CN104805477A - Zinc plating liquid used for forming thick zinc coating as well as preparation method and application - Google Patents
Zinc plating liquid used for forming thick zinc coating as well as preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN104805477A CN104805477A CN201510153448.1A CN201510153448A CN104805477A CN 104805477 A CN104805477 A CN 104805477A CN 201510153448 A CN201510153448 A CN 201510153448A CN 104805477 A CN104805477 A CN 104805477A
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- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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Abstract
The invention discloses zinc plating liquid used for forming a thick zinc coating as well as a preparation method and application. 1 L of zinc plating liquid used for forming the thick zinc coating comprises the following ingredients: 60-100 g of zinc chloride, 180-220 g of potassium chloride, 20-35 g of boric acid, 10-20 g of a combined brightener, 0.2-1.2 g of a softening agent, 1-20 mL of an organic solvent and the balance of water. The preparation method comprises the followings steps: dissolving zinc chloride, potassium chloride, boric acid, the combined brightener and the softening agent with a small amount of water, adding the organic solvent, uniformly mixing, and diluting with water so as to form the zinc plating liquid used for forming the thick zinc coating. When the zinc plating liquid used for forming the thick zinc coating is electroplated for 15-120 min under the current density of 1-15 A/dm<2>, the zinc coating with the thickness of 34-100 [mu]m can be obtained on the surface of a metallic matrix, and is compact, uniform, bright and crack-free.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating and preparation method and application.
Background technology
In a very long time in the past, because cyanide bath good stability, covering power is strong, and the reasons such as coating is careful, and solidity to corrosion is good, prussiate zincincation is widely adopted.But, because in prussiate galvanizing process, liberation of hydrogen is serious, zinc coating is caused to have very high fragility, add prussiate galvanizing solution and there is very high toxicity, wastewater treatment difficulty, serious to air and groundwater pollution, present alkaline zinc plating and slightly acidic zincincation are developed gradually and to carry out substitute for industry plating zinc-plated.Corresponding prussiate zincincation, the destructive force of alkaline galvanizing technology to environment reduces greatly, but the current efficiency of plating solution not high (about 70%), to make metallic matrix that the problem of " hydrogen embrittlement " occur more serious for the precipitation of a large amount of hydrogen and the hydrogen that oozes that produces, increase the weight of the burden of dehydrogenation after electro-galvanizing, in alkaline zinc plating liquid, the employing of a large amount of organic additive makes the fragility of coating increase, and coating is thicker, and brittleness problems is more serious.
Based on the characteristic of zinc coating, be 1-5A/dm in current density
2, and when thickness of coating reaches more than 20 μm, coating will have very high fragility, craze of coating easily occurs, has the problems such as pore.Therefore, in actual production, lower current density and shorter electroplating time are the common methods reducing zinc coating fragility, and the net thickness of the zinc coating that this mode of operation obtains is only 5-20 μm, are namely difficult to obtain thicker zinc coating.
Possessor's (application number 90110089.7) has proposed higher than 10A/dm to the greatest extent
2working current density, but its be only applicable to electroplating time shorter (tens seconds) to dispersive ability and the less demanding wire material electroplating of covering power.This limits the range of application of zinc coating to a certain extent.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention is 1-5 A/dm in order to solve above-mentioned in current density
2, and when thickness of coating reaches more than 20 μm, coating will have very high fragility, craze of coating easily occurs, has the technical problems such as pore and provide a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, this galvanizing flux is 1-15 A/dm in current density
2, and thickness of coating can reach 34-100 μm, the zinc coating of gained is fine and close, even, light, flawless.
Technical scheme of the present invention
For the formation of a galvanizing flux for thick zinc coating, by often liter of calculatings, its raw material form and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 60-100g/L
Repone K 180-220g/L
Boric acid 20-35g/L
Multibrightener 10-20g/L
Softening agent 0.2-1.2g/L
Organic solvent 1-20mL/L
Surplus is water;
Described multibrightener is the mixture be made up of benzylideneacetone, Sodium Benzoate and peregal, calculates in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 1:1.5-2:4.5-8.5;
Described softening agent is rare earth addition, and described rare earth addition is Lanthanum trichloride or Cerium II Chloride;
Described organic solvent is ethanol, butyl ether or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
The preparation method of above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, specifically comprises the steps:
Zinc chloride, Repone K, boric acid, multibrightener and softening agent are first used a small amount of water dissolution, then adds organic solvent and mix, then carry out constant volume with water, namely obtain the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating.
Utilize above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating to form the method for thick zinc coating, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), the cleaning of matrix
After sanding and polishing being carried out to metallic matrix with sand paper, then metallic matrix is placed in the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution oil removing that temperature is 80-90 DEG C, concentration is 60g/L, until oil eliminates, then washed with de-ionized water is used, be room temperature activation 1min in the diluted nitric acid aqueous solution of 5% again at mass percent concentration by the metallic matrix after oil removing, clean by washed with de-ionized water after taking-up, the reverse side of zinc coating to be plated for metallic matrix carried out insulation and obturation with sealant tape stand-by;
Described metallic matrix is copper, iron or stainless steel;
(2), the metallic matrix cleaned up is regarded the negative electrode of plating, the negative pole of access direct supply, the one side of zinc coating to be plated aims at anode, anode is done with zine plate, the positive pole of access direct supply, in the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, control temperature is 25-35 DEG C, pH value 5 ~ 6, current density be 1-15A/dm
2carry out plating 15-120min, namely obtain the zinc coating of thick layer 34-100 μm in the one side of the zinc coating to be plated of metallic matrix.
Beneficial outcomes of the present invention
A kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating of the present invention, due to containing rare earth addition, thus improve the dispersive ability of plating solution, the current density operation scope of plating solution is improved, adding that rare earth adds simultaneously also makes the distribution of current density more even, reduce hydrogen to separate out, thus when avoiding the thick zinc coating of plating, zinc coating produces fragility.
Further, a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating of the present invention, the surface tension reducing galvanizing flux is added due to organic solvent, hydrogen is helped to leave fast from workpiece surface, reduce the precipitation of hydrogen and accelerate the disengaging of hydrogen, thus " hydrogen embrittlement " problem of the fragility of zinc coating and workpiece is effectively contained, thus thick zinc coating can be obtained.
Further, a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating of the present invention, can carry out long-time electro-galvanizing at higher current densities, obtain thicker zinc coating.
Embodiment
Below by specific embodiment, the present invention is set forth further, but do not limit the present invention.
All raw materials used in various embodiments of the present invention, all from Shanghai traditional Chinese medicines reagent Group Co., Ltd, product specification is reagent grade.
embodiment 1
For the formation of a galvanizing flux for thick zinc coating, by often liter of calculatings, its raw material form and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 60g/L
Repone K 200g/L
Boric acid 30g/L
Multibrightener 10g/L
Softening agent 0.2g/L
Organic solvent 5mL/L
Surplus is water;
In described multibrightener, calculate in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 2:3:17;
Described softening agent is rare earth addition, and described rare earth addition is Lanthanum trichloride;
Described organic solvent is ethanol.
The preparation method of above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, specifically comprises the steps:
Zinc chloride, Repone K, boric acid, multibrightener and softening agent are first used a small amount of water dissolution, then adds organic solvent and mix, then carry out constant volume with water, namely obtain the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating.
Utilize above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating to form the method for thick zinc coating, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), the cleaning of matrix
After sanding and polishing being carried out to metallic matrix with sand paper, then metallic matrix is placed in the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution oil removing that temperature is 80-90 DEG C, concentration is 60g/L, until oil eliminates, then washed with de-ionized water is used, be room temperature activation 1min in the diluted nitric acid aqueous solution of 5% again at mass percent concentration by the metallic matrix after oil removing, clean by washed with de-ionized water after taking-up, the reverse side of zinc coating to be plated for metallic matrix carried out insulation and obturation with sealant tape stand-by;
Described metallic matrix is the thickness of 2cm*5cm is the copper sheet of 200um;
(2), the metallic matrix cleaned up is regarded the negative electrode of plating, the negative pole of access direct supply, the one side of zinc coating to be plated aims at anode, anode is done with zine plate, the positive pole of access direct supply, in the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, control temperature is 30 DEG C, pH value 6, current density be 10A/dm
2, current efficiency is carry out plating 35min under 100% condition, namely obtains the zinc coating of thick layer 100 μm in the one side of the zinc coating to be plated of metallic matrix.
The metallic matrix copper sheet with the zinc coating of thick 100 μm of above-mentioned gained is through observing, and zinc coating overall leveling, metallic matrix copper sheet does not bend, and shows zinc coating not obviously internal stress thus.
comparative examples 1
For the formation of a galvanizing flux for thick zinc coating, by often liter of calculatings, its raw material form and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 60g/L
Repone K 200g/L
Boric acid 30g/L
Multibrightener 10g/L
Surplus is water;
In described multibrightener, calculate in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 2:3:17;
The preparation method of above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, specifically comprises the steps:
Zinc chloride, Repone K, boric acid and multibrightener are first used a small amount of water dissolution, then carries out constant volume with water, namely obtain the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating.
Utilize above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating to form the method for thick zinc coating, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), the cleaning of matrix
After sanding and polishing being carried out to metallic matrix with sand paper, then metallic matrix is placed in the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution oil removing that temperature is 80-90 DEG C, concentration is 60g/L, until oil eliminates, then washed with de-ionized water is used, be room temperature activation 1min in the diluted nitric acid aqueous solution of 5% again at mass percent concentration by the metallic matrix after oil removing, clean by washed with de-ionized water after taking-up, the reverse side of zinc coating to be plated for metallic matrix carried out insulation and obturation with sealant tape stand-by;
Described metallic matrix is the thickness of 2cm*5cm is the copper sheet of 200um;
(2), the metallic matrix cleaned up is regarded the negative electrode of plating, the negative pole of access direct supply, the one side of zinc coating to be plated aims at anode, anode is done with zine plate, the positive pole of access direct supply, in the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, control temperature is 30 DEG C, pH value 6, current density be 10A/dm
2, current efficiency is carry out plating 35min under 100% condition, namely obtains the zinc coating of thick layer 99.8 μm in the one side of the zinc coating to be plated of metallic matrix.
The one side of above-mentioned gained with the metallic matrix copper sheet of the zinc coating of thick 99.8 μm through observing, the overall light of zinc coating, but metallic matrix copper sheet generation severe bends, illustrate that zinc coating has very high stress, the margin location of zinc coating is equipped with serious zinc dendrite, illustrates that the current density of edge section is excessive.This phenomenon illustrates, does not contain the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating of softening agent and organic solvent, although the thick zinc coating obtained at higher current densities, can not meet the requirement of metallic matrix copper sheet to zinc coating.
Contrasted by above-described embodiment 1 and comparative examples 1, can find out that the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating with the addition of softening agent and organic solvent is electroplated, the metallic matrix copper sheet that the one side of gained has thick zinc coating is smooth, without obvious coating buckling phenomenon, illustrate that the internal stress of zinc coating reduces greatly, the growth of the marginal position zinc dendrite of zinc coating is effectively suppressed, and shows that the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating that with the addition of softening agent and organic solvent is at 10A/dm thus
2current density under, its micro Distribution homogeneity strengthen, comparatively ideal thick zinc coating can be obtained.
embodiment 2
For the formation of a galvanizing flux for thick zinc coating, by often liter of calculatings, its raw material form and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 80g/L
Repone K 180g/L
Boric acid 20g/L
Multibrightener 20g/L
Softening agent 0.8g/L
Organic solvent 1mL/L
Surplus is water;
In described multibrightener, calculate in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 2:4:9;
Described softening agent is rare earth addition, and described rare earth addition is Cerium II Chloride;
Described organic solvent is butyl ether.
The preparation method of above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, specifically comprises the steps:
Zinc chloride, Repone K, boric acid, multibrightener and softening agent are first used a small amount of water dissolution, then adds organic solvent and mix, then carry out constant volume with water, namely obtain the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating.
Utilize above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating to form the method for thick zinc coating, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), the cleaning of matrix
After sanding and polishing being carried out to metallic matrix with sand paper, then metallic matrix is placed in the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution oil removing that temperature is 80-90 DEG C, concentration is 60g/L, until oil eliminates, then washed with de-ionized water is used, be room temperature activation 1min in the diluted nitric acid aqueous solution of 5% again at mass percent concentration by the metallic matrix after oil removing, clean by washed with de-ionized water after taking-up, the reverse side of zinc coating to be plated for metallic matrix carried out insulation and obturation with sealant tape stand-by;
Described metallic matrix is the thickness of 2cm*5cm is the copper sheet of 200um;
(2), the metallic matrix cleaned up is regarded the negative electrode of plating, the negative pole of access direct supply, the one side of zinc coating to be plated aims at anode, anode is done with zine plate, the positive pole of access direct supply, in the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, control temperature is 25 DEG C, pH value 5.5, current density be 1A/dm
2, current efficiency is carry out plating 120min under 100.1% condition, namely obtains the zinc coating of thick layer 34.6 μm in the one side of the zinc coating to be plated of metallic matrix.
The one side of above-mentioned gained with the metallic matrix copper sheet of the zinc coating of thick 34.6 μm through observing, zinc coating overall leveling, metallic matrix copper sheet does not bend, show that zinc coating does not have obviously internal stress thus, the growth of the marginal position zinc dendrite of zinc coating is effectively suppressed, and shows that the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating that with the addition of softening agent and organic solvent is at 1A/dm thus
2current density under, in longer electroplating time, its micro Distribution homogeneity strengthen, comparatively ideal thick zinc coating can be obtained.
embodiment 3
For the formation of a galvanizing flux for thick zinc coating, by often liter of calculatings, its raw material form and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 100g/L
Repone K 220g/L
Boric acid 35g/L
Multibrightener 15g/L
Softening agent 1.2g/L
Organic solvent 20mL/L
Surplus is water;
In described multibrightener, calculate in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 2:4:9;
Described softening agent is rare earth addition, and described rare earth addition is Cerium II Chloride;
Described organic solvent is ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
The preparation method of above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, specifically comprises the steps:
Zinc chloride, Repone K, boric acid, multibrightener and softening agent are first used a small amount of water dissolution, then adds organic solvent and mix, then carry out constant volume with water, namely obtain the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating.
Utilize above-mentioned a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating to form the method for thick zinc coating, specifically comprise the steps:
(1), the cleaning of matrix
After sanding and polishing being carried out to metallic matrix with sand paper, then metallic matrix is placed in the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution oil removing that temperature is 80-90 DEG C, concentration is 60g/L, until oil eliminates, then washed with de-ionized water is used, be room temperature activation 1min in the diluted nitric acid aqueous solution of 5% again at mass percent concentration by the metallic matrix after oil removing, clean by washed with de-ionized water after taking-up, the reverse side of zinc coating to be plated for metallic matrix carried out insulation and obturation with sealant tape stand-by;
Described metallic matrix is the thickness of 2cm*5cm is the copper sheet of 200um;
(2), the metallic matrix cleaned up is regarded the negative electrode of plating, the negative pole of access direct supply, the one side of zinc coating to be plated aims at anode, anode is done with zine plate, the positive pole of access direct supply, in the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, control temperature is 35 DEG C, pH value 6, current density be 15A/dm
2, current efficiency is carry out plating 15min under 100.5% condition, namely obtains the zinc coating of thick layer 43 μm in the one side of the zinc coating to be plated of metallic matrix.
The one side of above-mentioned gained with the metallic matrix copper sheet of the zinc coating of thick 43 μm through observing, zinc coating overall leveling, metallic matrix copper sheet does not bend, show that zinc coating does not have obviously internal stress thus, the growth of the marginal position zinc dendrite of zinc coating is effectively suppressed, and shows that the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating that with the addition of softening agent and organic solvent is at 15A/dm thus
2current density under, its micro Distribution homogeneity strengthen, comparatively ideal thick zinc coating can be obtained.
The above is only the citing of embodiments of the present invention; it should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite not departing from the technology of the present invention principle; can also make some improvement and modification, these improve and modification also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1., for the formation of a galvanizing flux for thick zinc coating, it is characterized in that the described galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating is by often liter of calculating, its raw material composition and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 60-100g/L
Repone K 180-220g/L
Boric acid 20-35g/L
Multibrightener 10-20g/L
Softening agent 0.2-1.2g/L
Organic solvent 1-20mL/L
Surplus is water;
Described multibrightener is the mixture be made up of benzylideneacetone, Sodium Benzoate and peregal;
Described softening agent is rare earth addition, and described rare earth addition is Lanthanum trichloride or Cerium II Chloride;
Described organic solvent is ethanol, butyl ether or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
2. a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in described multibrightener, calculating in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 1:1.5-2:4.5-8.5.
3. a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that the described galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating is by often liter of calculating, its raw material composition and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 60g/L
Repone K 200g/L
Boric acid 30g/L
Multibrightener 10g/L
Softening agent 0.2g/L
Organic solvent 5mL/L
Surplus is water;
In described multibrightener, calculate in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 2:3:17;
Described softening agent is rare earth addition, and described rare earth addition is Lanthanum trichloride;
Described organic solvent is ethanol.
4. a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that the described galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating is by often liter of calculating, its raw material composition and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 80g/L
Repone K 180g/L
Boric acid 20g/L
Multibrightener 20g/L
Softening agent 0.8g/L
Organic solvent 1mL/L
Surplus is water;
In described multibrightener, calculate in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 2:4:9;
Described softening agent is rare earth addition, and described rare earth addition is Cerium II Chloride;
Described organic solvent is butyl ether.
5. a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that the described galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating is by often liter of calculating, its raw material composition and content as follows:
Zinc chloride 100g/L
Repone K 220g/L
Boric acid 35g/L
Multibrightener 15g/L
Softening agent 1.2g/L
Organic solvent 20mL/L
Surplus is water;
In described multibrightener, calculate in mass ratio, benzylideneacetone: Sodium Benzoate: averagely add as 2:4:9;
Described softening agent is rare earth addition, and described rare earth addition is Cerium II Chloride;
Described organic solvent is ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
6. the preparation method of a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating as described in as arbitrary in claim 1-5, is characterized in that specifically comprising the steps:
Zinc chloride, Repone K, boric acid, multibrightener and softening agent are first used a small amount of water dissolution, then adds organic solvent and mix, then carry out constant volume with water, namely obtain the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating.
7. utilize as arbitrary in claim 1-5 as described in a kind of galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating form the method for thick zinc coating, it is characterized in that specifically comprising the steps:
(1), the cleaning of matrix
After sanding and polishing being carried out to metallic matrix with sand paper, then metallic matrix is placed in the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution oil removing that temperature is 80-90 DEG C, concentration is 60g/L, until oil eliminates, then washed with de-ionized water is used, be room temperature activation 1min in the diluted nitric acid aqueous solution of 5% again at mass percent concentration by the metallic matrix after oil removing, clean by washed with de-ionized water after taking-up, the reverse side of zinc coating to be plated for metallic matrix carried out insulation and obturation with sealant tape stand-by;
Described metallic matrix is copper, iron or stainless steel;
(2), the metallic matrix cleaned up is regarded the negative electrode of plating, the negative pole of access direct supply, the one side of zinc coating to be plated aims at anode, anode is done with zine plate, the positive pole of access direct supply, in the galvanizing flux for the formation of thick zinc coating, control temperature is 25-35 DEG C, pH value 5 ~ 6, current density be 1-15A/dm
2carry out plating 15-120min, namely obtain the zinc coating of thick layer 34-100 μm in the one side of the zinc coating to be plated of metallic matrix.
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Cited By (10)
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| CN105018989A (en) * | 2015-08-21 | 2015-11-04 | 无锡桥阳机械制造有限公司 | Lanthanum-copper-zinc alloy electroplate liquid and electroplating method thereof |
| CN106521569A (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2017-03-22 | 宁波翔博机械有限公司 | Electroplating liquid for production of galvanized steel sheet and electroplating method |
| CN107142501A (en) * | 2017-07-12 | 2017-09-08 | 合肥信亚达智能科技有限公司 | A kind of environment-friendly galvanizing liquid and preparation method thereof |
| CN108149283A (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2018-06-12 | 武汉风帆电化科技股份有限公司 | A kind of zinc-plated low soaked dissolubility electroplate liquid and preparation method thereof |
| CN108823614A (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2018-11-16 | 浙江俊荣五金工业有限公司 | Galvanizing flux |
| CN109457280A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-03-12 | 大乘汽车有限公司 | A kind of process of electrogalvanizing |
| CN110965087A (en) * | 2019-12-25 | 2020-04-07 | 上海应用技术大学 | Cyanide-free zinc dipping solution and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN112080715A (en) * | 2020-08-31 | 2020-12-15 | 中国南方电网有限责任公司超高压输电公司柳州局 | Processing method for obtaining high-corrosion-resistance ultra-thick zinc coating of electric power fitting |
| CN116219510A (en) * | 2022-12-30 | 2023-06-06 | 汉升五金塑胶制品(东莞)有限公司 | High corrosion resistance electrogalvanized iron plate and production method thereof |
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| CN106521569A (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2017-03-22 | 宁波翔博机械有限公司 | Electroplating liquid for production of galvanized steel sheet and electroplating method |
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