CN104831304A - Method for preparing aluminum tungstate by cation membrane electrolytic method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing aluminum tungstate by a cation membrane electrolytic method. The method is characterized in that an aluminum sheet is used as an anode, an inert electrode is used as a cathode, an aqueous solution containing a depolarization agent and sodium tungstate is used as an anode solution, and an acid solution, an alkali solution or a salt solution is used as a cathode liquid; and in a double-chamber electrolytic cell utilizing a cation membrane as a diaphragm, the aqueous solution containing the depolarization agent and sodium tungstate is electrolyzed at a temperature range of a room temperature to 90 DEG C by constant-current electrolysis or constant-voltage electrolysis until all Na<+> ions are transferred into a cathode chamber, the product obtained in the anode chamber is washed by deionized water along with filtration, the obtained filter cake is dried at a controlled temperature of 600-800 DEG C for 1-4h so that the high-purity impurity phase-free aluminum tungstate is obtained. Through cation membrane electrolysis, Na<+> is transferred into the cathode chamber so that Na<+> influence is eliminated, reaction time is short, and the aluminum tungstate product has high purity and no impurity phase.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic preparation aluminum tungstate, belong to field of inorganic materials.
Technical background
Al
2(WO
4)
3belong to A
2(MO
4)
3the compound of structure type, wherein A=Y, Sc, In, Al and the rare earth metal from Ho to Lu, M=W, Mo, belong to orthohormbic structure crystallographic system, has negative isolator CTE, due to A
2(MO
4)
3structure has larger consistency, can hold+3 valency positively charged ions of ionic radius at 67.5 ~ 107.5pm, therefore can by changing the kind of A ion or forming different A
2(MO
4)
3the sosoloid of the compound of structure type, can change the temperature that crystal structure types changes from orthogonal phase transformation monoclinic phase, thus to prepare thermal expansivity be positive and negative, zero material.In addition, due to Al
2(WO
4)
3show the character of+3 unique valency cation transports, therefore this compound also may become distinctive solid dielectric material, plays a role in the field such as sensor, fuel cell.
At Al
2(WO
4)
3synthesis aspect, applies more method and mainly comprises: sol-gel method, spray pyrolysis, solid state synthesis, molten-salt growth method, mechanochemical synthesis, supersonic method, masterplate method, hydrothermal method etc.But solid state synthesis method has evenly caused a lot of metal oxide impurities due to raw material mixing cloth; The shortcoming of sol-gel method, aqueous phase precipitation method, hydrothermal method, microwave method etc. has the existence of additive or reaction times longer (reach several hours even several days time).
Cationic membrane has certain selective penetrated property, can to make in anode by the cation permeable ionic membrane selected in cathode compartment, and perfluorinated sulfonic acid cationic exchange membrane can allow the Na in anolyte compartment
+ion permeable ionic membrane enters cathode compartment, thus cancellation Na
+the impact of ionic impurity.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention is in order to solve long reaction time in above-mentioned aluminum tungstate preparation process, technical problems such as impurity is many in the product of final gained and a kind of method adopting cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate is provided, it is short that the method has the reaction times, the aluminum tungstate product purity of final gained is high, inclusion-free.
Technical scheme of the present invention
Utilize cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare a method for aluminum tungstate, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), take aluminium flake as anode, take noble electrode as negative electrode, with the aqueous solution containing depolarizer and sodium wolframate for anolyte, with acid solution, alkaline solution or salts solution for catholyte, be in the two-compartment cell of barrier film at cationic membrane, adopt the mode of constant-current electrolysis or constant-potential electrolysis, control temperature scope is room temperature to 90 DEG C, preferably carry out the aqueous solution that electrolysis contains depolarizer and sodium wolframate, until Na from room temperature to 50 DEG C
+ion all transfers to cathode compartment;
Described noble electrode is glass-carbon electrode, Graphite Electrodes, titanium net or platinum guaze;
Described containing in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of sodium wolframate is 0.005-2.5mol/L, and be preferably 0.01-0.5mol/L, be more preferably 0.1mol/L, the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01-0.1mol/L;
Described depolarizer is nitric acid or SODIUMNITRATE;
Aqueous hydrochloric acid or the concentration of described acid solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L are the aqueous sulfuric acid of 0.001-1mol/L;
Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution or the concentration of described alkaline solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L are the potassium hydroxide aqueous solution of 0.001-1mol/L;
Sodium chloride aqueous solution or the concentration of described salts solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L are the aqueous sodium carbonate of 0.001-1mol/L;
Described cationic membrane is perfluorinated sulfonic acid cationic exchange membrane, is preferably the Nafion perfluorinated sulfonic acid 212 type cationic exchange membrane that du pont company produces;
The electric current of described constant-current electrolysis is 0.08-0.8A, and be preferably 0.4-0.8A, be more preferably 0.6A, current density is 1-100mA/cm
2, be preferably 50-100mA/cm
2, be more preferably 75mA/cm
2;
The voltage of described constant-potential electrolysis is 10-300V, is preferably 20-150V, is more preferably 20V;
(2), electrolysis complete after, the cleaning limit, product deionized water limit that obtains in anolyte compartment is filtered, so that by Na
+and depolarizer cleans up, the filter cake control temperature of gained is 600-800 DEG C of dry 1-4h, obtains pure aluminum tungstate.
Beneficial effect of the present invention
A kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate of the present invention, because the cationic membrane adopted in preparation process has certain selective penetrated property, particularly Nafion series perfluorinated sulfonic acid cationic exchange membrane can allow the Na in anolyte compartment
+ion permeable ionic membrane enters cathode compartment, thus cancellation Na
+ionic impurity is on the impact of the finished product aluminum tungstate purity, and therefore to have the aluminum tungstate product purity of final gained high for preparation method of the present invention, without the feature of dephasign.
Further, a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate of the present invention, its reaction times is short, as can be seen from specific embodiment, its electrolytic preparation deficiency of time 0.5h, can obtain pure aluminum tungstate, therefore subsequent disposal is simple, thus preparation cost reduces.
Further, a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate of the present invention, catholyte scope used is wide, acid solution, alkali lye and saline solution are all passable, in addition, no matter electrolytic process is the mode of constant-current electrolysis or constant-potential electrolysis, can obtain pure aluminum tungstate.
Further, a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate of the present invention, owing to only needing one-step electrolysis to prepare aluminum tungstate, therefore its preparation process technique is simple, easily operates, invests little, and resultant quantity is large, can directly apply to suitability for industrialized production.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The EDS figure of the aluminum tungstate obtained in Fig. 1 a, embodiment 1;
The XRD figure of the aluminum tungstate obtained in Fig. 1 b, embodiment 1;
The EDS figure of the aluminum tungstate obtained in Fig. 2 a, embodiment 2;
The XRD figure of the aluminum tungstate obtained in Fig. 2 b, embodiment 2;
The EDS figure of the aluminum tungstate obtained in Fig. 3 a, embodiment 3;
The XRD figure of the aluminum tungstate obtained in Fig. 3 b, embodiment 3;
The EDS figure of the aluminum tungstate obtained in Fig. 4 a, embodiment 4;
The XRD figure of the aluminum tungstate obtained in Fig. 4 b, embodiment 4.
Embodiment
Also by reference to the accompanying drawings the present invention is set forth further below by specific embodiment, but do not limit the present invention.Perfluorinated sulfonic acid cationic exchange membrane used in various embodiments of the present invention is the Nafion perfluorinated sulfonic acid 212 type cationic exchange membrane that du pont company produces.
embodiment 1
Utilize cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare a method for aluminum tungstate, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), take aluminium flake as anode, take noble electrode as negative electrode, the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate is contained for anolyte with 95ml, with 90ml acid solution for catholyte, be in the two-compartment cell of barrier film at cationic membrane, adopt the mode of constant-potential electrolysis, control temperature scope is the aqueous solution 10min that room temperature to 50 DEG C constant-potential electrolysis contains depolarizer and sodium wolframate;
Described noble electrode is titanium net;
Described containing in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of sodium wolframate is 0.1mol/L, and the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01mol/L, and described depolarizer is nitric acid;
The aqueous hydrochloric acid of described acid solution to be concentration be 0.1mol/L;
Described cationic membrane is Nafion perfluorinated sulfonic acid 212 type cationic exchange membrane;
The voltage of described constant-potential electrolysis is 20V;
(2), electrolysis complete after, the cleaning limit, product deionized water limit that obtains in anolyte compartment is filtered, so that by Na
+and depolarizer cleans up, the filter cake control temperature of gained is 750 DEG C of dry 2h, obtains pure aluminium tungstate.
The aluminum tungstate of 4010 type X-ray detection instrument to above-mentioned gained of German Brooker ALX company is adopted to measure, its EDS schemes as shown in Figure 1a, as can be seen from Fig. 1 a, obtain in product, only having Al, W, O tri-kinds of elements, indicating the aluminum tungstate that the present invention adopts cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare the method gained of aluminum tungstate is thus pure phase, inclusion-free.
Adopt the aluminum tungstate of D8 Advance type x-ray diffractometer to above-mentioned gained of German Brooker AXS company to measure, as shown in Figure 1 b, as can be seen from Fig. 1 b, the product obtained is Al to its XRD figure
2(WO
4)
3.
embodiment 2
Utilize cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare a method for aluminum tungstate, concrete steps are as follows:
(1), take aluminium flake as anode, take noble electrode as negative electrode, the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate is contained for anolyte with 95ml, with 90ml acid solution for catholyte, be in the two-compartment cell of barrier film at cationic membrane, adopt the mode of constant-current electrolysis, control temperature scope is the aqueous solution 10min that room temperature to 50 DEG C electrolysis contains depolarizer and sodium wolframate;
Described noble electrode is titanium net;
Described containing in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of sodium wolframate is 0.1mol/L, and the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01mol/L, and described depolarizer is nitric acid;
The aqueous hydrochloric acid of described acid solution to be concentration be 0.1mol/L;
Described cationic membrane is Nafion perfluorinated sulfonic acid 212 type cationic exchange membrane;
The electric current of described constant-current electrolysis is 0.6A, and current density is 75mA/cm
2;
(2), electrolysis complete after, the cleaning limit, product deionized water limit that obtains in anolyte compartment is filtered, so that by Na
+and depolarizer cleans up, the filter cake control temperature of gained is 750 DEG C of dry 2h, obtains pure aluminium tungstate.
The aluminum tungstate of 4010 type X-ray detection instrument to above-mentioned gained of German Brooker ALX company is adopted to measure, its EDS schemes as shown in Figure 2 a, as can be seen from Fig. 2 a, obtain in product, only having Al, W, O tri-kinds of elements, indicating the aluminum tungstate that the present invention adopts cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare the method gained of aluminum tungstate is thus pure phase, inclusion-free;
Adopt the aluminum tungstate of D8 Advance type x-ray diffractometer to above-mentioned gained of German Brooker AXS company to measure, as shown in Figure 2 b, as can be seen from Fig. 2 b, the product obtained is Al to its XRD figure
2(WO
4)
3.
embodiment 3
Utilize cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare a method for aluminum tungstate, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), take aluminium flake as anode, take noble electrode as negative electrode, the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate is contained for anolyte with 95ml, with 90ml alkaline solution for catholyte, be in the two-compartment cell of barrier film at cationic membrane, adopt the mode of constant-current electrolysis, control temperature scope is the aqueous solution 10min that room temperature to 50 DEG C is carried out electrolysis and contained depolarizer and sodium wolframate;
Described noble electrode is titanium net;
Described containing in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of sodium wolframate is 0.1mol/L, and the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01mol/L, and described depolarizer is SODIUMNITRATE;
The aqueous sodium hydroxide solution of described alkaline solution to be concentration be 0.1mol/L;
Described cationic membrane is Nafion perfluorinated sulfonic acid 212 type cationic exchange membrane;
The electric current of described constant-current electrolysis is 0.6A, and current density is 75mA/cm
2;
(2), electrolysis complete after, the cleaning limit, product deionized water limit that obtains in anolyte compartment is filtered, so that by Na
+and depolarizer cleans up, the filter cake control temperature of gained is 750 DEG C of dry 2h, obtains pure aluminium tungstate.
The aluminum tungstate of 4010 type X-ray detection instrument to above-mentioned gained of German Brooker ALX company is adopted to measure, its EDS schemes as shown in Figure 3 a, as can be seen from Fig. 3 a, obtain in product, only having Al, W, O tri-kinds of elements, indicating the aluminum tungstate that the present invention adopts cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare the method gained of aluminum tungstate is thus pure phase, inclusion-free;
Adopt the aluminum tungstate of D8 Advance type x-ray diffractometer to above-mentioned gained of German Brooker AXS company to measure, as shown in Figure 3 b, as can be seen from Fig. 3 b, the product obtained is Al to its XRD figure
2(WO
4)
3.
embodiment 4
Utilize cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare a method for aluminum tungstate, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), take aluminium flake as anode, take noble electrode as negative electrode, the aqueous solution of the sodium wolframate of depolarizer is contained for anolyte with 95ml, with 90ml salts solution for catholyte, be in the two-compartment cell of barrier film at cationic membrane, adopt the mode of constant-current electrolysis, control temperature scope is the aqueous solution 10min that room temperature to 50 DEG C is carried out electrolysis and contained depolarizer and sodium wolframate;
Described noble electrode is titanium net;
Described containing in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration range of sodium wolframate is at 0.1mol/L, and the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01mol/L, and described depolarizer is SODIUMNITRATE;
Described salts solution is the sodium-chlor of concentration 0.1mol/L;
Described cationic membrane is Nafion perfluorinated sulfonic acid 212 type cationic exchange membrane;
The electric current of described constant-current electrolysis is 0.6A, and current density is 75mA/cm
2;
(2), electrolysis complete after, the cleaning limit, product deionized water limit that obtains in anolyte compartment is filtered, so that by Na
+and depolarizer cleans up, the filter cake control temperature of gained is 750 DEG C of dry 2h, obtains pure aluminium tungstate.
The aluminum tungstate of 4010 type X-ray detection instrument to above-mentioned gained of German Brooker ALX company is adopted to measure, its EDS schemes as shown in fig. 4 a, as can be seen from Fig. 4 a, obtain in product, only having Al, W, O tri-kinds of elements, indicating the aluminum tungstate that the present invention adopts cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare the method gained of aluminum tungstate is thus pure phase, inclusion-free;
Adopt the aluminum tungstate of D8 Advance type x-ray diffractometer to above-mentioned gained of German Brooker AXS company to measure, as shown in Figure 4 b, as can be seen from Fig. 4 b, the product obtained is Al to its XRD figure
2(WO
4)
3.
In sum, a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate of the present invention, owing to adopting cationic exchange membrane electrolysis, no matter be therefore constant-potential electrolysis, or constant-current electrolysis; No matter catholyte is acid solution, alkali lye or saline solution, no matter depolarizer is nitric acid or SODIUMNITRATE, all can obtain aluminum tungstate, and the electrolytic preparation time is less than 0.5h, the aluminum tungstate of final gained is pure phase, without dephasign.
The above is only the citing of embodiments of the present invention; it should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite not departing from the technology of the present invention principle; can also make some improvement and modification, these improve and modification also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. utilize cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare a method for aluminum tungstate, it is characterized in that specifically comprising the steps:
(1), take aluminium flake as anode, take noble electrode as negative electrode, with the aqueous solution containing depolarizer and sodium wolframate for anolyte, with acid solution, alkaline solution or salts solution for catholyte, be in the two-compartment cell of barrier film at cationic membrane, adopt the mode of constant-current electrolysis or constant-potential electrolysis, control temperature scope is the aqueous solution that room temperature to 90 DEG C is carried out electrolysis and contained depolarizer and sodium wolframate, until Na
+ion all transfers to cathode compartment;
Described noble electrode is glass-carbon electrode, Graphite Electrodes, titanium net or platinum guaze;
Described containing in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of sodium wolframate is 0.005-2.5mol/L, and the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01-0.1mol/L;
Described depolarizer is nitric acid or SODIUMNITRATE;
Aqueous hydrochloric acid or the concentration of described acid solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L are the aqueous sulfuric acid of 0.001-1mol/L;
Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution or the concentration of described alkaline solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L are the potassium hydroxide aqueous solution of 0.001-1mol/L;
Sodium chloride aqueous solution or the concentration of described salts solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L are the aqueous sodium carbonate of 0.001-1mol/L;
Described cationic membrane is perfluorinated sulfonic acid cationic exchange membrane;
The electric current of described constant-current electrolysis is 0.08-0.8A, and current density is 1-100mA/cm
2;
The voltage of described constant-potential electrolysis is 10-300V;
(2), electrolysis complete after, the cleaning limit, product deionized water limit that obtains in anolyte compartment filtered, the filter cake control temperature obtained is 600-800 DEG C of dry 1-4h, obtains aluminum tungstate.
2. a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that the noble electrode described in step (1) is titanium net;
Described contains in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and Sodium orthomolybdate, and the concentration of sodium wolframate is 0.01-0.5mol/L;
The aqueous hydrochloric acid of described acid solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L;
The aqueous sodium hydroxide solution of described alkaline solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L;
The sodium chloride aqueous solution of described salts solution to be concentration be 0.001-1mol/L;
Described cationic membrane is the Nafion perfluorinated sulfonic acid 212 type cationic exchange membrane that du pont company produces;
In constant-current electrolysis or constant-potential electrolysis process, control temperature scope is room temperature to 50 DEG C;
The electric current of described constant-current electrolysis is 0.4-0.8A, and current density is 50-100mA/cm
2;
The voltage of described constant-potential electrolysis is 20-150V.
3. a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that the concentration of sodium wolframate is 0.1mol/L containing in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate described in step (1);
The filter cake control temperature that step (2) obtains after filtering is 600-800 DEG C of dry 2h.
4. a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that containing described in step (1) in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01mol/L, and described depolarizer is nitric acid;
Take acid solution as catholyte, the aqueous hydrochloric acid of described acid solution to be concentration be 0.1mol/L;
Adopt the mode of constant-potential electrolysis to carry out electrolysis, the voltage of constant-potential electrolysis is 20V.
5. a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that containing described in step (1) in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01mol/L, and described depolarizer is nitric acid;
Take acid solution as catholyte, the aqueous hydrochloric acid of described acid solution to be concentration be 0.1mol/L;
Adopt the mode of constant-current electrolysis to carry out electrolysis, the current density of constant-current electrolysis is 75mA/cm
2, electric current is 0.6A.
6. a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that containing described in step (1) in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01mol/L, and described depolarizer is SODIUMNITRATE;
Take alkaline solution as catholyte, the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution of described alkaline solution to be concentration be 0.1mol/L;
Adopt the mode of constant-current electrolysis to carry out electrolysis, the current density of constant-current electrolysis is 75mA/cm
2, electric current is 0.6A.
7. a kind of method utilizing cationic membrane electrolytic process to prepare aluminum tungstate as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that containing described in step (1) in the aqueous solution of depolarizer and sodium wolframate, the concentration of depolarizer is 0.01mol/L, and described depolarizer is SODIUMNITRATE;
Take salts solution as catholyte, the sodium-chlor of described salts solution to be concentration be 0.1mol/L;
Adopt the mode of constant-current electrolysis to carry out electrolysis, the current density of constant-current electrolysis is 75mA/cm
2, electric current is 0.6A.
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| CN106191903A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2016-12-07 | 上海应用技术大学 | A kind of preparation method of silver vanadate photocatalyst |
| CN106367773A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2017-02-01 | 上海应用技术大学 | Preparation method of vanadic acid copper |
| CN106367772A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2017-02-01 | 上海应用技术大学 | Preparation method of 3D flower-like spherical zinc vanadium oxide hydroxide hydrate photocatalyst |
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| CN104073835A (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2014-10-01 | 上海应用技术学院 | Method for preparing cupric tungstate via electrolysis of cation membrane |
| CN104357877A (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2015-02-18 | 上海应用技术学院 | Method for preparing zinc tungstate by using cationic membrane electrolysis process |
| CN104357876A (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2015-02-18 | 上海应用技术学院 | Method for preparing nickel tungstate by using cationic membrane electrolysis process |
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2015
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| CN104073835A (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2014-10-01 | 上海应用技术学院 | Method for preparing cupric tungstate via electrolysis of cation membrane |
| CN104357877A (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2015-02-18 | 上海应用技术学院 | Method for preparing zinc tungstate by using cationic membrane electrolysis process |
| CN104357876A (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2015-02-18 | 上海应用技术学院 | Method for preparing nickel tungstate by using cationic membrane electrolysis process |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN106191903A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2016-12-07 | 上海应用技术大学 | A kind of preparation method of silver vanadate photocatalyst |
| CN106367773A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2017-02-01 | 上海应用技术大学 | Preparation method of vanadic acid copper |
| CN106367772A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2017-02-01 | 上海应用技术大学 | Preparation method of 3D flower-like spherical zinc vanadium oxide hydroxide hydrate photocatalyst |
| CN106367773B (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2018-08-17 | 上海应用技术大学 | A kind of preparation method of copper vanadate |
| CN106367772B (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2018-08-24 | 上海应用技术大学 | A kind of preparation method of 3D flower ball-shapeds pyrovanadic acid zinc photochemical catalyst |
| CN106191903B (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2018-12-04 | 上海应用技术大学 | A kind of preparation method of silver vanadate photochemical catalyst |
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