonal arrangement and collects four components.
Because the orientation in crack is unknown although the azimuth of collection is known in itself, we also cannot know and adopt
Collection orientation and the angle of fracture orientation.Therefore, formula cannot be built in the case（2）In the spin matrix related to angle.
According to formula（2）, four components of our available Concerning With Fast-slow Waves represented by four components of any orthogonal arrangement, first by
（2）Formula deforms and obtains（3）Formula：
Now θiAngle for i-th collection orientation and fracture orientation is it is assumed that i+1 collection orientation is pressed from both sides with fracture orientation
Angle is θi+ Δ θ, then can get following relation by four component types in the four representation in components i+1 orientation in i-th orientation：
It is deformed further and can get following relational expression；
In relational expression（5）In only exist the cut angle of azimuths in known two collection orientation, and eliminate unknown crack
Azimuthal factor.Therefore, in the case that fracture orientation is unknown, the component of any two groups of orthogonal arrangement can mutually represent.
In one embodiment, one group of orthogonal arrangement can be arbitrarily designated.Represent other with four components of this group orthogonal arrangement orthogonal
Four components of arrangement.Such as may specify the orthogonal arrangement of 0 degree and 90 degree composition.The invention is not restricted to this angle.In this example
In, take the convenience that " 0 degree " is merely to illustrate that, and expression formula can also simplify further（Because θ -0 is equal to θ）, from
And do not obscure principle and the purport of the present invention.
After assume that 0 degree of angle, the orientation angles of any orthogonal arrangement of angle are its angle theta.Therefore, work as formula（2）
The data matrix on the right be 0 degree with 90 degree of data when, we take two components of the first row of left side matrix, according to formula
（2）Just formula can be obtained（6）And formula（7）.
So far, just obtained how being obtained two components in any one orientation by four components of 0 degree and 90 orientation
Expression formula.Now, if collect two component datas in N number of orientation again, and these data are not necessarily to meet orthogonal arrangement
Requirement.According to formula（6）And formula（7）, just can get formula（8）Such expression formula：
Wherein, two components in the N number of orientation collecting known to the 2N amount representative on the equation left side.The right is 2NX4
Matrix representative gather orientation calculating matrix related to fracture orientation angle, shown herein as azimuth and 0 degree of azimuthal folder
Angle.
According to formula（8）Just the required orthogonal row of Alford rotation can be no longer limited to when shear wave splitting detects crack
Arrange, non-orthogonal arrangement equally can calculate shear wave splitting problem.
According to orientation two component data collecting, build as formula（8）Such equation group.Solving equations can get
a1、a2、a3、a4.Two components making the fast transverse wave of shear wave splitting being caused by crack are f11And f12, two points of slow shear-wave
Measure as f21And f22, then can obtain：
Further, can derive,
a2+a3=(f11-f22)sin2θ+(f12+f21)cos2θ （10）
a1-a4=(f11-f22)cos2θ-(f12+f21)sin2θ （11）
Again according to wave theory, in the case of shear wave splitting, wave field is divided into parallel fracture to propagate and vertical fracture is propagated.Cause
This, the cross stream component of fast wave and the cross stream component of slow wave should not have in theory.It is often really not so in practical situations both,
But provide hypothesis below also dependent on theory,
f12+f21=0（12）
Thus can obtain,
Can also scan to calculate fracture development orientation and the speed wavefront splitting time difference according to angle and time shift.In specified time shift
In the case of amount scope and angle rotating range, according to wave theory, postrotational main energetic concentrates on and involves on slow wave soon,
It is exactly on leading diagonal composition.Therefore, the energy that criterion is the elements in a main diagonal can be provided maximum, or minor diagonal unit
The energy of element is minimum, is more than slow wave energy according to the general fast wave energy of hypothesis, specially：
f11 2＞ f22 2（14）
Δ E=f11 2+f22 2-f12 2-f21 2（15）
When the time difference and angle meet inequality and energy difference for maximum, corresponding angle and time shift amount are exactly fracture orientation
The time difference with Concerning With Fast-slow Waves.
Can certainly be it is not assumed that fast wave energy be more than slow wave energy.Now, can be first formula according to capacity volume variance maximum
（15）, determine a fracture orientation.Then, using spin matrix by data rotation to fracture orientation.Now, diagonal entry
Necessarily have one be fast wave another be slow wave.Here, when which can to determine by cross-correlation be to involve Concerning With Fast-slow Waves soon
Difference.Work as f22Fracture orientation angle for determining before during fast wave has one 90 degree of correction, f11Then there is no fracture orientation for fast wave
Angle Correction Problemss.
Above-mentioned principle can be realized by devices such as computers.As shown in Fig. 2 the flow chart for the inventive method.
First, in step s 201, obtain the converted wave signal in each collection orientation.
In step S202, derived based on Alford circumgyration and represent any by the four componets data of the orthogonal arrangement supposing
The Analytical Expression of two component datas of described converted wave signal in collection orientation, the wherein orientation angles of orthogonal arrangement are arbitrarily false
Fixed angle.Assume two orthogonal arrangement orientation angles be 0 degree and 90 degree, then arbitrarily gather orientation two component datas and
Analytical expression between the four componets data of orthogonal arrangement is above-mentioned formula（6）And formula（7）.In this formula,Respectively represent i-th collection orientation on two component datas, a1, a2, a3, a4 represent respectively 0 degree, 90 degree of orientation just
Hand over the four componets data in arrangement, θiRepresent the angle between i-th collection orientation and 0 degree of orientation.
In step S203, based on above-mentioned Analytical Expression by two component datas in each collection orientation with assume orthogonal arrangement
Four component signals in orientation are associated, thus trying to achieve the four componets data in orthogonal arrangement orientation.This four componets data meter
Calculate formula such as formula（8）.
In step S204, fracture azimuth is obtained based on the four componets data in calculated orthogonal arrangement orientation,
Thus detection obtains orientation and the time difference of crack generation.
Specifically, divided according to the shear wave that four componets data a1, a2, a3, the a4 in orthogonal arrangement orientation and crack cause
The fast transverse wave component data f splitting11、f12With slow shear-wave component data f21、f22Between rotation relationship, the horizontal stroke based on theoretical model
Wavefront splitting is assumed to come by above formula（13）Calculate fracture azimuth θ：
It is assumed that the cross stream component f of fast transverse wave in shear wave splitting is assumed12Cross stream component f with slow shear-wave21It is zero, or
The cross stream component sum of hypothesis fast transverse wave and slow shear-wave is zero, i.e. above-mentioned formula（12）：
f12+f21=0.
First, the present invention has broken the restriction of orthogonal arrangement it is achieved that non-orthogonal Alford spinning solution.Secondly, exist
The value of four components is calculated, such as formula under the constraint of all bearing datas collecting（8）Shown.Finally, at this four points
Crack main formula position and Concerning With Fast-slow Waves time shift amount are calculated on amount.Now, can according to rotation method calculate fracture orientation, simultaneously this
The bright fracture orientation computing formula that give also parsing.
Because Crack Detection includes the time difference and the orientation in detection crack, and the present invention mainly emphasizes to break through in Crack Detection
The orthogonal precondition of original ALFORD method, it is achieved that the crack detection method of nonopiate arrangement ALFORD.And
For TEC time error correction, generally the time difference can be asked using scanning and correlation.Also really can obtain after TEC time error correction more preferably
Seismic profile.Those of ordinary skill in the art can carry out various deformation on the principle of the present invention, such as using various existing
There is any TEC time error correction disclosed in technology all can realize the purpose of the present invention to some extent.Therefore the scope of the present invention
Claim related content of having the right is defined.
In an experiment, devise one four layers of theoretical model.Wherein, table 1 gives the depth of model layer, fracture development
Orientation and the time difference of Concerning With Fast-slow Waves.
Table 1
| Layer position | T0 (millisecond) | Fracture orientation (is spent) | Time delay（Millisecond） |
| 1 | 90 | 30 | 15 |
| 2 | 150 | 95 | 10 |
| 3 | 250 | 280 | 12 |
| 4 | 310 | 170 | 8 |
Based on this theoretical model, each layer of fracture orientation and Concerning With Fast-slow Waves can be calculated well using the present invention
The time difference.Can find out that from accompanying drawing the theoretical record as input result in imaging effect very because Concerning With Fast-slow Waves mix
Difference is so that there is obvious sine wave phenomenon in R component.Calculate fracture development main formula position and the Concerning With Fast-slow Waves time difference through the present invention
Afterwards, the R of input, T component are corrected, the R component image quality after correction significantly improves.Additionally, on lineups also not
There is time delay again, T component assumes 90 degree of polarity inversion phenomenon, indicate the growth orientation in crack exactly.
The picture as the R inputting, T component data is given in Fig. 3 and 4.Because, before shear wave splitting corrects, speed is horizontal
Ripple is concurrently present in R, on T component, and there is the time difference in Concerning With Fast-slow Waves, just occur in that the sine in R component is existing in itself after being therefore superimposed
As.
Calculating the orientation of each slabbing seam and the when after the recovery of Concerning With Fast-slow Waves, input data is being corrected.In rotation
To after Concerning With Fast-slow Waves, the time difference of correction Concerning With Fast-slow Waves, by slow wave be corrected to fast wave time consistency after re-rotate to R, on T component,
This is the R of output, T component.
Although disclosed herein embodiment as above, described content is only to facilitate understanding the present invention and adopting
Embodiment, is not limited to the present invention.Technical staff in any the technical field of the invention, without departing from this
On the premise of the disclosed spirit and scope of invention, any modification and change can be made in the formal and details implemented,
But the scope of patent protection of the present invention, still must be defined by the scope of which is defined in the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. the crack detection method in a kind of geological prospecting is it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Obtain the converted wave signal in each collection orientation；
Derived based on Alford circumgyration and any institute gathering orientation is represented by the four componets data in the orthogonal arrangement orientation assumed
State the Analytical Expression of two component datas of converted wave signal, the orientation angles of wherein orthogonal arrangement are any angle assumed；
Based on described Analytical Expression, two component datas in each collection orientation are believed with four components in the orthogonal arrangement orientation assumed
Number it is associated, thus trying to achieve the four componets data in orthogonal arrangement orientation；
Fracture azimuth is obtained based on the four componets data in calculated orthogonal arrangement orientation, thus detection obtains crack and sends out
The orientation educated and the time difference.
2. crack detection method as claimed in claim 1 it is characterised in that
Assume that the orientation angles of two orthogonal arrangement are 0 degree and 90 degree, then arbitrarily gather two component datas in orientation and orthogonal row
Analytical expression between the four componets data in row orientation is：
Wherein,Represent two component datas in i-th collection orientation, a respectively1、a2、a3、a4Respectively represent 0 degree, 90
Four componets data in degree orientation orthogonal arrangement, θiRepresent the angle between i-th collection orientation and 0 degree of orientation.
3. crack detection method as claimed in claim 2 it is characterised in that try to achieve N number of any according to following Analytical Expression
The relation of the four componets data in two component datas in collection orientation and orthogonal arrangement orientation：
Wherein, a1、a2、a3、a4Represent the four componets data in orthogonal arrangement orientation respectively, Table respectively
Show two component datas in N number of any collection orientation, θ1……θNRepresent the azimuth in collection orientation respectively.
4. crack detection method as claimed in claim 3 is it is characterised in that according to the four componets data in orthogonal arrangement orientation
a1、a2、a3、a4The fast transverse wave component data f of the shear wave splitting causing with crack11、f12With slow shear-wave component data f21、f22Between
Rotation relationship, the shear wave splitting based on theoretical model assumes calculating fracture azimuth θ：
It is assumed that the cross stream component f of fast transverse wave in shear wave splitting is assumed12Cross stream component f with slow shear-wave21It is zero, or assume
The cross stream component sum of fast transverse wave and slow shear-wave is zero：
f12+f21=0.
5. crack detection method as claimed in claim 4 is it is characterised in that also include being scanned according to angle and time shift further
To calculate the time difference in fracture development orientation and Shear Waves Splitting.
6. crack detection method as claimed in claim 4 is it is characterised in that determine crack side according to capacity volume variance maximum
Position, is then rotated to the four componets data in shear wave splitting orientation in fracture orientation using spin matrix, thus being based on fast transverse wave
The relation of the cross-correlation and slow shear-wave between is determining the time difference.
7. the crack detection method as any one of claim 1-6 is it is characterised in that described converted wave signal is just included
Hand over the arrangement component data in orientation and the component data in nonopiate arrangement orientation.
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| CN107132575B (en) * | 2017-05-12 | 2019-03-29 | 中国地质大学（北京） | Method based on shear wave polarographic analysis prediction fracture azimuth |
| CN107678063B (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2019-11-29 | 中国石油集团东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司 | A kind of multi-component converted wave crack prediction method based on Rank correlation |
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