CN104767191A - Converter grounding system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a converter grounding system. Converters are MMC converters or H-bridge cascade converters or converters with flying capacitors or converters with diode clamps. The converter grounding system comprises converters connected with a DC side, wherein an AC side of one converter is connected with an electric system in parallel through one transformer, an overvoltage protecting device and a grounding device are arranged on a winding of a valve side of the transformer, the AC side of the other converter is connected with the system in series through the other transformer, and an overvoltage protecting device and a grounding device are arranged on a winding of a valve side of the other transformer. By means of the technical scheme, according to the characteristics of an MMC technology, the converter grounding system which is suitable for a unified power-flow controller, a convertible static compensator and a unified power quality conditioner is researched and put forward.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to power electronic device field, more specifically relate to a kind of converter grounding system.
Background technology:
The neutral point of electric power system refers to the neutral point of the transformer (or generator) of Y-connection.Neutral Grounding Modes of Power System divides neutral point effective grounding mode and neutral non-effective grounding mode two kinds.Neutral non-effective grounding mode can be divided into isolated neutral mode, neutral point low resistance grounding mode, neutral point High Resistance Grounding Mode and neutral point resonance neutral grounding.
Neutral point High Resistance Grounding Mode refers to have at least in system a wire or a bit through high resistance grounding, system equivalent zero sequence resistance is not more than the single-phase capacitive reactance that distributes over the ground of system, and system earth fault current is less than 10A.
Neutral point low resistance grounding mode refers to have at least in system a wire or a bit through low resistance earthing, system equivalent zero sequence resistance is not less than 2 times of system equivalent zero sequence induction reactance.
Neutral point resonance neutral grounding refers to have at least in system a wire or a bit through inductance ground connection, for the capacitive component of the single-phase fault current over the ground of bucking-out system.
The earthing mode of single converter has three kinds of selections usually, namely
(1) by the clamp resistance ground connection of direct-current polar.The advantage of this grounding scheme is simple, direct, effective, and cost is lower.For DC transmission system, shortcoming is by after direct current clamp resistance ground connection, and when AC line trackside normally runs, clamp resistance is a permanent load, and power loss is larger.In addition, after long-time running, the resistance value variations of resistor can cause direct-current polar voltage deviation.For THE UPFC, convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner etc., situation is similar.
(2) Y winding is become through ground resistance earth by connection.Its advantage directly utilizes the neutral ground of transformer Y winding, and grounding apparatus is few; Its shortcoming relies on transformer Y winding to bear direct voltage and fault current under fault completely, proposes high requirement to transformer, and when transformer whole capacity is larger, it manufactures and designs comparatively difficulty.And this grounding scheme needs to net side and adopts earth-free winding type just can play the effect of isolation alternating current-direct current, must in the AC system of ground connection at neutral point, ground connection in the station also will considering other modes.
(3) Neutral Grounding through Resistance in Electrical is formed by reactor.The advantage of the program is that fault current shared by reactor, less to the pressure of connection transformer, reactor can also play the effect of limiting short-circuit current, weak point is for voltage levels, the reactive power that shunt reactor itself absorbs is larger, may be comparatively large to systematic influence, and manufacturing cost and volume also can be larger.
THE UPFC (unified power flow controller, UPFC) be configured for controlling the various parameters relevant with transmission line trend by synchronous voltage source converter, comprise the device of voltage, active power, reactive power, line impedance and voltage-phase.It has concentrated thyristor controlled series capacitor compensation arrangement (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor, TCSC), the various function of controlled series phase shifter, voltage regulator, static synchronous compensating device (static synchronous compensator, STATCOM) and feature.
Because convertible static compensator has good flexibility, modularity, extensibility and mutual transfer capability, therefore, be considered to third generation flexible AC transmission device.
Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner (Unified Power Quality Conditioner, UPQC) be the mixed power quality control device integrating Series FPB and parallel FPB compensation arrangement, for solving quality of voltage problem in power distribution network and current quality problem, it is a kind of device of comprehensive regulation power quality problem.Its parallel units is equivalent to the controllable current source that is parallel to electrical network, provides required harmonic current and reactive current to load, thus improves net side power factor; Its series unit is equivalent to the controllable voltage source be series between system and load, the difference of real-Time Compensation nominal voltage and system virtual voltage, thus provides quality power for load.
THE UPFC, convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner have two converters, and have corresponding transformer, complete the functions such as isolation and transformation.Obviously, one of critical problem that earthing mode is THE UPFC, must first solve in the engineering such as convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner, it provides reference potential for whole system, also be the basis of over-voltage studies, insulation coordination design, a very important link in system especially.
From Siemens Company, modularization multi-level converter topology (modular multilevelconverters is proposed, MMC) after, first converter based on MMC technology obtains engineer applied and popularization in DC transmission engineering, MMC technology does not need large number of insulated gate bipolar transistor (insulated gate bipolar transistor, IGBT) valve directly in series, greatly reduce the technical difficulty of high-power converter, thus make MMC technology gradually in THE UPFC, investigation and application is obtained in convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner.
Adopt the MMC-HVDC DC side of half-bridge structure be short-circuited fault time, full-controlled switch device as IGBT antiparallel fly-wheel diode easily form fault point and be fed to loop with the energy that AC system is directly communicated with, converter action cannot be relied on merely to complete the removing of DC side fault current.Put into operation at present, adopt the MMC-HVDC engineering of half-bridge structure mostly to adopt cable laying circuit, to reduce DC Line Fault probability of happening, but involve great expense, economic benefit is slightly poor.
For the THE UPFC of modularization multi-level converter composition, convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner, system dc side does not have the capacitor of centralized arrangement, but adopts the arrangement of the distributed capacitor in each power model of brachium pontis.In addition, because prior art exists the inherent shortcoming that effectively cannot process MMC converter DC Line Fault, as being grounded by the DC side of MMC converter, then the probability that bipolar short trouble occurs DC side can be increased.
How according to the feature of MMC technology, studying and propose to be applicable to the converter earthing mode of THE UPFC, convertible static compensator, Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner, is the problem that the application should solve.
Summary of the invention:
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of converter grounding system, the grounding system of the converter of applicable THE UPFC, convertible static compensator, Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner.
For achieving the above object, the present invention by the following technical solutions: a kind of converter grounding system, is applicable to THE UPFC, convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner; Described converter is the converter of MMC, the converter of H bridge cascade, the converter of striding capacitance or the converter of diode clamp; Described system comprises the converter that DC side is connected; The AC of converter described in one of them is in parallel with electric power system by a transformer; The winding of the valve side of a described transformer is provided with overvoltage protection and earthing device; The AC of converter described in another is by connecting another transformer and Cascade System; The winding of the valve side of another transformer described is provided with overvoltage protection and earthing device.
A kind of converter grounding system provided by the invention, a described transformer comprises electric power system side and adopts the winding of delta connection and valve side to adopt the winding of star connection; Described valve side adopts the star neutral point of the winding of star connection to draw.
A kind of converter grounding system provided by the invention, described neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA1; It is in parallel with described MOA1 after earthing device JD1 connects with isolation switch DS1.
Another preferred a kind of converter grounding system provided by the invention, another transformer described comprises electric power system side, and independently winding and valve side adopt the winding of star connection separately; Described valve side adopts the star neutral point of the winding of star connection to draw.
A preferred a kind of converter grounding system more provided by the invention, described neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA2; It is in parallel with described MOA2 after earthing device JD2 connects with isolation switch DS2.
Another preferred a kind of converter grounding system provided by the invention, another transformer described is provided with the tertiary winding adopting delta connection.
Another preferred a kind of converter grounding system provided by the invention, when described grounding system is by realizing two static synchronous compensating device operational mode as the grounding system of convertible static compensator, another transformer described is in parallel with described electric power system; Another transformer described comprises electric power system side and adopts the winding of delta connection and valve side to adopt the winding of star connection; Described valve side adopts the star neutral point of the winding of star connection to draw; Described neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA3; It is in parallel with MOA3 after earthing device JD3 connects with isolation switch DS3.
Another preferred a kind of converter grounding system provided by the invention, when described grounding system is by realizing two Static Synchronous Series compensation arrangement operational mode as the grounding system of convertible static compensator, a described transformer is connected with described electric power system; A described transformer comprises electric power system side, and independently winding and valve side adopt the winding of star connection separately; Described valve side adopts winding neutral point during star connection to draw; Described neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA4; It is in parallel with described MOA4 after earthing device JD4 connects with isolation switch DS4.
Another preferred a kind of converter grounding system provided by the invention, when a described converter and another converter cooperation, described grounding system is grounded by earthing device, and provides reference potential.
Another preferred a kind of converter grounding system provided by the invention, when a described converter and another converter separately independent operating time, a described converter is grounded by the earthing device of its correspondence, and provides reference potential; Another converter described is grounded by the earthing device of its correspondence, and provides reference potential.
With immediate prior art ratio, the invention provides technical scheme and there is following excellent effect
1, the earthing mode strong adaptability that proposes of technical scheme provided by the invention, applicable THE UPFC, convertible static compensator, Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner etc.;
2, the earthing device JD of technical scheme provided by the invention is furnished with corresponding isolation switch DS, facilitates the input of earthing device JD and exits, and according to the operational mode of above-mentioned different device converter, realizes the various combination of earthing mode flexibly easily;
3, the metal oxide arrester MOA of technical scheme provided by the invention is directly connected with transformer neutral point, and no matter whether isolation switch DS closes a floodgate, and transformer neutral point can be subject to the protection of metal oxide arrester MOA all the time;
4, technical scheme provided by the invention is avoided being grounded by direct current clamp resistance effectively, does not increase the probability that bipolar short trouble occurs DC side;
5, technical scheme provided by the invention is effectively avoided and is formed neutral point through earthing device ground connection by reactor, corresponding equipment is reduced, takes up an area also corresponding minimizing
6, technical scheme provided by the invention adopts an earth point, avoids forming a zero sequence path by multiple earth point, thus has zero-sequence current, and three-phase three-wire system converter will eliminate all difficulties that zero-sequence current needs extra control device to bring.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the converter earthing mode schematic diagram of the THE UPFC of technical scheme provided by the invention;
Fig. 2 is the earthing device schematic diagram of technical scheme provided by the invention;
Fig. 3 is the THE UPFC series side of technical scheme provided by the invention earthing mode schematic diagram when having a tertiary winding;
Fig. 4 is that the convertible static compensator of technical scheme provided by the invention is as earthing mode schematic diagram during two static synchronous compensating device operation;
Fig. 5 is that the convertible static compensator of technical scheme provided by the invention is as earthing mode schematic diagram during two Static Synchronous Series compensation arrangement operation;
Equivalent zero sequence path schematic diagram when Fig. 6 is the converter earthing mode of the THE UPFC of technical scheme provided by the invention;
By JD1 ground connection schematic diagram when Fig. 7 is converter 1 and converter 2 cooperation of technical scheme provided by the invention;
By JD2 ground connection schematic diagram when Fig. 8 is converter 1 and converter 2 cooperation of technical scheme provided by the invention;
Fig. 9 be the converter 1 of technical scheme provided by the invention and converter 2 separately independent operating time by JD1 and JD2 ground connection schematic diagram.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the invention will be described in further detail.
Embodiment 1:
The technical scheme of the invention of this example is for the Liquified gas tanker of the MMC converter of half-bridge structure, for THE UPFC, propose the grounding system of applicable THE UPFC, convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner, as shown in Figure 1.Wherein, the DC side of converter 1 is connected with the DC side of converter 2.Converter 1/ converter 2 can be converter, the converter of H bridge cascade, the converter of striding capacitance, the converter of diode clamp of MMC.The AC of converter 1 is connected in parallel by shunt transformer T1 and system, and shunt transformer T1 only has two windings, and the winding of shunt transformer T1 system side adopts delta connection, and the winding of shunt transformer T1 valve side adopts star connection.Shunt transformer T1 star neutral point is drawn, and neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA1.It is in parallel with MOA1 after earthing device JD1 connects with isolation switch DS1.The AC of converter 2 is connected with Cascade System by series transformer T2, and the system side winding of series transformer T2 is independent separately, and the valve side winding of series transformer T2 adopts star connection.Series transformer T2 star neutral point is drawn, and neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA2.It is in parallel with MOA2 after earthing device JD2 connects with isolation switch DS2.It should be noted that, when Practical Project is implemented, have many isolation switchs, circuit breaker, current measure device, voltage measuring apparatus.Here do not draw these equipment, when not representing the actual enforcement of engineering, there are not these equipment.
The every of transmission line relatively has capacitance current, and therefore, neutral ground adopts neutral point resonance neutral grounding sometimes, for the capacitive component of the single-phase fault current over the ground of bucking-out system.Also there is stray capacitance over the ground in converter 1/ converter 2, but compared with circuit, little many, therefore, do not need to adopt neutral point resonance neutral grounding.Earthing device JD1/JD2 in accompanying drawing 5 can pass through grounding through resistance, as accompanying drawing 2 a) as shown in, also can direct ground connection, the b as accompanying drawing 2) as shown in.As adopted direct ground connection, and corresponding isolation switch DS1/DS2 is in "on" position always, then corresponding metal oxide arrester MOA1/MOA2 can omit.
As shown in Figure 1, the system side winding of series transformer T2 is independent separately, and valve side adopts star-like ground connection, and zero-sequence component does not have corresponding path, may serve difficulty to the design band of transformer.Can increase the tertiary winding of transformer, and adopt delta connection, corresponding earthing mode as shown in Figure 3.
Convertible static compensator is switched by suitable isolation switch and transformer for subsequent use converts two static synchronous compensating device (static synchronous compensator, STATCOM) operational mode to.Static synchronous compensating device is made up of the voltage source converter of connecting system in parallel, can send or the synchronous reactive power source of silent oscillation of absorbing reactive power.Can control some parameter (as voltage) of electric power system by changing its output.Once novel static passive compensation device (ASVC), reacance generator (SVG), static compensator (STATCON) etc. were called as.Earthing mode when converting two STATCOM mode to as shown in Figure 4.It is to be noted the transformer that shunt transformer T3 belongs to for subsequent use.Shunt transformer T3 is two-winding transformer, and the winding of shunt transformer T3 system side adopts delta connection, and the winding of shunt transformer T3 valve side adopts star connection.Shunt transformer T3 star neutral point is drawn, and neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA2.It is in parallel with MOA2 after earthing device JD2 connects with isolation switch DS2.It is pointed out that also can adopt brand-new metal oxide arrester MOA3, earthing device JD3 is connected with shunt transformer T3 with isolation switch DS3.
Convertible static compensator is switched by suitable isolation switch and transformer for subsequent use converts two Static Synchronous Series compensation arrangement (static series synchronous compensator, SSSC or S to
3c) operational mode.Static Synchronous Series compensation arrangement and Cascade System, based on voltage source converter (the Voltage Source Converter that can turn off power electronic device composition, VSC), one can be injected and become the synchronous reactive power source of silent oscillation of suitable phase angle voltage with line current.By changing its output voltage, the equiva lent impedance of this transmission line can be changed, thus realize the control objectives such as power oscillation damping, suppression sub-synchronous oscillation, raising transient stability.Earthing mode when converting two SSSC mode to as shown in Figure 5.The AC of converter 2 is connected with Cascade System by series transformer T4, and the system side winding of series transformer T4 is independent separately, and the valve side winding of series transformer T4 adopts star connection.Series transformer T4 star neutral point is drawn, and neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA4.It is in parallel with MOA4 after earthing device JD4 connects with isolation switch DS4.It is pointed out that also adopt original metal oxide arrester MOA1, earthing device JD1 is connected with shunt transformer T4 with isolation switch DS1.
Accompanying drawing 6 give UPFC series transformer and shunt transformer all ground connection time equivalent zero sequence path.Due to a variety of causes, usually there is zero-sequence component in the output voltage of converter (as the equivalent zero sequence voltage component u in accompanying drawing 6
0), when general DC busbar, if form a zero sequence path by earth point, then have zero-sequence current (as the zero-sequence current i in accompanying drawing 6
0).Three-phase three-wire system converter will eliminate zero-sequence current, may have many difficulties, needs to carry out a large amount of further investigations and analysis.Meanwhile, during steady operation, there is zero-sequence current permanent communication, will the steady operation capacity of earthing device be increased.Therefore, when converter 1 and converter 2 cooperation, an earth point should be only had.
Accompanying drawing 7 is grounded by earthing device JD1 when giving converter 1 and converter 2 cooperation, and reference potential is provided, be grounded by earthing device JD2 when fig. 8 provides converter 1 and converter 2 cooperation, and reference potential is provided, figure 9 shows converter 1 and converter 2 separately independent operating time, converter 1 is grounded by earthing device JD1, and provides reference potential, converter 2 is grounded by earthing device JD2, and provides reference potential.
For convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner, situation is similar, sets forth no longer one by one.
Wherein, THE UPFC (unified power flow controller, UPFC) sums up and mainly contains:
(1) control circuit trend, distinguishes control circuit active power and reactive power independently;
(2) improve the dynamic of system and transient stability, improve conveying capacity;
(3) regulating system working voltage and reactive balance condition, improves system voltage stabilizes;
(4) damping frequencies oscillation and system are waved;
(5) UPFC shortcoming is that unit capacity cost is higher.
Convertible static compensator (Convertible Static Compensator, CSC) be made up of multiple synchronous voltage source converter, two Above Transmission Lines trends (active power, reactive power), voltage, impedance and phase angle can be controlled simultaneously, and the device of power transfer between circuit can be realized.Convertible static compensator has following function usually:
(1) the parallel reactive compensate function of static synchronous compensating device (Static Synchronous Compensator, STATCOM);
(2) series compensating function of Static Synchronous Series compensation arrangement (static series synchronous compensator, SSSC);
(3) THE UPFC (UPFC) function;
(4) power flowcontrol (Interline Power Flow Control, IPFC) function between the line controlling two-lines road above trend;
(5) any combination of above-mentioned 4 kinds of functions, and mutually change.
Finally should be noted that: above embodiment is only in order to illustrate that technical scheme of the present invention is not intended to limit; although those of ordinary skill in the field are to be understood that with reference to above-described embodiment: still can modify to the specific embodiment of the present invention or equivalent replacement; these do not depart from any amendment of spirit and scope of the invention or equivalent replacement, are all applying within the claims of the present invention awaited the reply.
Claims (10)
1. a converter grounding system, is applicable to THE UPFC, convertible static compensator and Research on Unified Power Quality Conditioner; Described converter is the converter of MMC, the converter of H bridge cascade, the converter of striding capacitance or the converter of diode clamp; It is characterized in that: described system comprises the converter that DC side is connected; The AC of converter described in one of them is in parallel with electric power system by a transformer; The winding of the valve side of a described transformer is provided with overvoltage protection and earthing device; The AC of converter described in another is by connecting another transformer and Cascade System; The winding of the valve side of another transformer described is provided with overvoltage protection and earthing device.
2. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: a described transformer comprises electric power system side and adopts the winding of delta connection and valve side to adopt the winding of star connection; Described valve side adopts the star neutral point of the winding of star connection to draw.
3. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that: described neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA1; It is in parallel with described MOA1 after earthing device JD1 connects with isolation switch DS1.
4. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: another transformer described comprises electric power system side, and independently winding and valve side adopt the winding of star connection separately; Described valve side adopts the star neutral point of the winding of star connection to draw.
5. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that: described neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA2; It is in parallel with described MOA2 after earthing device JD2 connects with isolation switch DS2.
6. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that: another transformer described is provided with the tertiary winding adopting delta connection.
7. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 5, it is characterized in that: when described grounding system is by realizing two static synchronous compensating device operational mode as the grounding system of convertible static compensator, another transformer described is in parallel with described electric power system; Another transformer described comprises electric power system side and adopts the winding of delta connection and valve side to adopt the winding of star connection; Described valve side adopts the star neutral point of the winding of star connection to draw; Described neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA3; It is in parallel with MOA3 after earthing device JD3 connects with isolation switch DS3.
8. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that: when described grounding system is by realizing two Static Synchronous Series compensation arrangement operational mode as the grounding system of convertible static compensator, a described transformer is connected with described electric power system; A described transformer comprises electric power system side, and independently winding and valve side adopt the winding of star connection separately; Described valve side adopts winding neutral point during star connection to draw; Described neutral point carries out overvoltage protection by metal oxide arrester MOA4; It is in parallel with described MOA4 after earthing device JD4 connects with isolation switch DS4.
9. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: when a described converter and another converter cooperation, described grounding system is grounded by an earthing device, and provides reference potential.
10. a kind of converter grounding system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: when a described converter and another converter separately independent operating time, a described converter is grounded by the earthing device of its correspondence, and provides reference potential; Another converter described is grounded by the earthing device of its correspondence, and provides reference potential.
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105680453A (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2016-06-15 | 全球能源互联网研究院 | Improved shunt hybrid unified power flow controller |
| CN107204607A (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2017-09-26 | 全球能源互联网研究院 | A kind of guard method of SSSC |
| CN107453326A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2017-12-08 | 全球能源互联网研究院 | The protection device and micro-capacitance sensor of a kind of grounding transformer |
| CN108092236A (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2018-05-29 | 中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司 | A kind of overvoltage protection configuration system of THE UPFC |
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| DE102009034354A1 (en) * | 2009-07-17 | 2011-01-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Neutral point reactor |
| CN202535052U (en) * | 2012-03-23 | 2012-11-14 | 上海市电力公司 | Neutral point grounding system via combination of reactance and resistor |
| CN202513569U (en) * | 2012-04-20 | 2012-10-31 | 安徽飞奇电气科技有限公司 | Transformer neutral point overvoltage protector |
| CN103050966B (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-03-19 | 国网智能电网研究院 | Grounding device of modular multi-level voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) system and a design method of grounding device |
| CN203352168U (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2013-12-18 | 国家电网公司 | Unified power flow controller (UPFC) based on modularized multi-level converters |
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2015
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| CN105680453B (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2024-02-02 | 全球能源互联网研究院有限公司 | Improved parallel hybrid unified power flow controller |
| CN107204607A (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2017-09-26 | 全球能源互联网研究院 | A kind of guard method of SSSC |
| CN107204607B (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2019-08-27 | 全球能源互联网研究院 | A kind of guard method of static synchronous series compensator |
| CN107453326A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2017-12-08 | 全球能源互联网研究院 | The protection device and micro-capacitance sensor of a kind of grounding transformer |
| CN108092236A (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2018-05-29 | 中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司 | A kind of overvoltage protection configuration system of THE UPFC |
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