CN104785755A - Manufacturing method of special cast gold club head and shell mold thereof - Google Patents

Manufacturing method of special cast gold club head and shell mold thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104785755A
CN104785755A CN201410024209.1A CN201410024209A CN104785755A CN 104785755 A CN104785755 A CN 104785755A CN 201410024209 A CN201410024209 A CN 201410024209A CN 104785755 A CN104785755 A CN 104785755A
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China
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different material
embryo
shell
club head
shell mould
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CN201410024209.1A
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CN104785755B (en
Inventor
利建良
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FUSHENG APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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FUSHENG APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention discloses a manufacturing method of a special cast gold club head for improving the problem of difficult firm combination between a casting material and a special material in the prior art. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps: a shell mold is positioned on a rotating platform, and has a crucible part and a cast object part communicated with each other; at least one special material is locally embedded in the cast object part; the rest part of the special material is positioned in a mold cavity of the cast object part; a metal ingot is placed in the crucible part, and is heated for fusing to molten metal under vacuum environment; the rotating platform rotates to flow the molten metal into the mold cavity; after the molten metal is cooled and condensed, the shell mold is damaged to obtain a cast object; the cast object has a casting part; the casting part is separated from the cast object to obtain at least one golf club head casting; and the part, projected on the surface of the golf club head casting, of the special material is removed.

Description

The method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet and shell mould thereof
Technical field
The invention relates to a kind of manufacture method of glof club head, particularly a kind of can while casting club head body, by casting material by the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet coated in the lump for different material (material with casting material different).
Background technology
At present, for meeting the different strike demand such as " centre of gravity ", " the very grave heart ", " system shake " or " playing sense good ", the different material that material is different from club head body is all provided with, to adjust the position of centre of gravity of overall glof club head or to play sense in current many glof club heads; Common different material arranges position and contains the toe (Toe) of club head body, bottom (Sole), heel (Heel), back (Back), the place such as pipe handle (Hosel) or batting panel (Face).
On the other hand, mostly current glof club head is in air, material melting will be cast rapidly by high frequency induction melting stove (High Frequency Induction Furnace), through the refinement step such as slag making, degasification, remove the assorted slag in molten metal bath and gas, then static weight casting mode of arranging in pairs or groups is cast.Wherein, be the mobility making molten metal remain good, before casting should first by shell mould with high temperature preheating; Therefore, manufacture above-mentioned when having the glof club head of different material, in the stage of high temperature preheating shell mould, the oxygen easily and in air is produced oxidation reaction by the different material be located in shell mould, and in different material Surface Creation oxide layer, so that after impact casting, cast the linking steady character of material and different material.Moreover because shell mould need be heated to quite high temperature by gravity casting, and it is different from the thermal coefficient of expansion of different material to cast material, casting material and different material is often caused to occur to combine situation about loosening after cooling.
In addition, cast glof club head in static weight casting mode, need extra consumable material to maintain pressure soup effect, to increase the mouldability of glof club head foundry goods, avoid pressure soup effect not enough and cause shaping bad; But therefore need to prepare extra material and expend energy melting it, thus form one of essential factor that casting cost is difficult to decline.
It is worth mentioning that, if the casting material used contains active metal, during melting casting material, active metal in casting material will produce violent oxidation reaction, the degree of difficulty of melting is not only caused to promote, during casting also easily with air reaction and produce situation be oxidized and hardening crack, on glof club head foundry goods, produce the open defects such as sesame point and black soya bean after causing casting, even on glof club head foundry goods, form a large amount of cinder holes by reacting gas or react the casting flaws such as pore; Again, violent oxidation reaction also can cause the mobility of molten metal in shell mould to decline, easily because poured short causes the shaping yield of glof club head foundry goods to reduce, or produce the problem of cold shut (Cold Shut) and in glof club head foundry goods, form gap, thus the tensile strength of glof club head foundry goods is had an impact.Therefore, when casting the glof club head with different material in static weight casting mode in an atmosphere, if use the casting material containing active metal, then the shaping yield of foundry goods will be more undesirable.
For these reasons, existing manufacture has that the method for the glof club head of different material is real the necessity improved.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the method for making golf club head of the different material of a kind of cast packet, the chance that different material and casting material and air produce chemical reaction can be reduced, whether no matter cast in material containing active metal, the linking steady character between different material and casting material can be promoted, promote shaping yield and the quality of foundry goods simultaneously.
Of the present invention time an object is the method for making golf club head providing the different material of a kind of cast packet, the mobility of molten metal in shell mould can be promoted, the temperature of preheating shell mould is minimized, thus reduce the thermal expansion amplitude of different material, casting material and different material still can be maintained after cooling and combine closely.
Another object of the present invention is to provide the method for making golf club head of the different material of a kind of cast packet, additionally can maintain pressure soup effect, to reduce casting cost by consumable material.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of shell mould, can promote the linking steady character between different material and casting material.
For reaching aforementioned object, the technology contents that the present invention uses includes:
The method for making golf club head of the different material of a kind of cast packet, comprise: a shell mould location is positioned over a rotation platform, this shell mould has a crucible portion, a casting material portion and a connecting portion, this connecting portion is communicated with the inside in this crucible portion and casting material portion, the inside in this casting material portion has a die cavity, at least one different material is embedded at this casting material portion with local, and the remainder of this different material is then arranged in the die cavity in this casting material portion; At least one ingot is positioned over the crucible portion of this shell mould, and under vacuum environment, this ingot heating and melting is become molten metal; Drive this rotation platform to rotate, make the molten metal of melting borrow centrifugal force flow into and fill up the die cavity in this casting material portion, to be arranged in the position of this die cavity by molten metal this different material coated; After the molten metal cooled and solidified of melting, slow down the rotating speed of this rotation platform to stopping; After molten metal solidifies completely, destroy this shell mould to obtain a casting material, this casting material includes a foundry goods portion; Be separated from this casting material in this foundry goods portion, to obtain at least one glof club head foundry goods, and the Local Convex of this different material is for the surface of this glof club head foundry goods; The surface of this glof club head foundry goods of reconditioning, to remove the position that this different material protrudes from this glof club head cast(ing) surface.
Wherein, the forming step of this shell mould comprises: prepare a wax embryo, this wax embryo comprises a crucible embryo, foundry goods embryo, a connection embryo and this at least one different material, one end of this connection embryo is connected to the ring side face of this crucible embryo, this foundry goods embryo is connected to the other end of this connection embryo, a part for this different material is embedded in this foundry goods embryo and forms a cast packet portion, and remainder protrudes out the outer surface that exceeds this foundry goods embryo and forms an embedding shell portion; A clad is formed in the surface of this wax embryo; To this wax embryo and clad heating, so that wax is melted out; The clad this dewaxing completed forms this shell mould with high temperature sintering, and the crucible portion of this shell mould, connecting portion and casting material portion one are connected, and the embedding shell portion of this different material is embedded in the casting material portion of this shell mould.
Wherein, in the process preparing this wax embryo, be that the injection of the wax of melting is coated on this different material, to form this foundry goods embryo after wax cooled and solidified, and the cast packet portion of this different material can be embedded in this foundry goods embryo, and the embedding shell portion of this different material protrudes out the outer surface exceeding this foundry goods embryo.
Wherein, the rotating speed of this rotation platform can be 200 ~ 700rpm, the molten metal of melting is flowed into and fills up the die cavity in this casting material portion.
Wherein, this rotation platform can maintain the rotating speed 10 ~ 30 seconds of 200 ~ 700rpm, until after molten metal cooled and solidified in the connecting portion of this shell mould, just slow down the rotating speed of this rotation platform to stopping.
Wherein, can select after this rotation platform stops operating, take off this shell mould from this rotation platform, and standing this shell mould to molten metal solidifies to destroy this shell mould completely.Or, also can select after this rotation platform stops operating, make this shell mould directly continued down on this rotation platform, until after the molten metal in this shell mould solidifies completely, just take off from this rotation platform and destroy this shell mould.
Wherein, be the periphery, crucible portion being surrounded on this shell mould by a heater, described shell mould is located in a vacuum drying oven, makes this crucible portion by heat temperature raising under vacuum environment, so that the ingot in this crucible portion is melt into molten metal; Again, can select to drive this heater to rise with the periphery, crucible portion being surrounded on this shell mould by a lifting controller, after ingot is all melt into molten metal, this lifting controller drives this heater to decline again, makes this heater no longer be surrounded on the periphery in this crucible portion.
The present invention separately provides a kind of shell mould, this shell mould has a crucible portion, casting material portion, a connecting portion and at least one different material, this connecting portion is communicated with the inside in this crucible portion and casting material portion, the inside in this casting material portion has a die cavity, this different material is divided into the embedding shell portion and a cast packet portion that are connected, the embedding shell portion of this different material is embedded at the casting material portion of this shell mould, and the cast packet portion of this different material is arranged in the die cavity in this casting material portion.
Wherein, the embedding shell portion of this different material can be provided with first scratching part, and the maximum cross-section width of this first scratching part is greater than the cross-sectional width that this embedding shell portion connects this place of cast packet portion.Similarly, the cast packet portion of this different material also can be provided with second scratching part, and the maximum cross-section width of this second scratching part is greater than the cross-sectional width that this cast packet portion connects this place of embedding shell portion.
Wherein, the local in the cast packet portion of this different material can be the taper towards this embedding shell portion tapered cross-section width.
Wherein, the better average traversal area being less than the cast packet portion of this different material of the average traversal area in the embedding shell portion of this different material.
Wherein, the cast packet portion of this different material has a small cross-sectional area district and a heavy in section and amasss district, two ends in this small cross-sectional area district connect the embedding shell portion of this different material respectively and district is amassed in this heavy in section, the maximum cross-section area in this small cross-sectional area district is about less than the smallest cross-section area in district is amassed in this heavy in section 2/3rds, the maximum cross-section area in this small cross-sectional area district is about greater than the smallest cross-section area in district is amassed in this heavy in section 1/10th, the heavy in section in this cast packet portion is amassed between district and the inner surface of this die cavity and has spacing.
Wherein, the forming step of this shell mould comprises: prepare a wax embryo, this wax embryo comprises a crucible embryo, foundry goods embryo, a connection embryo and this at least one different material, one end of this connection embryo is connected to the ring side face of this crucible embryo, this foundry goods embryo is connected to the other end of this connection embryo, a part for this different material is embedded in this foundry goods embryo and forms this cast packet portion, and remainder protrudes out the outer surface that exceeds this foundry goods embryo and forms this embedding shell portion; A clad is formed in the surface of this wax embryo; To this wax embryo and clad heating, so that wax is melted out; The clad this dewaxing completed forms this shell mould with high temperature sintering, and the crucible portion of this shell mould, connecting portion and casting material portion one are connected, and the embedding shell portion of this different material is embedded in the casting material portion of this shell mould.
Wherein, the foundry goods embryo of this wax embryo can be provided with a joint filling portion on the surface being provided with this different material, this joint filling portion adjoins this different material, and this joint filling portion can be a flange or several salient point.
Accordingly, the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet of the present invention, the chance that different material and casting material and air produce chemical reaction can be reduced by vacuum environment, not only more not easily in different material Surface Creation oxide layer, and whether no matter cast in material containing active metal, the linking steady character between different material and casting material can be promoted, promote shaping yield and the quality of foundry goods simultaneously; Separately, promote the mobility of molten metal in shell mould by vacuum environment and spun casting mode, the temperature of preheating shell mould is minimized, thus reduces the thermal expansion amplitude of different material, casting material and different material still can be maintained after cooling and combine closely.Moreover, by spun casting, in the process of molten metal solidification forming, can be continued to provide pressure soup effect by centrifugal force, therefore additionally consumable material and the melting energy need not maintain pressure soup effect, help and reduce casting cost.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1: the structural representation of the vacuum centrifugal casting device that manufacture method collocation of the present invention uses.
Fig. 2: the sectional perspective exploded view of the vacuum centrifugal casting device that manufacture method collocation of the present invention uses.
Fig. 3: the enforcement schematic diagram of manufacture method of the present invention before ingot melting.
The partial enlarged drawing of Fig. 4: Fig. 3.
Fig. 5: the shaping schematic flow sheet of shell mould of the present invention.
Fig. 6: the shell mold forming schematic flow sheet of another section of the present invention.
Fig. 7: the enforcement schematic diagram of manufacture method of the present invention when ingot is melt into molten metal.
Fig. 8: the enforcement schematic diagram of manufacture method of the present invention when molten metal flows into and fills up die cavity.
Fig. 9: the enforcement schematic diagram of manufacture method of the present invention after molten metal solidifies.
Figure 10: the sectional perspective exploded view of another vacuum centrifugal casting device that manufacture method collocation of the present invention uses.
Figure 11: the structural representation of the another kind of shell mould of the present invention.
Figure 12: the wax embryo structural representation of the embodiment at pipe handle place is located at by different material by the present invention.
Figure 13: the casting structure schematic diagram of the embodiment at batting panel place is located at by different material by the present invention.
Figure 14: the casting structure schematic diagram of another embodiment at batting panel place is located at by different material by the present invention.
[symbol description]
1 vacuum drying oven 11 room 12 wireway 13 opening
14 lid 2 rotating shaft 21 body 22 rotation prevention portions
Bore a hole 32 location divisions in 23 rotation platform 31 axis part, butting sections 3 311
32b die cavity location division, 32a crucible location division 321 places hole
322 tank 4 shell mould 41 crucible portion 411 accommodation spaces
42 casting material portion 421 die cavity 43 connecting portion 5 heaters
6,6 ', 6 " the embedding shell portion of different material 61,61 '
611, the 611 ' first scratching part 62,62 ' cast packet portion
62a small cross-sectional area district amasss district in 62b heavy in section
621, the 621 ' second scratching part 7 wax embryo 71 crucible embryo
72 foundry goods embryo 721 joint filling portions 73 connect embryo
8 clad M motor B bearings
L lifting controller P ingot N molten metal W glof club head foundry goods.
Detailed description of the invention
For above-mentioned and other object of the present invention, feature and advantage can be become apparent, preferred embodiment of the present invention cited below particularly, and coordinate accompanying drawing, be described in detail below:
Please refer to Fig. 1, for the different material of cast packet of the present invention method for making golf club head arrange in pairs or groups use a vacuum centrifugal casting device.Wherein, this vacuum centrifugal casting device comprises a vacuum drying oven 1, rotating shaft 2, rotation platform 3, shell mould 4 and a heater 5; This rotating shaft 2, rotation platform 3, shell mould 4 and heater 5 are all located in this vacuum drying oven 1, this rotation platform 3 connect this rotating shaft 2 with this rotating shaft 2 synchronous rotary, this shell mould 4 location be positioned over this rotation platform 3, this heater 5 is in order to heat this shell mould 4.
In more detail, the inside of above-mentioned vacuum drying oven 1 has a room 11, this vacuum drying oven 1 can be provided with a wireway 12, this wireway 12 is connected with this room 11, a vacuum controller (figure does not illustrate) can according to setting value, this room 11 is bled, to control the vacuum of this room 11 by this wireway 12.Separately, this vacuum drying oven 1 also can be provided with an opening 13, inserts or pulling items to this room 11 for user, and is provided with a lid 14 to open and close this opening 13.
Please refer to shown in Fig. 1,2, above-mentioned rotating shaft 2 is located in the room 11 of this vacuum drying oven 1 rotationally; In the present embodiment, this rotating shaft 2 can be connected with the output of a motor M, rotates to be driven by this motor M.Again, this motor M can select the outside being located at this vacuum drying oven 1, and one end of this rotating shaft 2 stretches through out this vacuum drying oven 1 to connect this motor M; This rotating shaft 2 can be placed through in a bearing B, and this bearing B can connect and is positioned this vacuum drying oven 1, with the rotational stabilization of this rotating shaft 2 of service hoisting, produces the situation of beat when preventing this rotating shaft 2 from rotating.
In addition, the part that this rotating shaft 2 is arranged in this room 11 can be divided into a body 21 and a rotation prevention portion 22, this body 21 is different from the radial cross-sectional shape of rotation prevention portion 22, to form a butting section 23 in the two intersection, be incorporated into this rotation prevention portion 22 for this rotation platform 3 and be connected to this butting section 23, making this rotation platform 3 can produce synchronous rotary with this rotating shaft 2; In the present embodiment, the radial section of this body 21 can rounded aspect, this rotation prevention portion 22 can be located at the end of this rotating shaft 2, the radial section of this rotation prevention portion 22 is then in non-circular aspect, be incorporated into this rotation prevention portion 22 for the socket of this rotation platform 3 and be connected to this butting section 23, and can not relative sliding.
Please refer to Fig. 2,3, above-mentioned rotation platform 3 is in order to locate the carrier placed for above-mentioned shell mould 4, this rotation platform 3 is provided with the axis part 31 and a location division 32 that are connected; In the present embodiment, this axis part 31 can be provided with a perforation 311, the radial section form of this perforation 311 is better to match with the radial section form of the rotation prevention portion 22 of this rotating shaft 2, is connected the rotation prevention portion 22 of this rotating shaft 2 for this rotation platform 3 by perforation 311 fit of this axis part 31.The location division 32 of this rotation platform 3 generally can be divided into an a crucible location division 32a and die cavity location division 32b, this crucible location division 32a is between this axis part 31 and this die cavity location division 32b, and this axis part 31, crucible location division 32a and die cavity location division 32b are according to the radial direction extension arrangement of this rotating shaft 2; Again, this crucible location division 32a can be provided with one and place hole 321, and the part for this shell mould 4 is extended through wherein, and this die cavity location division 32b then can be provided with a tank 322, with an other part for this shell mould 4 accommodating.
Please refer to Fig. 2,3, above-mentioned shell mould 4 has casting material portion 42 of 41, one, a crucible portion and a connecting portion 43; This crucible portion 41 can be generally cup-shaped and form an accommodation space 411 in inside, and this accommodation space 411 can in order to the accommodating casting material for heating and melting.This casting material portion 42 is the positions in order to shaping glof club head, and the external form in this casting material portion 42 is not particularly limited, and the inside in this casting material portion 42 has a die cavity 421, with in each at least one glof club head foundry goods of casting aftershaping; The form of this die cavity 421 matches with the glof club head foundry goods of institute's wish casting, this glof club head foundry goods can process the bulb of the first-class pattern of obtained iron club, club wooden head or push rod, though of the present invention graphic with iron club be illustrate meaning, not as limit.This connecting portion 43 in a tubular form, one end of this connecting portion 43 is connected to the ring side face in this crucible portion 41 and is communicated with this accommodation space 411, the other end of this connecting portion 43 connects this casting material portion 42 and is communicated with this die cavity 421, makes the accommodation space 411 in this crucible portion 41 be able to be connected with the die cavity 421 in this casting material portion 42.
The crucible location division 32a being positioned over this rotation platform 3 can locate in the crucible portion 41 of this shell mould 4; The die cavity location division 32b being positioned over this rotation platform 3 can locate in 42, the casting material portion of this shell mould 4, the crucible portion 41 of this shell mould 4 is made more to be adjacent to the axis part 31 of this rotation platform 3 compared with casting material portion 42, therefore this rotation platform 3 is when rotating, be placed in the casting material in the accommodation space 411 in this crucible portion 41, can centrifugal action borrowed and get rid of in the die cavity 421 in this casting material portion 42.
It should be noted that in the die cavity 421 in this casting material portion 42 to have at least one different material 6, this different material 6 is configured in club head body, in order to adjust overall gravity center of golf club head position or to beat the object felt.The local of this different material 6 is embedded at this casting material portion 42, and the remainder of this different material 6 is arranged in this die cavity 421, and this different material 6 can maintain the predeterminated position be positioned in this die cavity 421, with coated by the casting material flowing into this die cavity 421; Wherein, due to the casting material that flows in this die cavity 421 by centrifugal action, be the high-temperature liquid metal in order to shaping club head body, therefore the fusing point of this different material 6 need higher than the fusing point of casting material, in order to avoid melting occurs this different material 6.The proportion of this different material 6 can be adjusted according to manufacture demand, during for alleviating glof club head local weight with this different material 6 adjustment, proportion can be selected lower than the material of casting material; During for increasing glof club head local weight with this different material 6 adjustment, then proportion can be selected higher than the material of casting material.
Please coordinate with reference to Fig. 4, the present invention does not limit the form of this different material 6, this different material 6 can be divided into the embedding shell portion 61 and a cast packet portion 62 that are connected, and this different material 6 is embedded at the casting material portion 42 of this shell mould 4 by this embedding shell portion 61, and 62, the cast packet portion of this different material 6 is arranged in the die cavity 421 in this casting material portion 42.Preferably, the embedding shell portion 61 of this different material 6 can be provided with first scratching part 611, the maximum cross-section width of this first scratching part 611 is greater than the cross-sectional width that this embedding shell portion 61 connects this place of cast packet portion 62, makes the embedding shell portion 61 of this different material 6 firmly can be incorporated into this casting material portion 42 and not easily deviate from; The cast packet portion 62 of this different material 6 can be provided with second scratching part 621, the maximum cross-section width of this second scratching part 621 is greater than the cross-sectional width that this cast packet portion 62 connects this place of embedding shell portion 61, makes the cast packet portion 62 of this different material 6 firmly can be incorporated in the follow-up foundry goods cast and not easily deviate from; And local can also be set to the taper towards this embedding shell portion 61 tapered cross-section width by the cast packet portion 62 of this different material 6, with the linking steady character of this different material 6 of service hoisting with foundry goods.
Moreover, because the embedding shell portion 61 of this different material 6 needs to be fallen by reconditioning after subsequent forming foundry goods, therefore the volume in the embedding shell portion 61 of this different material 6 is the smaller the better, the average traversal area in the embedding shell portion 61 of this different material 6 is such as made to be less than the average traversal area in the cast packet portion 62 of this different material 6, but must with can this cast packet portion 62 of firm support for principle, usually know that the knowledgeable is appreciated that for having in this area.
Separately, due to this foundry goods shaping after, the outer surface of this foundry goods may need to carry out reconditioning, this cast packet portion 62 is made originally to be coated on position (namely this cast packet portion 62 is comparatively adjacent to the one end in this embedding shell portion 61) in foundry goods, the exposed outer surface to foundry goods gradually in reconditioning process, and different material 6 is usually compared to casting material more not easily by reconditioning, therefore the exposed sectional area at cast outer surface place of this different material 6 is the smaller the better.In the present embodiment, can select to make the cast packet portion 62 of this different material 6 have a small cross-sectional area district 62a and heavy in section and amass district 62b, two ends of this small cross-sectional area district 62a connect the embedding shell portion 61 of this different material 6 respectively and district 62b is amassed in this heavy in section, the maximum cross-section area of this small cross-sectional area district 62a is about less than the smallest cross-section area of district 62b is amassed in this heavy in section 2/3rds, and be greater than that the smallest cross-section area of district 62b is amassed in this heavy in section 1/10th, between the inner surface making the heavy in section in this cast packet portion 62 amass district 62b and this die cavity 421, there is spacing, the form being comparatively easy to reconditioning is formed with corresponding when the mould casting, help the efficiency promoting reconditioning foundry goods, and reduce the loss of grinding tool.
Please refer to Fig. 5,6, in the present embodiment, the form that the crucible portion 41 of this shell mould 4, connecting portion 43 and casting material portion 42 can be connected in one, the forming step of this shell mould 4 is: prepare a wax embryo 7.This wax embryo 7 comprises a crucible embryo 71, foundry goods embryo 72, and connects embryo 73 and at least one different material 6 aforesaid, and this crucible embryo 71 and connection embryo 73 are solid wax stone, and one end of this connection embryo 73 is connected to the ring side face of this crucible embryo 71.This foundry goods embryo 72 is connected to the other end of this connection embryo 73, and a part for this different material 6 is embedded in this foundry goods embryo 72 and forms this cast packet portion 62, and remainder protrudes out the outer surface that exceeds this foundry goods embryo 72 and forms this embedding shell portion 61; In the present embodiment, the injection of the wax of melting can be selected to be coated on this different material 6, to form this foundry goods embryo 72 after wax cooled and solidified, and a part for this different material 6 (i.e. this cast packet portion 62) can be embedded in this foundry goods embryo, and the remainder of this different material 6 (i.e. this embedding shell portion 61) protrudes out the outer surface exceeding this foundry goods embryo 72.
It is worth mentioning that, this foundry goods embryo 72 can be selected to be connected embryo 73 with any part with this and be connected (namely, using any part as casting gate, such as with places such as the toe of glof club head, bottom, heel, back, pipe handle or batting panels), and the position that this foundry goods embryo 72 connects this connection embryo 73 also can not only single, it can do corresponding change according to " can promote the runner design of the shaping yield of foundry goods ", and this is have in this area usually to know that the knowledgeable is appreciated that.
Then, this wax embryo 7 is stained with to slurry, is drenched the flow process such as sand or glutinous sand, forms a clad 8 in the surface of this wax embryo 7.This wax embryo 7 and clad 8 are heated, to be melted out by wax; For example, this wax embryo 7 can be inserted in a steam kettle in the lump with clad 8 and heat, this wax embryo 7 be melted to discharge from this clad 8.The clad 8 this dewaxing completed forms described shell mould 4 with high temperature sintering, and the crucible portion 41 of this shell mould 4, connecting portion 43 and casting material portion 42 one are connected, and the local of this different material 6 (i.e. this embedding shell portion 61) is embedded in the casting material portion 42 of this shell mould 4.Wherein, the surface material of this shell mould 4 can select zirconium silicate, yittrium oxide, the stable refractory material such as zirconia or aluminium oxide, and the backsheet of this shell mould 4 then can select mullite (3Al 2o 3-2SiO 2) or silica as refractory material; Again, when backsheet selects mullite mixture, the content of its alundum (Al2O3) is preferably 45% ~ 60%, and the content of silica is preferably 55% ~ 40%; When backsheet selects silica mixture, the content comparatively Jia Keda more than 95% of its silica.
Referring again to Fig. 1,3, above-mentioned heater 5 is located in the room 11 of this vacuum drying oven 1, in order to heat the crucible portion 41 of this shell mould 4.In the present embodiment, this heater 5 may be selected to be a high frequency coil, and drives this heater 5 to move in this room 11 by a lifting controller L; When must heat the crucible portion 41 of this shell mould 4, this heater 5 can be driven and rise to predeterminated position, to be surrounded on the periphery in this crucible portion 41, and starts this heater 5, makes this crucible portion 41 by heat temperature raising; After heating, this heater 5 can be driven by this lifting controller L and decline, and make this heater 5 no longer be surrounded on the periphery in this crucible portion 41, in order to avoid disturb this shell mould 4 with the spinning movement of this rotation platform 3 and this rotating shaft 2.
According to by aforesaid vacuum centrifugal casting device, the present invention can implement the method for making golf club head of the different material of a kind of cast packet, and this manufacture method comprises following steps haply:
Please refer to Fig. 1 to Fig. 3, shell mould 4 location is positioned over a rotation platform 3, and this rotation platform 3 is connected to a rotatable rotating shaft 2.In more detail, this rotation platform 3 can be located in a vacuum drying oven 1, to control the vacuum in space residing for this shell mould 4; Separately, this shell mould 4 has casting material portion 42 of 41, one, a crucible portion and a connecting portion 43, the two ends of this connecting portion 43 connect this crucible portion 41 and casting material portion 42 respectively, the accommodation space 411 in this crucible portion 41 is made to be able to be connected with the die cavity 421 in this casting material portion 42, separately have at least one different material 6 to be embedded at the casting material portion 42 of this shell mould 4 with local, the remainder of this different material 6 is then arranged in the die cavity 421 in this casting material portion 42; What this shell mould 4 can be extended through this rotation platform 3 by this crucible portion 41 places in hole 321, and be connected to this rotation platform 3 by this connecting portion 43,42, the casting material portion of this shell mould 4 can be placed in the tank 322 of this rotation platform 3, makes the predeterminated position of this shell mould 4 energy strong fix on this rotation platform 3.
And, at least one ingot P is positioned in the accommodation space 411 in the crucible portion 41 of this shell mould 4; When the quantity of this ingot P is chosen as single, the combination of the composition of this ingot P with combine consistent for the composition of the glof club head foundry goods made; When the quantity of this ingot P is several, the combination of the composition of the molten metal after this several ingot P melting with combine consistent for the composition of the glof club head foundry goods made.For example, following table is to implement four kinds of alloy materials of manufacture method of the present invention, but not as limit.
The component list of the ingot of table one, each embodiment
As seen from the above table, " embodiment one " and " embodiment two " is for comprising the iron of aluminium (Al) or silicon (Si) or manganese (Mn), its iron content is greater than 50%, density is 6.8g/cm3, tensile strength is 145 ~ 155ksi, belongs to the steel class material with low-gravity (density is 6.5 ~ 7.8g/cm3) characteristic; " embodiment three ", " embodiment four ", " embodiment five " and " embodiment six " are for comprising the iron of cobalt (Co) or molybdenum (Mo) or titanium (Ti), its iron content is greater than 50%, density is 7.8g/cm3, tensile strength is 250 ~ 350ksi, belongs to the steel class material with high strength (tensile strength is greater than 250ksi) characteristic; " embodiment seven " belongs to the iron of Gao Ge (Cr) content, and it comprises the chromium of by weight percentage 15 ~ 30%, and density is 7.5 ~ 8g/cm3, and tensile strength is 90 ~ 110ksi; " embodiment eight " and " embodiment nine " belongs to titanium alloy material, and it comprises the titanium of by weight percentage 85% ~ 95%, and density is 4.2 ~ 4.6g/cm3, and tensile strength is 100 ~ 150ksi.
Please refer to Fig. 1,7, under vacuum environment, this ingot P heating and melting is become molten metal N.In more detail, after this shell mould 4 settles location, this heater 5 can be driven and rise to predeterminated position, to be surrounded on the periphery in this crucible portion 41; Meanwhile, the wireway 12 of this vacuum drying oven 1 can be bled to this room 11, to control the vacuum of this room 11.Reach after preset value (such as vacuum is less than 0.3mbar) until vacuum, this heater 5 can be started, make the crucible portion 41 of this shell mould 4 by heat temperature raising, make the ingot P in this crucible portion 41 can be melt into molten metal N; Wherein, during this heater 5 start, the frequency of its power supply unit can be such as 4 ~ 30kHz, and power is 5 ~ 100kW.After ingot P is melt into molten metal N, this heater 5 stops start, and is driven decline rapidly, makes this heater 5 no longer be surrounded on the periphery in this crucible portion 41.
Please refer to Fig. 1,8, drive this rotation platform 3 to rotate, make the molten metal N of melting borrow centrifugal force flow into and fill up the die cavity 421 in the casting material portion 42 of this shell mould 4, to be arranged in the position of this die cavity 421 by molten metal N this different material 6 coated.In more detail, this rotating shaft 2 can be driven by this motor M to produce axial-rotation, and its rotating speed is about 200 ~ 700rpm, and with this rotation platform 3 synchronous axial system of interlock, this rotating speed can adjust according to the thickness of foundry goods (i.e. the space size of this die cavity 421); When this rotation platform 3 is axis rotation by interlock with this rotating shaft 2, in rotary course, molten metal N can by centrifugal action the interior sidewall surface in crucible portion 41 along this shell mould 4, by this connecting portion 43, flow in the die cavity 421 in this casting material portion 42 to carry out the action of casting, and then fill up this die cavity 421 by this molten metal N, and complete this different material 6 coated is arranged in the cast packet portion 62 of this die cavity 421.
After having cast, this rotating shaft 2 continues this rotation platform 3 of interlock and rotates; In the present embodiment, the rotating speed of this rotation platform 3 can be such as made to maintain 200 ~ 700rpm, and make it maintain 10 ~ 30 seconds, until after the molten metal N cooled and solidified of casting port position (connecting portion 43 being about positioned at this shell mould 4 is inner), just slow down the rotating speed of this rotation platform 3 to stopping; Accordingly, in the process that the present invention can be shaped in this molten metal N cooled and solidified, continue to provide pressure soup effect, to increase the mouldability of glof club head foundry goods by centrifugal force.
Please coordinate with reference to Fig. 9, after molten metal N solidifies completely, destroy this shell mould 4 to obtain a casting material.Wherein, can select, after this rotation platform 3 stops operating, to take off this shell mould 4 from this rotation platform 3, and standing this shell mould 4 to molten metal N solidifies to destroy this shell mould 4 completely; Thus, in the process of this shell mould 4 cooling, synchronously can carry out the casting action of another shell mould 4, help and promote manufacture efficiency.Or, also can select after this rotation platform 3 stops operating, make this shell mould 4 directly continued down on this rotation platform 3, until after the molten metal N in this shell mould 4 solidifies completely, just take off from this rotation platform 3 and destroy this shell mould 4, making the molten metal N in this die cavity 421 can maintain uniform decrease in temperature from outside to inside.Again, this casting material refers to destroys whole objects acquired after this shell mould 4, generally includes a foundry goods portion (about corresponding to the foundry goods embryo 72 of this wax embryo 7) that one is connected and one part (about corresponding to the connection embryo 73 of this wax embryo 7) by runner coagulation forming; Continue and this foundry goods portion is separated (such as: cut off with cutter from this casting material, or utilize vibrations fracture to make it to be separated), to obtain at least one glof club head foundry goods W, this glof club head foundry goods W can the cast packet portion 62 of closely this different material 6 coated, and the embedding shell portion 61 of this different material 6 then protrudes from the surface of this glof club head foundry goods W.Then, by the surface of a grinding tool (figure does not illustrate) this glof club head foundry goods of reconditioning W, to remove the position (comprising this embedding shell portion 61 and this cast packet portion 62 a fraction of) that this different material 6 protrudes from this glof club head foundry goods W surface, and in follow-up on demand in conjunction with necessary parts after, the glof club head finished product that a cast packet has different material 6 can be obtained.
Be with, the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet of the present invention, can cast in the environment of intimate vacuum, makes different material 6 when the stage of preheating shell mould, more not easily in different material 6 Surface Creation oxide layer, the linking steady character therefore after casting between casting material and different material 6 is promoted.In addition, vacuum environment also can reduce casting material and produce the chance of chemical reaction with air in fusion process, whether no matter cast in material containing active metal, casting material (i.e. this ingot P) can be easier to smoothly and melting equably, thus avoid molten metal N flowing in the process in casting material portion 42 from the crucible portion 41 of shell mould 4, the situation being oxidized and hardening cracking is produced with air reaction, therefore the glof club head foundry goods W made not easily produces the open defects such as sesame point and black soya bean, also the casting flaw such as the cinder hole formed by reacting gas or reaction pore is not easily produced, help the tensile strength and quality that promote glof club head foundry goods W.
On the other hand, reduce the chemical reaction of molten metal N and air, also the mobility of molten metal N in shell mould 4 can be promoted, add that the present invention can before the molten metal N of melting solidifies once again, centrifugal force is utilized molten metal N positively to be watered the die cavity 421 being packed into shell mould 4, part metals liquid N not only can be avoided to solidify in crucible portion 41 form scull and waste casting material, after more can guaranteeing that molten metal N flows into the casting material portion 42 of shell mould 4, fully can fill up this casting material portion 42 and the cast packet portion 62 of complete this different material 6 coated, to promote the shaping yield of glof club head foundry goods, and there is cold shut and form the probability in gap in glof club head foundry goods in reduction, to promote the tensile strength of glof club head foundry goods.Again, the mobility of molten metal N in shell mould 4 is promoted with vacuum environment, and utilize the mobility of centrifugal force service hoisting molten metal N again, the temperature of preheating shell mould 4 can be made under double action to be minimized, thus reduce the thermal expansion amplitude of different material 6, casting material and different material 6 still can be maintained after cooling and combine closely and not easily loosen.
In addition, please refer to Figure 10, the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet of the present invention, its die cavity 421 of use of can also arranging in pairs or groups has the shell mould 4 at several position in order to shaping glof club head foundry goods W, to cast out several glof club head foundry goods W once, reach the effect promoting and manufacture efficiency.
Please refer to Figure 11, in other embodiments, when be thermal coefficient of expansion for the different material 6 of cast packet in glof club head with cast material differ a lot of material time, the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet of the present invention the shell mould 4 that uses of arranging in pairs or groups shaping time, the foundry goods embryo 72 of this wax embryo 7 can be provided with a joint filling portion 721 on the surface being provided with this different material 6, this joint filling portion 721 adjoins this different material 6, and this joint filling portion 721 can be a flange or several salient point.Accordingly, this shell mould 4 the glof club head foundry goods W that casts, unnecessary casting material can formed corresponding to this place of joint filling portion 721, insert for heating and melting casting material between different material 6 because of different the produced gap of thermal coefficient of expansion, thus guarantee casting material and different material 6 between can maintain good linking steady character.Similarly, also can select flange or salient point to be located at the surperficial ora terminalis that this different material 6 is adjacent to this foundry goods embryo 72, the gap inserted between casting material and different material 6 with the boss of this different material 6 of heating and melting after casting.
Please refer to Figure 12, it selects the embodiment at pipe handle (Hosel) place different material 6 ' being located at glof club head.In this embodiment, this different material 6 ' directly can become the pipe handle of the follow-up glof club head foundry goods W cast, or jointly forms this pipe handle with part foundry goods; Namely, the embedding shell portion 61 ' of this different material 6 ' only partly can be fallen by reconditioning after subsequent forming glof club head foundry goods, the embedding shell portion 61 ' of this different material 6 ' is provided with first scratching part 611 ', the maximum cross-section width of this first scratching part 611 ' is greater than the cross-sectional width that this embedding shell portion 61 ' connects this place of cast packet portion 62 ', makes the embedding shell portion 61 ' of this different material 6 ' firmly can be incorporated into this casting material portion 42(and please coordinate with reference to Fig. 5) and not easily deviate from; The cast packet portion 62 ' of this different material 6 ' can be provided with second scratching part 621 ', the maximum cross-section width of this second scratching part 621 ' is greater than the cross-sectional width that this cast packet portion 62 ' connects this place of embedding shell portion 61 ', makes the cast packet portion 62 ' of this different material 6 ' firmly can be incorporated in the follow-up foundry goods cast and not easily deviate from.
Therefore, the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet of the present invention the shell mould 4 that uses of arranging in pairs or groups shaping time, the cast packet portion 62 ' of this different material 6 ' is embedded in the foundry goods embryo 72 of this wax embryo 7 with this second scratching part 621 ', the exposed outer surface at this foundry goods embryo 72 of remainder and form this embedding shell portion 61 '; When the surface of this wax embryo 7 forms a clad 8, the embedding shell portion 61 ' of this different material 6 ' is then combined with this clad 8 with this first scratching part 611 ', and this clad 8 is sintered this shell mould 4 of formation after wax melts out, and this different material 6 ' maintenance is firmly embedded in the casting material portion 42 of this shell mould 4 with first scratching part 611 ' in this embedding shell portion 61 '.
Continue and please coordinate with reference to Fig. 8 again, after the molten metal N of melting being inserted in spun casting mode the die cavity 421 in the casting material portion 42 of this shell mould 4, molten metal N can be arranged in the position of this die cavity 421, to obtain the glof club head foundry goods that cast packet has this different material 6 ' by this different material 6 ' coated.Then, first scratching part 611 ' in the embedding shell portion 61 ' of this different material 6 ' of grinding tool reconditioning can be used, the position that equating is protruded, and to be holed vertically by the end face of this different material 6 ' with a boring bar tool, stretch through combination for a body of rod.Accordingly, when this different material 6 ' is less than the material of casting material for proportion, can so as to alleviating the weight at pipe handle place, and by saved counterweight for other positions; When this different material 6 ' is greater than the material of casting material for proportion, then can so as to carrying in the center of gravity of overall glof club head, to promote blow performance.
The more important thing is, obtain when pipe handle place has the glof club head of different material 6 ' with manufacture method of the present invention, different material 6 ' and the linking steady character casting material can be significantly promoted by the molding mode of cast packet, the different material 6 ' of effective improvement causes loosening situation after the cooling period because thermal coefficient of expansion is different after being soldered to casting material, and different material 6 ' can complete when shaping glof club head in the lump with the combination of casting material, follow-up welding step can be exempted, help and simplify processing procedure to promote manufacture efficiency.
The above embodiments all using different material 6,6 ' as balancing weight, separately provide below the present invention with different material 6 " adjust the embodiment that overall glof club head plays sense.Please refer to Figure 13,14, in this embodiment, different material 6 " select batting panel (Face) place being located at glof club head; and cast the different material 6 of material institute cast packet ", finally plastic go out the batting panel of the pattern such as " Face insert ", " L-Cup ", " C-Cup " or " U-Cup ", and its shell mould used respectively and casting all similar to previous embodiment, usually know that the knowledgeable is appreciated that in this repeat no more for having in this area.
Similarly, obtain with manufacture method of the present invention, at batting panel place, there is different material 6 " glof club head time; can significantly promote different material 6 by the molding mode of cast packet " with casting material linking steady character, the different material 6 of effective improvement " be soldered to casting material after cause loosening situation after the cooling period because thermal coefficient of expansion is different; and different material 6 " can complete in the lump when shaping glof club head with the combination of casting material, follow-up welding step can be exempted, help and simplify processing procedure to promote manufacture efficiency.
In sum, the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet of the present invention, the chance that different material and casting material and air produce chemical reaction can be reduced by vacuum environment, not only more not easily in different material Surface Creation oxide layer, and whether no matter cast in material containing active metal, the linking steady character between different material and casting material can be promoted, promote shaping yield and the quality of foundry goods simultaneously.
The method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet of the present invention, the mobility of molten metal in shell mould can be promoted by vacuum environment and spun casting mode, the temperature of preheating shell mould is minimized, thus reduce the thermal expansion amplitude of different material, casting material and different material still can be maintained after cooling and combine closely.
The method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet of the present invention, can, by spun casting, in the process of molten metal solidification forming, be continued to provide pressure soup effect by centrifugal force, therefore additionally consumable material and the melting energy need not maintain pressure soup effect, help and reduce casting cost.
Shell mould of the present invention, can promote the glof club head foundry goods cast, the linking steady character between its different material and casting material.

Claims (17)

1. a method for making golf club head for the different material of cast packet, is characterized in that, comprise:
A shell mould location is positioned over a rotation platform, this shell mould has a crucible portion, a casting material portion and a connecting portion, this connecting portion is communicated with the inside in this crucible portion and casting material portion, the inside in this casting material portion has a die cavity, at least one different material is embedded at this casting material portion with local, and the remainder of this different material is then arranged in the die cavity in this casting material portion;
At least one ingot is positioned over the crucible portion of this shell mould, and under vacuum environment, this ingot heating and melting is become molten metal;
Drive this rotation platform to rotate, make the molten metal of melting borrow centrifugal force flow into and fill up the die cavity in this casting material portion, to be arranged in the position of this die cavity by molten metal this different material coated;
After the molten metal cooled and solidified of melting, slow down the rotating speed of this rotation platform to stopping;
After molten metal solidifies completely, destroy this shell mould to obtain a casting material, this casting material includes a foundry goods portion;
Be separated from this casting material in this foundry goods portion, to obtain at least one glof club head foundry goods, and the Local Convex of this different material is for the surface of this glof club head foundry goods;
The surface of this glof club head foundry goods of reconditioning, to remove the position that this different material protrudes from this glof club head cast(ing) surface.
2. the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the forming step of this shell mould comprises: prepare a wax embryo, this wax embryo comprises a crucible embryo, foundry goods embryo, a connection embryo and this at least one different material, one end of this connection embryo is connected to the ring side face of this crucible embryo, this foundry goods embryo is connected to the other end of this connection embryo, a part for this different material is embedded in this foundry goods embryo and forms a cast packet portion, and remainder protrudes out the outer surface that exceeds this foundry goods embryo and forms an embedding shell portion; A clad is formed in the surface of this wax embryo; To this wax embryo and clad heating, so that wax is melted out; The clad this dewaxing completed forms this shell mould with high temperature sintering, and the crucible portion of this shell mould, connecting portion and casting material portion one are connected, and the embedding shell portion of this different material is embedded in the casting material portion of this shell mould.
3. the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that, in the process preparing this wax embryo, that the injection of the wax of melting is coated on this different material, to form this foundry goods embryo after wax cooled and solidified, and the cast packet portion of this different material can be embedded in this foundry goods embryo, and the embedding shell portion of this different material protrudes out the outer surface exceeding this foundry goods embryo.
4. the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet as described in claim 1,2 or 3, is characterized in that, the rotating speed of this rotation platform is 200 ~ 700rpm, the molten metal of melting is flowed into and fills up the die cavity in this casting material portion.
5. the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that, this rotation platform maintains the rotating speed 10 ~ 30 seconds of 200 ~ 700rpm, until after molten metal cooled and solidified in the connecting portion of this shell mould, just slow down the rotating speed of this rotation platform to stopping.
6. the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that, after this rotation platform stops operating, take off this shell mould from this rotation platform, and standing this shell mould to molten metal solidifies to destroy this shell mould completely.
7. the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet as claimed in claim 5, it is characterized in that, after this rotation platform stops operating, make this shell mould directly continued down on this rotation platform, until after the molten metal in this shell mould solidifies completely, just take off from this rotation platform and destroy this shell mould.
8. the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet as described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, the periphery, crucible portion of this shell mould is surrounded on by a heater, described shell mould is located in a vacuum drying oven, under vacuum environment, make this crucible portion by heat temperature raising, so that the ingot in this crucible portion is melt into molten metal.
9. the method for making golf club head of the different material of cast packet as claimed in claim 8, it is characterized in that, this heater is driven to rise with the periphery, crucible portion being surrounded on this shell mould by a lifting controller, after ingot is all melt into molten metal, this lifting controller drives this heater to decline again, makes this heater no longer be surrounded on the periphery in this crucible portion.
10. a shell mould, it is characterized in that, there is a crucible portion, casting material portion, a connecting portion and at least one different material, this connecting portion is communicated with the inside in this crucible portion and casting material portion, the inside in this casting material portion has a die cavity, this different material is divided into the embedding shell portion and a cast packet portion that are connected, and the embedding shell portion of this different material is embedded at the casting material portion of this shell mould, and the cast packet portion of this different material is arranged in the die cavity in this casting material portion.
11. shell moulds as claimed in claim 10, is characterized in that, the embedding shell portion of this different material is provided with first scratching part, and the maximum cross-section width of this first scratching part is greater than the cross-sectional width that this embedding shell portion connects this place of cast packet portion.
12. shell moulds as claimed in claim 10, is characterized in that, the cast packet portion of this different material is provided with second scratching part, and the maximum cross-section width of this second scratching part is greater than the cross-sectional width that this cast packet portion connects this place of embedding shell portion.
13. shell moulds as claimed in claim 10, is characterized in that, the local in the cast packet portion of this different material is be the taper of tapered cross-section width towards this embedding shell portion.
14. shell moulds as claimed in claim 10, is characterized in that, the average traversal area in the embedding shell portion of this different material is less than the average traversal area in the cast packet portion of this different material.
15. shell moulds as claimed in claim 10, it is characterized in that, the cast packet portion of this different material has a small cross-sectional area district and a heavy in section and amasss district, the two ends in this small cross-sectional area district connect the embedding shell portion of this different material respectively and district is amassed in this heavy in section, the maximum cross-section area in this small cross-sectional area district is less than the smallest cross-section area in district is amassed in this heavy in section 2/3rds, the maximum cross-section area in this small cross-sectional area district is greater than the smallest cross-section area in district is amassed in this heavy in section 1/10th, the heavy in section in this cast packet portion is amassed between district and the inner surface of this die cavity and has spacing.
16. shell moulds as claimed in claim 10, it is characterized in that, the forming step of this shell mould comprises: prepare a wax embryo, this wax embryo comprises a crucible embryo, foundry goods embryo, a connection embryo and this at least one different material, one end of this connection embryo is connected to the ring side face of this crucible embryo, this foundry goods embryo is connected to the other end of this connection embryo, and a part for this different material is embedded in this foundry goods embryo and forms this cast packet portion, and remainder protrudes out the outer surface that exceeds this foundry goods embryo and forms this embedding shell portion; A clad is formed in the surface of this wax embryo; To this wax embryo and clad heating, so that wax is melted out; The clad this dewaxing completed forms this shell mould with high temperature sintering, and the crucible portion of this shell mould, connecting portion and casting material portion one are connected, and the embedding shell portion of this different material is embedded in the casting material portion of this shell mould.
17. shell moulds as claimed in claim 16, it is characterized in that, the foundry goods embryo of this wax embryo is provided with a joint filling portion on the surface being provided with this different material, and this joint filling portion adjoins this different material, this joint filling portion is a flange or several salient point.
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