CN104879856A - Centralized radiative air-conditioning system with household control function - Google Patents

Centralized radiative air-conditioning system with household control function Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN104879856A
CN104879856A CN201510298624.0A CN201510298624A CN104879856A CN 104879856 A CN104879856 A CN 104879856A CN 201510298624 A CN201510298624 A CN 201510298624A CN 104879856 A CN104879856 A CN 104879856A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
air
main
tube
return
water
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201510298624.0A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
李国胜
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to CN201510298624.0A priority Critical patent/CN104879856A/en
Publication of CN104879856A publication Critical patent/CN104879856A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/06Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the arrangements for the supply of heat-exchange fluid for the subsequent treatment of primary air in the room units
    • F24F3/08Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the arrangements for the supply of heat-exchange fluid for the subsequent treatment of primary air in the room units with separate supply and return lines for hot and cold heat-exchange fluids i.e. so-called "4-conduit" system
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/30Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/62Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/70Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/16Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by purification, e.g. by filtering; by sterilisation; by ozonisation
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/50Control or safety arrangements characterised by user interfaces or communication
    • F24F11/56Remote control
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/70Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
    • F24F11/80Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air
    • F24F11/83Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air by controlling the supply of heat-exchange fluids to heat-exchangers
    • F24F11/84Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air by controlling the supply of heat-exchange fluids to heat-exchangers using valves

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fuzzy Systems (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of air conditioners, in particular to a centralized radiative air-conditioning system with a household control function. The system comprises a heat pump mainframe, a main water supply pipe, a main return water pipe, an air handling unit, a main return air pipe, a main fresh air pipe, radiation ends, water distribution and collection devices, electric fresh air valves and electric return air valves. Both the main water supply pipe and the main return water pipe are connected with the heat pump mainframe. The water distribution and collection devices are connected with the main water supply pipe and the main return water pipe. One ends of the main fresh air pipe and the main return air pipe are connected with the air handling unit. The electric fresh air valves are connected with the main fresh air pipe. The electric return air valves are connected with the main return air pipe. One ends, away from the main water supply pipe, of the water distribution and collection devices are arranged at the radiation ends. By linkage regulation of the supply air and return air valves and the water distribution and collection devices, the supply and return air system in the system reaches dynamic equilibrium of air pressure and water pressure, each household can turn off the system anytime without affecting other households, individual needs of people are satisfied, waste of energy is avoided effectively, and the integrated system is more energy saving.

Description

Can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of air conditioning, in particular to a kind of can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control.
Background technology
Radiation-type air conditioner system is mainly divided into centralized air-conditioning system and each door type air-conditioning system in the market.
Wherein centralized air-conditioning system is applicable to it accreditation that advantages such as public building, cost be low are subject to market, but this centralized air-conditioning system is due to the feature of its system principle, make system cannot realize each household independently to control, VMC cannot be that unit opens and closes arbitrarily with family, thus causes system cloud gray model not energy-conservation.If applied in skyscraper, existing centralized air-conditioning system also exists that blast is unbalance, the air quantity of each household air-supply is uneven, thus to cause in room, local the problems such as condensation.Centralized air-conditioning system cannot carry out on off control according to each household simultaneously, and each household temperature and new wind all cannot control separately, cannot meet the demand of human settlements personalization
Each door type air-conditioning system is equivalent in each family, install refrigeration or heat main frame and radiation tail end and new wind end, forms a little circulation in respective space.Such system configuration, often can independently control per family although reach, and avoid the unbalance of blast and hydraulic pressure, the problem of condensation can well be solved, control also flexible, but the cost of whole system is increased substantially, for the such as public building such as office building, market, centralized air-conditioning system is more suitable for application, because the mode of central cooling heat supply is more convenient for carrying out unified management, but still the demand carrying out controlling and regulating in indoor subregion cannot be met and for needs energy-conservation in behavior.
No matter integrated system or each door type system, the problems such as also all there is the problem of system intelligent deficiency and after-sales service expense is high.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, to solve the above problems.
Provide in an embodiment of the present invention a kind of can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, comprise heat pump main frame, main-supply, main water return tube, air-treatment unit, main backwind tube, main fresh wind tube, multiple water collecting and diversifying device and the new wind Electric air valve identical with described water collecting and diversifying device quantity and the return air Electric air valve identical with described water collecting and diversifying device quantity; Described main-supply is all connected with described heat pump main frame with one end of described main water return tube; Multiple described water collecting and diversifying device is connected with described main-supply, described main water return tube, for the hot water in described main-supply is sent in user, and by the cold water of discharging in user from described main water return tube discharged to described heat pump main frame; Described main fresh wind tube is all connected with described air-treatment unit with one end of described main backwind tube; Multiple described new wind Electric air valve is connected with described main fresh wind tube, enters into indoor air quantity for the new wind controlled in described main fresh wind tube; Multiple described return air Electric air valve is connected with described main backwind tube, for controlling the air quantity of user to return air in described main backwind tube; Described water collecting and diversifying device is provided with radiation tail end away from one end of described main-supply, for controlling and regulating the temperature in each household room.
Further, described main fresh wind tube connects many fresh wind tubes, described new wind Electric air valve is arranged in a described fresh wind tube;
Preferred, described fresh wind tube is provided with new wind constant voltage case;
Preferred, be provided with pressure transmitter in described fresh wind tube;
Preferred, described fresh wind tube is provided with indoor air outlet away from one end of described main fresh wind tube;
Preferably, described main backwind tube connects many backwind tubes, described return air Electric air valve is arranged in a described backwind tube;
Preferred, described backwind tube is provided with return air constant voltage case;
Preferred, be provided with pressure transmitter in described backwind tube;
Preferred, described backwind tube is provided with indoor return air mouth away from one end of described main backwind tube;
Preferably, also comprise room temperature controller, described room temperature controller is connected with described water collecting and diversifying device;
Preferred, also comprise central controller, described central controller is connected with described temperature controller;
Preferred, also comprise remote control terminal, described remote control terminal is connected with described central controller;
Preferred, described remote control terminal comprises mobile phone A PP control terminal, PC control terminal, infrared control terminal, Bluetooth control terminal, blue light control terminal and/or WiFi control terminal;
Preferred, also comprise cloud platform, described cloud platform is connected with described central controller and described remote control terminal respectively.
Further, bypass air-valve is provided with between described main fresh wind tube and described main backwind tube.
Further, pressure transmitter is provided with in described main fresh wind tube and described main backwind tube.
Further, described radiation tail end comprises capillary network, body of wall radiant panel, structure buried tube type radiation tail end and/or metal radiant panel;
Preferred, described capillary network, described body of wall radiant panel, described structure buried tube type radiation tail end and/or described metal radiant panel are in parallel or be arranged in series.
Further, described main backwind tube and described main fresh wind tube are provided with frequency-variable controller.
Further, described heat pump main frame is connected by described feed pipe and described main water return tube with described air-treatment unit.
Further, the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control also can comprise control system, described control system is connected with described heat pump main frame, described air-treatment unit, described water collecting and diversifying device, described new wind Electric air valve and/or described return air Electric air valve respectively, for controlling the duty of described heat pump main frame, described air-treatment unit, described water collecting and diversifying device, described new wind Electric air valve and/or described return air Electric air valve.
Further, described water collecting and diversifying device is provided with electrical actuator, for controlling the water flow switch that passes through in described water collecting and diversifying device or discharge.
Further, described air-treatment unit is provided with outdoor air outlet and outdoor return mouth, for being sent to by the air of outdoor in described air-treatment unit and by the wind from described air-treatment unit discharge discharged to outdoor.
The present invention is undertaken unifying heating or refrigeration by heat pump main frame and air-treatment unit, by water collecting and diversifying device and Electric air valve and central control system, independent branch control is carried out to whole system, both the height having remained centralized radiation-type air conditioner system is comfortable, the advantage of low cost, and what solve again that centralized air-conditioning system exists cannot the problem of point family regulation and control.Regulated by the interlock of multiple air blow and return air-valve and water collecting and diversifying device, make the return air blowing system in system reach the dynamic equilibrium of blast and hydraulic pressure, accomplish that each household can be closed at any time and not affect other resident families, meet the individual demand of human settlements.The instant closedown of water route and wind path simultaneously effectively can avoid the unnecessary waste of the energy, makes total system more energy-conservation.
The present invention is regulated by the interlock of multiple new wind Electric air valve and return air Electric air valve and water collecting and diversifying device, return air blowing system in the radiation-type air conditioner system installed concentratedly is maintained automatically or reaches the dynamic equilibrium of blast and hydraulic pressure, and by the self-balancing of this pressure and variable-frequency control technique, guarantee that each household can be closed at any time and not affect other resident families, while system remains the high-comfort feature of radiation-type air conditioner system, meet the individual demand of different resident family, and point family is controllable.When resident family stays out, oneself radiation-type air conditioner system can be closed at any time, not need to need to keep 24H to run as traditional centralized air-conditioning system, greatly reduce the waste of the energy, make total system more energy-conservation.
Accompanying drawing explanation
In order to be illustrated more clearly in the specific embodiment of the invention or technical scheme of the prior art, be briefly described to the accompanying drawing used required in detailed description of the invention or description of the prior art below, apparently, accompanying drawing in the following describes is some embodiments of the present invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, under the prerequisite not paying creative work, other accompanying drawing can also be obtained according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is that the present invention can the first structural representation of centralized air-conditioning system of branch control;
Fig. 2 is the A place partial enlarged drawing of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the B place partial enlarged drawing of Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is that the present invention can the second structural representation of centralized air-conditioning system of branch control;
Fig. 5 is that the present invention can the third structural representation of centralized air-conditioning system of branch control;
Fig. 6 is that the present invention can the 4th kind of structural representation of centralized air-conditioning system of branch control
Fig. 7 is that the present invention can the first application mode schematic diagram of centralized air-conditioning system of branch control;
Fig. 8 is that the present invention can the second application mode schematic diagram of centralized air-conditioning system of branch control;
Fig. 9 is that the present invention can the structural representation of control system of centralized air-conditioning system of branch control.
Reference numeral:
1: heat pump main frame 2: air-treatment unit 3: new wind constant voltage case
4: new wind Electric air valve 5: return air constant voltage case 6: return air Electric air valve
7: main fresh wind tube 8: main backwind tube 9: radiation tail end
10: water collecting and diversifying device 11: outdoor return mouth 12: outdoor air outlet
13: main-supply 14: main water return tube 15: new wind Isobarically Control case
16: pressure transmitter 17: frequency-variable controller 18: return air Isobarically Control case
19: bypass air-valve 20: indoor air outlet 21: indoor return air mouth
22: room temperature controller 23: central controller 24: remote control terminal
25: cloud platform
Detailed description of the invention
For making the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearly, carry out clear, complete description by technical scheme of the present invention below.Obviously, described embodiment is only the present invention's part embodiment, instead of whole embodiments.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, other embodiments all that those of ordinary skill in the art obtain under the prerequisite not making creative work, all belong to the scope that the present invention protects.
In describing the invention, it should be noted that, orientation or the position relationship of the instruction such as term " " center ", " on ", D score, "left", "right", " vertically ", " level ", " interior ", " outward " they be based on orientation shown in the drawings or position relationship; be only the present invention for convenience of description and simplified characterization; instead of instruction or imply the device of indication or element must have specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, therefore can not be interpreted as limitation of the present invention.In addition, term " first ", " second ", " the 3rd " only for describing object, and can not be interpreted as instruction or hint relative importance.
In describing the invention, also it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, term " installation ", " being connected ", " connection " should be interpreted broadly, and such as, can be fixedly connected with, also can be removably connect, or connect integratedly; Can be mechanical connection, also can be electrical connection; Can be directly be connected, also indirectly can be connected by intermediary, can be the connection of two element internals.For the ordinary skill in the art, concrete condition above-mentioned term concrete meaning in the present invention can be understood.
As shown in drawings, the invention provides a kind of can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, comprise heat pump main frame 1, main-supply 13, main water return tube 14, air-treatment unit 2, main backwind tube 8, main fresh wind tube 7, multiple water collecting and diversifying device 10 and the new wind Electric air valve 4 identical with water collecting and diversifying device 10 quantity and the return air Electric air valve 6 identical with water collecting and diversifying device 10 quantity; Main-supply 13 is all connected with heat pump main frame 1 with one end of main water return tube 14; Multiple water collecting and diversifying device 10 is connected with main-supply 13, main water return tube 14, for the hot water in main-supply 13 is sent in user, and by the cold water of discharging in user from main water return tube 14 discharged to heat pump main frame 1; Main fresh wind tube 7 is all connected with air-treatment unit 2 with one end of main backwind tube 8; Multiple new wind Electric air valve 4 is connected with main fresh wind tube 7, enters into indoor air quantity for the new wind controlled in main fresh wind tube 7; Multiple return air Electric air valve 6 is connected with main backwind tube 8, for controlling the air quantity of user to return air in main backwind tube 8; Water collecting and diversifying device 10 is provided with radiation tail end 9 away from one end of main-supply 13, for controlling and regulating the temperature in each household room.
As can be seen from the above, user house is entered into through main-supply 13 and water collecting and diversifying device 10 by the hot water after heat pump main frame 1 heats, the cold water of discharging from user family flow back in heat pump main frame 1 through water collecting and diversifying device 10 and main water return tube 14 again and reuses, and then reaches a complete water circulation.
A water collecting and diversifying device 10 is provided with in each household man.When starting when utilizing heat pump main frame 1 to carry out unifying heating or cooling, the water collecting and diversifying device 10 at each family can control separately the heating in various room or cooling, when in room nobody time water collecting and diversifying device 10 can be closed, with economize energy, the water consumption of each user can also be controlled by water collecting and diversifying device 10, and then control the temperature in room.
It can also be seen that from above-mentioned, to be dehumidified by air-treatment unit 2 or air after heating enters into the indoor of user through main fresh wind tube 7 and new wind Electric air valve 4, get back to air-treatment unit 2 through return air Electric air valve 6 and main backwind tube 8 again from the hot-air of the indoor discharge of user, and then complete a complete wind circulation.
A new wind Electric air valve 4 and return air Electric air valve 6 are all set in each household man.When starting when utilizing air-treatment unit 2 to carry out unifying dehumidifying or heating, the new wind Electric air valve 4 at each family can control the intake of the new wind at each family, return air Electric air valve 6 can control the stable of the return air amount of the foul atmosphere in room, new wind Electric air valve 4 can also be utilized simultaneously to be closed by air intake, make the object that can reach economize energy in unmanned user family; By the control of return air amount and intake, make the blast at each family reach balance, avoid the situation of condensation in room, local to occur, dissolve the impact of keying for this family at other families.
Such setting, can realize carrying out unified heating or refrigeration by heat pump main frame 1 and air-treatment unit 2, can carry out independent control and management by water collecting and diversifying device 10 and Electric air valve again, and then reach can either unified management, can reduce costs again and economize on resources.
Wherein, heat pump main frame 1 is for system provides the device of hot and cold water needed for cold and heat supply, comprises air source heat pump, air-cooled heat pump, earth source heat pump, handpiece Water Chilling Units, boiler or is wherein combined the energy form of formula.
Air-treatment unit 2 be provide stable, clean to system, the device of summer is dry, winter is moistening fresh air, comprise two low-temperature receiver Fresh air handing unit, single low-temperature receiver Fresh air handing unit, the direct-expansion type Fresh air handing unit carrying compressor, solution dehumidification unit, rotary wheel dehumidifying unit or any combination wherein.
Air-treatment unit 2 comprises the combination of PM2.5 filtration, purification function, dehumidification function, heating function, humidification function, heat recovery function, disinfection function or any function wherein.
PM2.5 filtration, purification function be adopt bag type filtering technology, media filtration technology, adopt electrostatic precipitator technology or wherein arbitrarily the combination of technology realize.
New wind Electric air valve 4 is the valves controlling to enter the new wind of each household.Air-valve is arranged on the intake stack of each household, is communicated with main fresh wind tube 7, and the opening and closing of Electric air valve control by the master switch of each household of system, and when each household is opened or close, corresponding air-valve opens and closes.
Return air Electric air valve 6 is the valves controlling each household return air.Electric air valve is arranged on general branch's backwind tube 8 road of each household, is communicated with main backwind tube 8, and the opening and closing of Electric air valve control by the master switch of each household of system, and when each household is opened or close, corresponding air-valve opens and closes.
Main fresh wind tube 7 needs to carry out isothermal holding when installing, and heat preserving method comprises the multiple heat preserving method such as rock wool heat-preservation, rubber and plastic insulation.The material of pipeline is iron duct, UPVC airduct, extrusion molding airduct or super blast pipe or be wherein combined.
Main water return tube 14 is the pipelines of discharging hot and cold water in system to each household.Pipe material can adopt the pipeline of the plastic tube of PPR material, welded still pipe, stainless-steel pipe or PE material.
Water collecting and diversifying device 10 is the devices be used in system as distributing and collect water in each room of each household, can control the switch of the discharge entered in each room of each household.Water collecting and diversifying device 10 adopts plastic material or copper material or stainless steel.
Main-supply 13 is to the pipeline of each household conveying hot and cold water in system.Pipe material can adopt the pipeline of the plastic tube of PPR material, welded still pipe, stainless-steel pipe or PE material.
Radiation tail end 9 is the adjusting devices being used for controlling each family temperature in system.The temperature of system can be carried out Omnibearing Infiltration in user room by radiation tail end 9, carry out heat exchange with the air in the room of user, to reach the Optimal Control to the temperature in user room.
Be preferred embodiment that main fresh wind tube 7 connects many fresh wind tubes, new wind Electric air valve 4 is arranged in a fresh wind tube.
Main fresh wind tube 7 connects many fresh wind tubes, every root props up fresh wind tube and connects one family user, a fresh wind tube of any amount can be connected like this on main fresh wind tube 7, and then ensure that each domestic consumer can connect at least one fresh wind tube, new wind can be had to enter.
Fresh wind tube is the pipeline being used for sending new wind to each family in system, and the material of pipeline is iron duct, UPVC airduct, extrusion molding airduct or super blast pipe or be wherein combined.
Preferred, a fresh wind tube is provided with new wind constant voltage case 3.
New wind constant voltage case 3 keeps sending into the new wind air quantity of each household and the stable device of blast.By the blast regulating running speed to regulate new wind air outlet, ensure that the blast of new wind air outlet is stablized.
Preferred, be provided with pressure transmitter 16 in a fresh wind tube.
Pressure transmitter 16 refers to export the pressure transmitter 16 into standard signal, is a kind ofly to accept the instrument that pressure variations is converted to standard output signals in proportion.The physical pressure such as gas, the liquid parameter that load cell can be experienced by it is transformed into the signal of telecommunication (as 4 ~ 20mA DC etc.) of standard, carries out measuring, indicating and procedure regulation to supply the secondary meters such as indicator alarm, recorder, adjuster.
That is, can the blast entering each family be monitored by pressure transmitter 16, when blast too large or too little time, export frequency variation signal to the frequency conversion fan in corresponding constant voltage case.
Now, pressure transmitter 16 is arranged in new wind constant voltage case 3, also arranges frequency-variable controller 17 and new wind Isobarically Control case 15 in new wind constant voltage case 3 simultaneously.
Preferred, a fresh wind tube is provided with indoor air outlet 20 away from one end of main fresh wind tube 7.
Junction chamber inner wind outlet 20 on a fresh wind tube, is spread in the room of the wind direction user in a fresh wind tube by indoor air outlet 20.Indoor air outlet 20 can also arrange the device such as humidifier, screen pack, to increase the guarantee to IAQ.The setting position of indoor air outlet 20 can set according to the difference custom of user, also can be that unification is arranged on fixed position.
Preferably, main backwind tube 8 connects many backwind tubes, return air Electric air valve 6 is arranged in a backwind tube.
Be provided with the backwind tube be communicated with main backwind tube 8 in each room of user, the return air in user room all can be discharged by main backwind tube 8, ensure that the air circulation of whole system.
Backwind tube is the pipeline be used in system to each family return air, and the material of pipeline is iron duct, UPVC airduct, extrusion molding airduct or super blast pipe or be wherein combined.
Preferred, a backwind tube is provided with return air constant voltage case 5.
Return air constant voltage case 5 is the air quantity and the stable device of blast that keep discharging from each household.By the blast regulating running speed to regulate the air port of return air, ensure that the blast in the air port of return air is stablized, thus guarantee that return air is smooth and easy.
Preferred, be provided with pressure transmitter 16 in a backwind tube;
Monitored by the blast during return air of pressure transmitter 16 to each family, when blast too large or too little time, export frequency variation signal to the frequency conversion fan in corresponding constant voltage case.
Now, pressure transmitter 16 is arranged in return air constant voltage case 5, also arranges frequency-variable controller 17 and return air Isobarically Control case 18 in return air constant voltage case 5 simultaneously.
Preferred, a backwind tube is provided with indoor return air mouth 21 away from one end of main backwind tube 8.
A backwind tube arranges indoor return air mouth 21, by indoor return air mouth 21, the absorption of air of indoor can be entered in a backwind tube, and then by main backwind tube 8 to outdoor, realize the exchange of room air and outdoor air.
Indoor return air mouth 21 can be set to horn-like, and being convenient to increases the gathering to room air and absorption.Indoor return air mouth 21 can also arrange the devices such as screen pack, to ensure that indoor foul atmosphere can not result in blockage to devices such as backwind tube, main backwind tube 8 and air-treatment units 2, so that have influence on the normal work of air-conditioning system.
Preferably, also comprise room temperature controller 22, room temperature controller 22 is connected with water collecting and diversifying device.
Room temperature controller 22 is connected with water collecting and diversifying device, for controlling the executing agency on water collecting and diversifying device, by the control of each executing agency to water collecting and diversifying device, reaches the regulable control to the not temperature of chummery.
Preferred, also comprise central controller 23, central controller 23 is connected with temperature controller.
Room temperature controller 22 is connected with central controller 23, the opening and closing of room temperature controller 22 are controlled by central controller 23, and by the control to room temperature controller 22, reach the independent control of the different executing agencies to water collecting and diversifying device, so that when can not be in user, also can control by the temperature in central controller 23 pairs of rooms and regulate.
Preferred, also comprise remote control terminal 24, remote control terminal 24 is connected with central controller 23.
The control of central controller 23 and adjustment need, in fixing position, although user stays out, also can be controlled by central controller 23, and it controls to need special messenger and operates, and user also not necessarily can be more relieved.Therefore, in the present embodiment, add remote control terminal 24, carry out long-range connection by remote control terminal 24 with central controller 23, make user all with any place can control the temperature in the room of oneself and regulate at any time, achieve the promptness that room temperature regulates.
Preferred, remote control terminal 24 comprises mobile phone A PP control terminal, PC control terminal, infrared control terminal, Bluetooth control terminal, blue light control terminal and/or WiFi control terminal.
The form of remote control terminal 24 is varied, as being download an APP control terminal on mobile phone, being controlled and operate by mobile phone A PP control terminal to central data processor; Can also be PC control terminal, namely carry out Long-distance Control by PC; Can also be even infrared control terminal, blue light control terminal and Bluetooth control terminal, namely carry out Long-distance Control by the form of remote control; Also can be by WiFi control terminal, use the instruments such as ipad to carry out Long-distance Control.Remote control terminal 24 can also be above-mentioned several combination.
It is pointed out that remote control terminal 24 can be above-mentioned several form, but it is not only confined to above-mentioned several form, it can also be other forms, as long as can realize the Long-distance Control to central controller 23.
Preferred, also comprise cloud platform 25, cloud platform 25 is connected with central controller 23 and remote control terminal 24 respectively.
By the setting of cloud platform 25, cloud platform 25 is connected with central controller 23, by presetting various control mode on cloud platform 25, by remote control terminal 24, the various control modes preset are being called, achieve the fast reaction to different situations, make Long-distance Control have more ageing and promptness.By the application of cloud platform 25, make system achieve Long-distance Control and adjustment, by the application of large data, the automatic operation of feasible system, on-line monitoring, on-line debugging, on-line maintenance, greatly save the later stage after sale and maintenance cost.
Be preferred embodiment be provided with bypass air-valve 19 between main fresh wind tube 7 and main backwind tube 8.
Be connected with bypass air-valve 19 between main fresh wind tube 7 and main backwind tube 8, when the air-valve on main fresh wind tube 7 close quantity more time, bypass air-valve 19 is opened, and maintains the stable of pressure in main fresh wind tube 7 and air quantity.
Be preferred embodiment be provided with pressure transmitter 16 in main fresh wind tube 7 and main backwind tube 8.
At pressure transmitter 16 i.e. pressure transmitter 16, after main backwind tube 8 and main fresh wind tube 7 all arrange pressure transmitter 16, the blast in main fresh wind tube 7 and main backwind tube 8 is adjusted, with the result of use enabling air-conditioning system reach best.
Be preferred embodiment that radiation tail end 9 comprises capillary network, body of wall radiant panel, structure buried tube type radiation tail end 9 and/or metal radiant panel.
Gypsum radiant panel also can make the structure of the plastic conduit of capillary network or other calibers, whole heating or cold supply system not only can be laid on the ground, can also be laid on metope or on ground, further increases the effect of heating or cooling.
Can also be use metal radiant panel, metal has good radiating efficiency.
It is pointed out that radiation tail end 9 can be above-mentioned three kinds and all have, also can be wherein one or more, can also be other structure, as long as it can realize loose radiation of heat.
Radiation tail end 9 supply water temperature in summer is 7-20 DEG C, and winter heating supply water temperature is 30-50 DEG C.
Preferred, capillary network, body of wall radiant panel, structure buried tube type radiation tail end 9 and/or metal radiant panel are in parallel or be arranged in series.
By capillary network, body of wall radiant panel, structure buried tube type radiation tail end 9 and/or metal radiant panel are passed through the modes such as in parallel or series connection, as long as can be laid in the room of user by radiation tail end 9, air in user room can be realized and air-conditioning system carries out heat exchange.
Be preferred embodiment that main backwind tube 8 and main fresh wind tube 7 are provided with frequency-variable controller 17.
Frequency-variable controller 17, i.e. DC frequency-changing blower fan, the change of its rotating speed is the rotating speed regulating blower fan according to the signal of built-in pressure transmitter 16 induction.
Be preferred embodiment that heat pump main frame 1 is connected by feed pipe and main water return tube 14 with air-treatment unit 2.
After heat pump main frame 1 is connected by feed pipe and main water return tube 14 with air-treatment unit 2, air-treatment unit 2 can be made when freezing, do not need extra use water, but use the water in water circulation system, the utilization of resource can be made more abundant.
Be preferred embodiment, the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control also can comprise control system, control system is connected with heat pump main frame 1, air-treatment unit 2, water collecting and diversifying device 10, new wind Electric air valve 4 and/or return air Electric air valve 6 respectively, for controlling the duty of heat pump main frame 1, air-treatment unit 2, water collecting and diversifying device 10, new wind Electric air valve 4 and/or return air Electric air valve 6.
Control system is carried out signal be connected with heat pump main frame 1, air-treatment unit 2, water collecting and diversifying device 10, new wind Electric air valve 4 and/or return air Electric air valve 6, new wind constant-voltage controller, return air constant-voltage controller, differential-pressure bypass valve, can realize carrying out Long-distance Control and monitoring to each parts, and then realize unified management.
That is, can realize controlling single water collecting and diversifying device 10, single new wind Electric air valve 4 and single return air Electric air valve 6, single return air constant-voltage controller, single new wind constant-voltage controller, differential-pressure bypass valve, when can make unmanned in user family, do not need to enter and just the radiation tail end 9 in it and VMC can be closed, to reach the effect of economize energy.And any impact can not be produced on other users.
Can also control the operating efficiency of heat pump main frame 1 and air-treatment unit 2, as provided overall temperature or reducing overall temperature etc., or when using in office building, carry out a key closedown when nobody uses in the evening, carry out a key unlatching before working in the morning, make operation become more fast simple and convenient.
Be preferred embodiment that water collecting and diversifying device 10 is provided with electrical actuator, for controlling the water flow switch that passes through in water collecting and diversifying device 10 or discharge.
Electrical actuator by temperature controller, valve actuator and valve three part form.Temperature controller is arranged on the wall of room interior wall, is connected with electrical actuator with cable, and general cable is connected to selected control point (temperature controller, programmable device, timer or other remote-control device) actuator.Actuator nut is connected on valve.When indoor temperature reaches the temperature of temperature controller setting, in electrical actuator, positive thermistor is started working, and heat hot expansion gear makes valve closing, otherwise indoor temperature reduces, and temperature controller disconnects, and actuator is lowered the temperature, and expansion gear shrinks, valve open.
That is, the control can carrying out discharge according to room temperature by electrical actuator, to reach the effect of best economize energy.
Be preferred embodiment air-treatment unit 2 is provided with outdoor air outlet 12 and outdoor return mouth 11, for the air of outdoor to be sent in air-treatment unit 2 and by the wind of discharging from air-treatment unit 2 discharged to outdoor.
Air-treatment unit 2 arranges outdoor air outlet 12 and outdoor return mouth 11, not only the air of outdoor can be sent in air-treatment unit 2 and by the wind of discharging from air-treatment unit 2 discharged to outdoor, can also be selected by the position of outdoor air outlet 12 and outdoor return mouth 11, to reach the best effect exchanged with room air.As outdoor air outlet 12 being arranged on higher position or afforesting good position, higher to ensure the quality of the new wind by air-treatment unit 2; Outdoor return mouth 11 can be arranged on comparatively remote position, can ensure can not impact the animals and plants of outdoor and pedestrian.
The present invention is undertaken unifying heating or refrigeration by heat pump main frame 1 and air-treatment unit 2, by water collecting and diversifying device 10 and Electric air valve and central control system, independent branch control is carried out to whole system, namely the height remaining centralized radiation-type air conditioner system is comfortable, the advantage of low cost, and what solve again that centralized air-conditioning system exists cannot the problem of point family regulation and control.Regulated by the interlock of multiple air blow and return air-valve and water collecting and diversifying device 10, make the return air blowing system in system reach the dynamic equilibrium of blast and hydraulic pressure, accomplish that each household can be closed at any time and not affect other resident families, meet the individual demand of human settlements.The instant closedown of water route and wind path simultaneously effectively can avoid the unnecessary waste of the energy, makes total system more energy-conservation.
Provided by the invention can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, by arranging multiple water collecting and diversifying device 10 on the main-supply 13 be connected with heat pump main frame 1 and main drainpipe return pipe, each household uses a water collecting and diversifying device 10, can realize being undertaken unifying heating or cooling by heat pump main frame 1, the use water of each user is controlled separately by water collecting and diversifying device 10, can balanced hydraulic pressure, the water supply in unmanned room can be closed again in time, with economize energy and the temperature that controls in room; In like manner, by arranging Electric air valve and constant voltage case on the fresh wind tube be connected with air-treatment unit 2 and a backwind tube, each household uses a pair Electric air valve and constant voltage case to carry out new wind and return air controls, can realize being undertaken unifying refrigeration or heating by air-treatment unit 2, by Electric air valve and constant voltage case, each family is carried out to the object controlled separately, can blast be ensured, again can the air quantity in balanced each room, also avoid the risk of condensation simultaneously and saved the energy.
The present invention is regulated by the interlock of multiple new wind Electric air valve and return air Electric air valve and water collecting and diversifying device, return air blowing system in the radiation-type air conditioner system installed concentratedly is maintained automatically or reaches the dynamic equilibrium of blast and hydraulic pressure, and by the self-balancing of this pressure and variable-frequency control technique, guarantee that each household can be closed at any time and not affect other resident families, while system remains the high-comfort feature of radiation-type air conditioner system, meet the individual demand of different resident family, and point family is controllable.When resident family stays out, oneself radiation-type air conditioner system can be closed at any time, not need to need to keep 24H to run as traditional centralized air-conditioning system, greatly reduce the waste of the energy, make total system more energy-conservation.By the application of cloud platform 25, make system achieve Long-distance Control and adjustment, by the application of large data, the automatic operation of feasible system, on-line monitoring, on-line debugging, on-line maintenance, greatly save the later stage after sale and maintenance cost.
Last it is noted that above each embodiment is only in order to illustrate technical scheme of the present invention, be not intended to limit; Although with reference to foregoing embodiments to invention has been detailed description, those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that: it still can be modified to the technical scheme described in foregoing embodiments, or carries out equivalent replacement to wherein some or all of technical characteristic; And these amendments or replacement, do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution depart from the scope of various embodiments of the present invention technical scheme.

Claims (10)

1. one kind can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, comprise heat pump main frame, main-supply, main water return tube, air-treatment unit, main backwind tube, main fresh wind tube, multiple radiation tail end, multiple water collecting and diversifying device and the new wind Electric air valve identical with described water collecting and diversifying device quantity and the return air Electric air valve identical with described water collecting and diversifying device quantity; Described main-supply is all connected with described heat pump main frame with one end of described main water return tube; Multiple described water collecting and diversifying device is connected with described main-supply, described main water return tube, for the hot water in described main-supply is sent in user, and by the cold water of discharging in user from described main water return tube discharged to described heat pump main frame; Described main fresh wind tube is all connected with described air-treatment unit with one end of described main backwind tube; Multiple described new wind Electric air valve is connected with described main fresh wind tube, enters into indoor air quantity for the new wind controlled in described main fresh wind tube; Multiple described return air Electric air valve is connected with described main backwind tube, for controlling the air quantity of user to return air in described main backwind tube; Described water collecting and diversifying device is provided with radiation tail end away from one end of described main-supply, for controlling and regulating the temperature in each household room.
2. according to claim 1 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, described main fresh wind tube connects many fresh wind tubes, described new wind Electric air valve is arranged in a described fresh wind tube;
Preferred, described fresh wind tube is provided with new wind constant voltage case;
Preferred, be provided with pressure transmitter in described fresh wind tube;
Preferred, described fresh wind tube is provided with indoor air outlet away from one end of described main fresh wind tube;
Preferably, described main backwind tube connects many backwind tubes, described return air Electric air valve is arranged in a described backwind tube;
Preferred, described backwind tube is provided with return air constant voltage case;
Preferred, be provided with pressure transmitter in described backwind tube;
Preferred, described backwind tube is provided with indoor return air mouth away from one end of described main backwind tube;
Preferably, also comprise room temperature controller, described room temperature controller is connected with described water collecting and diversifying device;
Preferred, also comprise central controller, described central controller is connected with described room temperature controller;
Preferred, also comprise remote control terminal, described remote control terminal is connected with described central controller;
Preferred, described remote control terminal comprises mobile phone A PP control terminal, PC control terminal, infrared control terminal, Bluetooth control terminal, blue light control terminal and/or WiFi control terminal;
Preferred, also comprise cloud platform, described cloud platform is connected with described central controller and described remote control terminal respectively.
3. according to claim 1 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, between described main fresh wind tube and described main backwind tube, be provided with bypass air-valve.
4. according to claim 1 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, in described main fresh wind tube and described main backwind tube, be provided with pressure transmitter.
5. according to claim 1 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, described radiation tail end comprises capillary network, body of wall radiant panel, structure buried tube type radiation tail end and/or metal radiant panel;
Preferred, described capillary network, described body of wall radiant panel, described structure buried tube type radiation tail end and/or described metal radiant panel are in parallel or be arranged in series.
6. according to claim 1 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, described main backwind tube and described main fresh wind tube are provided with frequency-variable controller.
7. according to claim 1 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, described heat pump main frame is connected by described feed pipe and described main water return tube with described air-treatment unit.
8. according to claim 1 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, also comprise control system, described control system is connected with described heat pump main frame, described air-treatment unit, described water collecting and diversifying device, described new wind Electric air valve and/or described return air Electric air valve respectively, for controlling the duty of described heat pump main frame, described air-treatment unit, described water collecting and diversifying device, described new wind Electric air valve and/or described return air Electric air valve.
9. according to claim 1 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, described water collecting and diversifying device is provided with electrical actuator, for controlling the water flow switch that passes through in described water collecting and diversifying device or discharge.
10. according to any one of claim 1-9 can the centralized air-conditioning system of branch control, it is characterized in that, described air-treatment unit is provided with outdoor air outlet and outdoor return mouth, for being sent to by the air of outdoor in described air-treatment unit and by the wind from described air-treatment unit discharge discharged to outdoor.
CN201510298624.0A 2015-01-13 2015-06-03 Centralized radiative air-conditioning system with household control function Pending CN104879856A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201510298624.0A CN104879856A (en) 2015-01-13 2015-06-03 Centralized radiative air-conditioning system with household control function

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201510015968 2015-01-13
CN2015100159686 2015-01-13
CN201510298624.0A CN104879856A (en) 2015-01-13 2015-06-03 Centralized radiative air-conditioning system with household control function

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN104879856A true CN104879856A (en) 2015-09-02

Family

ID=53947454

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201510298624.0A Pending CN104879856A (en) 2015-01-13 2015-06-03 Centralized radiative air-conditioning system with household control function

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN104879856A (en)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106594939A (en) * 2017-01-25 2017-04-26 何宗衡 Building cold and heat double supply device
CN106839227A (en) * 2017-03-31 2017-06-13 际高贝卡科技有限公司 A kind of semi-central air conditioning of independent temperature-humidity control
CN107120751A (en) * 2017-05-05 2017-09-01 杭州卡丽智能科技股份有限公司 A kind of intelligent air purifying system suitable for many resident family's building
CN108489027A (en) * 2018-03-23 2018-09-04 陈旸 A kind of control method of convection current and the adaptive supply HVAC system of radiation
CN109883026A (en) * 2019-01-16 2019-06-14 际高建业有限公司 A kind of air-conditioning system and its control method of independent temperature-humidity control
CN111623496A (en) * 2020-02-20 2020-09-04 南京绿慧能源科技有限公司 Radiation air conditioner control system, control method and storage medium
CN112728647A (en) * 2021-02-03 2021-04-30 重庆海润节能技术股份有限公司 Household five-balance fresh air conditioning unit and control method thereof

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2000283535A (en) * 1999-03-31 2000-10-13 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Radiation air conditioner
CN201177352Y (en) * 2007-09-29 2009-01-07 南京朗诗置业股份有限公司 Separate control combined air conditioner system
CN202598741U (en) * 2012-06-19 2012-12-12 河北工业大学 Building fresh air system based on soil-air heat exchange
CN202902552U (en) * 2012-11-16 2013-04-24 北京凯乐源机电工程设计有限公司 Family-splitting control metering and centralizing primary air system
CN204923270U (en) * 2015-06-03 2015-12-30 李国胜 Centralized radiation air -conditioning system of detachable family control

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2000283535A (en) * 1999-03-31 2000-10-13 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Radiation air conditioner
CN201177352Y (en) * 2007-09-29 2009-01-07 南京朗诗置业股份有限公司 Separate control combined air conditioner system
CN202598741U (en) * 2012-06-19 2012-12-12 河北工业大学 Building fresh air system based on soil-air heat exchange
CN202902552U (en) * 2012-11-16 2013-04-24 北京凯乐源机电工程设计有限公司 Family-splitting control metering and centralizing primary air system
CN204923270U (en) * 2015-06-03 2015-12-30 李国胜 Centralized radiation air -conditioning system of detachable family control

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106594939A (en) * 2017-01-25 2017-04-26 何宗衡 Building cold and heat double supply device
CN106839227A (en) * 2017-03-31 2017-06-13 际高贝卡科技有限公司 A kind of semi-central air conditioning of independent temperature-humidity control
CN107120751A (en) * 2017-05-05 2017-09-01 杭州卡丽智能科技股份有限公司 A kind of intelligent air purifying system suitable for many resident family's building
CN108489027A (en) * 2018-03-23 2018-09-04 陈旸 A kind of control method of convection current and the adaptive supply HVAC system of radiation
CN109883026A (en) * 2019-01-16 2019-06-14 际高建业有限公司 A kind of air-conditioning system and its control method of independent temperature-humidity control
CN111623496A (en) * 2020-02-20 2020-09-04 南京绿慧能源科技有限公司 Radiation air conditioner control system, control method and storage medium
CN112728647A (en) * 2021-02-03 2021-04-30 重庆海润节能技术股份有限公司 Household five-balance fresh air conditioning unit and control method thereof

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN104879856A (en) Centralized radiative air-conditioning system with household control function
CN201589376U (en) Central air-conditioning variable water volume and variable air volume whole group-control energy saving system
CN102519111B (en) Air conditioner control method capable of changing water temperature by mixing water
CN203928219U (en) A kind of family formula radiation tail end air-conditioning system
CN103512116A (en) House type radiation tail end air conditioner system and control system
WO2018067700A1 (en) Integrated mechanical, electrical and plumbing appliance for a building
CN105157182A (en) Intelligent management and energy saving system for heat source of base station
CN203501341U (en) Radiation tail end air conditioning system
CN101726104B (en) Air source heat pump type water heater with air replacing function
CN202521796U (en) Total heat recovering unit with by-pass pipe
CN202057989U (en) Learning-type energy saving controller for communication base station/machine room
CN106091277A (en) A kind of monitoring air-conditioner controlled based on intelligent power saving
CN204923270U (en) Centralized radiation air -conditioning system of detachable family control
CN205747349U (en) A kind of air-conditioning monitoring and controlling system
CN105157187B (en) A kind of base station thermal source intelligent management energy conserving system
CN207365245U (en) A kind of indoor fresh air ventilating system
CN202973431U (en) Automatic monitoring system between internal unit and external unit of air conditioner for communication machine room
CN204830332U (en) Capillary system controller
CN107101385B (en) A kind of heat storage electric boiler and solar water heater combined apparatus and heat supply method
CN206831728U (en) A kind of low energy consumption room temp regulator
CN204593956U (en) For the constant temperature and humidity geothermal heat pump air-conditioning system of indoor and outdoor rack
CN204460706U (en) The fast hot-air energy water heater of a kind of embedding frequency conversion one
CN209054658U (en) Modularization fresh air conditioner
CN102840642A (en) Pipeline installation-free fresh air exchanging system for each room in house
CN202419829U (en) Energy-saving heat-pipe air conditioner for base station

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C06 Publication
PB01 Publication
EXSB Decision made by sipo to initiate substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication

Application publication date: 20150902

RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication