CN104751901A - Method for establishing liquid curved membrane flow system of fusion reactor divertor flow stability - Google Patents
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
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Abstract
本发明属于液态膜流流动的控制技术领域，具体涉及一种建立聚变堆偏滤器流动稳定性的液态曲面膜流系统的方法。该方法包括以下步骤：步骤一：找到液态金属膜流稳定流动状态下当地磁场强度与倾斜角度的关系，通过改变膜流不同流动距离处当地倾斜角度适应梯度磁场的变化，控制由梯度强磁场引起的磁流体不稳定性，即采用曲面底壁的形状来适应梯度强磁场的变化；步骤二：利用在曲面底壁上方固定金属网的方法，保证液态金属沿曲率变化较大的曲面底壁流动；步骤三：通过调节不同流动距离处金属网孔的大小及其距曲面底壁的距离得到金属网上稳定的膜流流动。本发明解决了磁场强度变化较大的梯度强磁场环境下液态金属膜流的磁流体不稳定性问题。
The invention belongs to the technical field of liquid film flow control, and in particular relates to a method for establishing a liquid curved film flow system for the flow stability of a divertor of a fusion reactor. The method includes the following steps: Step 1: Find the relationship between the local magnetic field strength and the inclination angle under the stable flow state of the liquid metal film flow, adapt to the change of the gradient magnetic field by changing the local inclination angle at different flow distances of the film flow, and control the gradient caused by the strong gradient magnetic field. The instability of the magnetic fluid, that is, the shape of the curved bottom wall is used to adapt to the change of the strong gradient magnetic field; Step 2: Using the method of fixing the metal mesh above the curved bottom wall to ensure that the liquid metal flows along the curved bottom wall with a large curvature change Step 3: obtaining stable film flow on the metal mesh by adjusting the size of the metal mesh at different flow distances and the distance from the bottom wall of the curved surface. The invention solves the problem of the magnetic fluid instability of the liquid metal film flow under the gradient strong magnetic field environment where the magnetic field intensity changes greatly.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于液态膜流流动的控制技术领域，具体涉及一种建立聚变堆偏滤器流动稳定性的液态曲面膜流系统的方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of liquid film flow control, and in particular relates to a method for establishing a liquid curved film flow system for the flow stability of a divertor of a fusion reactor.
背景技术Background technique
目前受控核聚变仍然面临发展合适的面对等离子体材料这一巨大技术挑战，至今研究人员还没有找到一种固体材料能够同时承受聚变堆极高的热流冲击及非常大的中子辐照损伤。因此流动的液态金属锂被提出作为聚变堆面对等离子体材料，用作聚变堆高热负荷部件（特别是偏滤器）的表面来承受极高的热流冲击及减少中子辐照损伤。已有的研究结果表明固体高热负荷材料在稳态情况下最高只能承受10MW/m2的表面热流冲击，而液态自由表面最高可承受50MW/m2的表面热负荷；同时液态锂是很好的中子慢化和增殖剂，可以有效降低聚变中子对固体结构材料的辐照损伤；通过流动液态锂的实时在线循环更新，可以避免出现类似固体材料的腐蚀和使用寿命问题；另外通过液态锂的循环更新还可以有效吸附和带走等离子体中的杂质粒子，实现低再循环运行模式，获得高约束等离子体放电，对实现等离子体的稳态运行有很大的帮助。At present, controlled nuclear fusion still faces the huge technical challenge of developing suitable plasma-facing materials. So far, researchers have not found a solid material that can withstand the extremely high heat flow impact of the fusion reactor and the very large neutron radiation damage. . Therefore, flowing liquid metal lithium is proposed as a fusion reactor facing the plasma material, and used as the surface of the high thermal load components (especially the divertor) of the fusion reactor to withstand extremely high heat flow impact and reduce neutron radiation damage. Existing research results show that solid high heat load materials can only withstand a surface heat flow impact of up to 10MW/m 2 in a steady state, while a liquid free surface can withstand a surface heat load of up to 50MW/m 2 ; at the same time, liquid lithium is very good The neutron moderator and breeder can effectively reduce the radiation damage of fusion neutrons to solid structural materials; through the real-time online cycle update of flowing liquid lithium, it can avoid the corrosion and service life problems of similar solid materials; The cycle renewal of lithium can also effectively absorb and take away the impurity particles in the plasma, realize the low recirculation operation mode, and obtain high-constraint plasma discharge, which is of great help to realize the steady-state operation of the plasma.
但是对磁约束聚变堆，液态锂偏滤器的实现还有许多技术难题需要解决。首先需要解决的问题是如何在聚变堆梯度强磁场的环境下建立能够完整覆盖固体底壁且稳定、厚度均匀的膜流流动。磁约束聚变堆中磁场强度约为2T至7T，表征洛伦兹力与粘滞力比值的无量纲哈德曼数通常大于103，洛伦兹力对膜流流动的影响非常大。通常洛伦兹力是阻碍膜流向前流动的，因此会发生膜流流动过程中的磁流体不稳定性，通常表现在膜流流动受阻而堆积变厚甚至流动阻滞、膜流被推向槽的一侧而不能完全覆盖底壁甚至发展为溪状流、液态金属表面不稳定性引起的液滴溅射等，所有上述现象都已经被实验证实，但目前为止研究人员还没有对其磁流体不稳定性做深入而系统的研究并提出一种有效控制聚变堆强磁场环境下膜流流动的方法。However, for magnetic confinement fusion reactors, there are still many technical problems to be solved in the realization of liquid lithium divertors. The first problem that needs to be solved is how to establish a stable and uniform film flow that can completely cover the solid bottom wall in the environment of the strong gradient magnetic field of the fusion reactor. The magnetic field strength in the magnetic confinement fusion reactor is about 2T to 7T, and the dimensionless Hardman number representing the ratio of Lorentz force to viscous force is usually greater than 10 3 , and the Lorentz force has a great influence on the film flow. Usually the Lorentz force hinders the forward flow of the film flow, so the magnetic fluid instability in the process of film flow will occur, usually manifested in the blockage of the film flow, the accumulation becomes thicker or even the flow is blocked, and the film flow is pushed to the groove One side of the bottom wall cannot be completely covered or even developed into a stream flow, droplet sputtering caused by the instability of the liquid metal surface, etc. All the above phenomena have been experimentally confirmed, but so far researchers have not yet investigated the magnetic fluid. The instabilities are deeply and systematically studied, and a method to effectively control the flow of film flow in the strong magnetic field environment of fusion reactors is proposed.
由于磁约束聚变堆具有非常强的梯度磁场分布，特别是在偏滤器区域，其磁场变化较大，磁场的变化会引起膜流的磁流体不稳定性及表面波不稳定性，严重时会引起液滴溅射出来，液态金属进入等离子区域会引起等离子体熄灭。因此需要给出一种能够适应任意梯度磁场变化的具有流动稳定性的液态金属膜流系统，为液态偏滤器的实现提供技术和理论支持。Because the magnetic confinement fusion reactor has a very strong gradient magnetic field distribution, especially in the divertor region, the magnetic field changes greatly, and the change of the magnetic field will cause the magnetic fluid instability and surface wave instability of the film flow, and in severe cases will cause Droplets are sputtered out and liquid metal enters the plasma region causing the plasma to extinguish. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a liquid metal film flow system with flow stability that can adapt to any gradient magnetic field change, and provide technical and theoretical support for the realization of liquid divertors.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种建立聚变堆偏滤器流动稳定性的液态曲面膜流系统的方法，以克服上述问题。The object of the present invention is to provide a method for establishing a liquid curved membrane flow system for the stability of the fusion reactor divertor flow, so as to overcome the above-mentioned problems.
为达到上述目的，本发明所采取的技术方案为：In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme adopted in the present invention is:
一种建立聚变堆偏滤器流动稳定性的液态曲面膜流系统的方法，包括以下步骤：A method for establishing a liquid curved film flow system for fusion reactor divertor flow stability, comprising the following steps:
步骤一：找到液态金属膜流稳定流动状态下当地磁场强度与倾斜角度的关系，通过改变膜流不同流动距离处当地倾斜角度适应梯度磁场的变化，控制由梯度强磁场引起的磁流体不稳定性，即采用曲面底壁的形状来适应梯度强磁场的变化；Step 1: Find the relationship between the local magnetic field strength and the inclination angle under the stable flow state of the liquid metal film flow, and control the magnetic fluid instability caused by the strong gradient magnetic field by changing the local inclination angle at different flow distances of the film flow to adapt to the change of the gradient magnetic field , that is, the shape of the curved bottom wall is used to adapt to the change of the strong gradient magnetic field;
步骤二：利用在曲面底壁上方固定金属网的方法，保证液态金属沿曲率变化较大的曲面底壁流动；Step 2: Use the method of fixing the metal mesh above the curved bottom wall to ensure that the liquid metal flows along the curved bottom wall with a large curvature change;
步骤三：通过调节不同流动距离处金属网孔的大小及其距曲面底壁的距离得到金属网上稳定的膜流流动。Step 3: By adjusting the size of the metal mesh at different flow distances and the distance from the bottom wall of the curved surface to obtain a stable film flow on the metal mesh.
所述步骤一中的曲面底壁曲率是连续变化的，且曲率的变化由梯度磁场的变化决定。The curvature of the bottom wall of the curved surface in the step 1 changes continuously, and the change of the curvature is determined by the change of the gradient magnetic field.
所述步骤二中的金属网距曲面底壁的距离为2mm～15mm，金属网可采用单层或多层金属网叠加，金属网的厚度为0.1mm～1mm。The distance between the metal mesh and the bottom wall of the curved surface in the second step is 2 mm to 15 mm, and the metal mesh can be stacked with a single layer or multiple layers of metal mesh, and the thickness of the metal mesh is 0.1 mm to 1 mm.
所述步骤三中的金属网上方的膜流是稳定均匀流动的，其膜厚为1mm～5mm。The film flow above the metal mesh in the step 3 is stable and uniform, and its film thickness is 1 mm to 5 mm.
本发明所取得的有益效果为：The beneficial effects obtained by the present invention are:
本发明所述方法解决了磁场强度变化较大的梯度强磁场环境下液态金属膜流的磁流体不稳定性问题，通过金属网的辅助和调节作用可以适应曲率变化较大的曲面，建立完整且稳定流动的曲面膜流系统，同时还可防止液态金属的溅射。The method of the present invention solves the problem of magnetic fluid instability of liquid metal film flow in a strong gradient magnetic field environment with large changes in magnetic field strength, and can adapt to curved surfaces with large curvature changes through the assistance and adjustment of the metal mesh, and establishes a complete and The curved film flow system with stable flow can prevent the splashing of liquid metal at the same time.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是液态锂膜流稳定流动状态下当地磁场强度与倾斜角度之间的关系；Figure 1 is the relationship between the local magnetic field strength and the tilt angle under the steady flow state of the liquid lithium film flow;
图2是如何改变膜流倾斜角度才能适应梯度磁场的变化而得到稳定的曲面膜流流动；Figure 2 shows how to change the tilt angle of the film flow to adapt to the change of the gradient magnetic field to obtain a stable curved film flow;
图3是由高磁场流向低磁场的液态锂膜流控制其曲面磁流体流动的示意图；Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram that the liquid lithium film flow of high magnetic field flows to low magnetic field controls its curved surface magnetofluid flow;
图4是由低磁场流向高磁场的液态锂膜流控制其曲面磁流体流动的示意图；Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram that the liquid lithium film flow of low magnetic field flows to high magnetic field controls its curved surface magnetofluid flow;
图5是带金属网的曲面膜流测试实验段；Fig. 5 is the test section of the curved film flow test with metal mesh;
图6是应该如何调节金属网距底壁的距离才能够得到稳定的曲面膜流系统；Figure 6 shows how to adjust the distance between the metal mesh and the bottom wall to obtain a stable curved film flow system;
图7是带金属网和不带金属网的曲面膜流磁流体流动实验结果。Fig. 7 is the test result of the magnetic fluid flow of the curved film flow with and without metal mesh.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
本发明所述建立聚变堆偏滤器流动稳定性的液态曲面膜流系统的方法包括以下步骤：The method for establishing the liquid curved membrane flow system of the fusion reactor divertor flow stability according to the present invention comprises the following steps:
步骤一：找到液态金属膜流稳定流动状态下当地磁场强度与倾斜角度的关系，通过改变膜流不同流动距离处当地倾斜角度适应梯度磁场的变化，控制由梯度强磁场引起的磁流体不稳定性，即采用曲面底壁的形状来适应梯度强磁场的变化；Step 1: Find the relationship between the local magnetic field strength and the inclination angle under the stable flow state of the liquid metal film flow, and control the magnetic fluid instability caused by the strong gradient magnetic field by changing the local inclination angle at different flow distances of the film flow to adapt to the change of the gradient magnetic field , that is, the shape of the curved bottom wall is used to adapt to the change of the strong gradient magnetic field;
步骤二：利用在曲面底壁上方固定金属网的方法，保证液态金属沿曲率变化较大的曲面底壁流动；Step 2: Use the method of fixing the metal mesh above the curved bottom wall to ensure that the liquid metal flows along the curved bottom wall with a large curvature change;
步骤三：通过调节不同流动距离处金属网孔的大小及其距曲面底壁的距离得到金属网上稳定的膜流流动；Step 3: By adjusting the size of the metal mesh at different flow distances and the distance from the bottom wall of the curved surface to obtain a stable film flow on the metal mesh;
所述步骤一中的曲面底壁曲率是连续变化的，且曲率的变化由梯度磁场的变化决定。The curvature of the bottom wall of the curved surface in the step 1 changes continuously, and the change of the curvature is determined by the change of the gradient magnetic field.
所述步骤二中的金属网距曲面底壁的距离为2mm～15mm，金属网可采用单层或多层金属网叠加，金属网的厚度为0.1mm～1mm。The distance between the metal mesh and the bottom wall of the curved surface in the second step is 2 mm to 15 mm, and the metal mesh can be stacked with a single layer or multiple layers of metal mesh, and the thickness of the metal mesh is 0.1 mm to 1 mm.
所述步骤三中的金属网上方的膜流是稳定均匀流动的，其膜厚为1mm～5mm。The film flow above the metal mesh in the step 3 is stable and uniform, and its film thickness is 1 mm to 5 mm.
流动的液态金属锂用于磁约束聚变堆热负荷最高的下偏滤器区域，流动沿托卡马克的极向。液态锂在倾斜放置的敞口槽中流动，敞口槽的材料采用低活化铁素体钢或钒合金。于目前还没有自修复绝缘涂层的技术，因此在槽壁上不使用任何绝缘涂层。通过如下技术方案得到可以适应任意梯度磁场变化的具有流动稳定性的曲面膜流系统：The flowing liquid lithium metal is used in the lower divertor region with the highest thermal load of the magnetic confinement fusion reactor, and flows along the polar direction of the tokamak. The liquid lithium flows in an open tank placed obliquely, and the material of the open tank is low-activation ferritic steel or vanadium alloy. Since there is currently no technology for self-healing insulating coatings, no insulating coatings are used on the tank walls. A curved membrane flow system with flow stability that can adapt to any gradient magnetic field change is obtained through the following technical scheme:
步骤一：通过液态金属膜流磁流体流动的平衡性分析，找到膜流稳定流动状态下当地磁场强度与倾斜角度之间的关系。通过改变当地膜流的倾斜角度来适应磁场强度的变化，使膜流处于稳定流动状态。所谓稳定流动是指膜流的流速和膜厚均不随流动距离的增加而变化。Step 1: Find the relationship between the local magnetic field strength and the inclination angle under the stable flow state of the film flow through the balance analysis of the liquid metal film flow magnetic fluid flow. By changing the inclination angle of the local membrane flow to adapt to the change of the magnetic field strength, the membrane flow is in a stable flow state. The so-called stable flow means that neither the flow velocity nor the film thickness of the film flow changes with the increase of the flow distance.
步骤二：由步骤一可知，由于膜流的倾斜角度是随磁场强度的变化而变化的，因此膜流是沿曲面底壁流动的。若曲面底壁的曲率变化较大，会带来如何才能保证液态金属沿曲率变化较大的底壁流动，可通过距底壁一定距离处固定金属网的方法保证膜流沿曲率变化的底壁流动，同时还可防止液态金属的溅射。Step 2: From step 1, it can be seen that since the inclination angle of the film flow changes with the change of the magnetic field strength, the film flow flows along the bottom wall of the curved surface. If the curvature of the curved bottom wall changes greatly, it will bring about how to ensure that the liquid metal flows along the bottom wall with a large curvature change. The method of fixing the metal mesh at a certain distance from the bottom wall can ensure the film flow along the bottom wall with a changing curvature. flow while preventing splashing of liquid metal.
步骤三：根据换热需要的流速大小，设计和调节金属网孔的大小及其距底壁的距离得到金属网上面稳定的液态金属膜流流动。同时金属网孔的抽吸作用保证了液态膜流可以覆盖整个金属网的表面。Step 3: According to the flow rate required for heat exchange, design and adjust the size of the metal mesh and the distance from the bottom wall to obtain a stable liquid metal film flow on the metal mesh. At the same time, the suction effect of the metal mesh ensures that the liquid film flow can cover the entire surface of the metal mesh.
（1）液态金属锂在底壁宽度1m的敞口槽中流动，其入口膜厚及流速分别为4.8mm及2.4785m/s，在该情况下膜流处于稳定流动状态时膜流倾斜角度与当地磁场强度的关系如图1所示，结果表明磁场强度越大其倾斜角度theta越小，其中theta为底壁的切向与重力方向的夹角，如图3中所示。上述结果表明磁场强度增加洛伦兹力的阻碍作用增加，因此需要增加重力沿流动方向的分力以使膜流处于平衡流动状态，theta变小即增加重力沿流动方向的分力。(1) Lithium liquid metal flows in an open tank with a bottom wall width of 1m, and its inlet film thickness and flow velocity are 4.8mm and 2.4785m/s, respectively. The relationship between the local magnetic field strength is shown in Figure 1. The results show that the greater the magnetic field strength, the smaller the inclination angle theta, where theta is the angle between the tangential direction of the bottom wall and the direction of gravity, as shown in Figure 3. The above results show that the hindering effect of the Lorentz force increases as the magnetic field strength increases, so it is necessary to increase the component force of gravity along the flow direction to make the film flow in a balanced flow state, and the smaller theta means increasing the component force of gravity along the flow direction.
（2）根据图1中的关系曲线可以得到任意梯度磁场下，应该如何调节当地膜流的倾斜角度以使膜流处于稳定流动状态，也就是应该采用怎样的曲面底壁形状来适应梯度磁场的变化以控制膜流的磁流体不稳定性。对于给定变化率的随流动距离减小的梯度磁场分布，其倾斜角度随流动距离的变化如图2所示。图3给出了对于流动距离为0.5m磁场强度由5T线性降低为0T的液态锂膜流流动，应该采用向下凹的曲面底壁形状来适应该梯度磁场变化，如图3所示；为了保证液态金属锂沿曲面底壁流动，在距曲面底壁一定距离处固定金属网，如图3中红色线所示，假设入口膜厚为H0，则可以通过调节不同流动距离处金属网与底壁的距离Hs及该处金属网孔的大小得到在金属网上面稳定的膜流流动。图4给出了对于流动距离为0.5m磁场强度由0T线性增加为5T的液态锂膜流流动，可采用向上凸的曲面底壁形状及金属网来控制和调节其流动得到稳定流动的曲面膜流系统。(2) According to the relationship curve in Figure 1, under any gradient magnetic field, how to adjust the inclination angle of the local membrane flow to make the membrane flow in a stable flow state, that is, what shape of the curved bottom wall should be used to adapt to the gradient magnetic field Variations to control magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in membrane flow. For a gradient magnetic field distribution with a given rate of change that decreases with the flow distance, the variation of its inclination angle with the flow distance is shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows that for the flow of liquid lithium film where the magnetic field strength is linearly reduced from 5T to 0T at a flow distance of 0.5m, a concave curved bottom wall shape should be used to adapt to the gradient magnetic field change, as shown in Figure 3; To ensure that the liquid lithium metal flows along the bottom wall of the curved surface, the metal mesh is fixed at a certain distance from the bottom wall of the curved surface, as shown by the red line in Figure 3. Assuming that the entrance film thickness is H 0 , the metal mesh and the metal mesh at different flow distances can be adjusted. The distance H s of the bottom wall and the size of the metal mesh hole at this place can obtain a stable film flow on the metal mesh. Figure 4 shows the flow of a liquid lithium film where the magnetic field strength is linearly increased from 0T to 5T at a flow distance of 0.5m. The upwardly convex curved bottom wall shape and metal mesh can be used to control and adjust the flow to obtain a curved film with stable flow. flow system.
（3）为了验证该方法的有效性，申请人在核工业西南物理研究院的新液态金属回路上面开展了相关的实验研究。图5给出了带金属网的曲面膜流实验段，该膜流在梯度磁场中流动，在距曲面底壁一定距离处固定了金属网，以测试其控制膜流磁流体流动的有效性。通过相关的理论计算预测对应实验条件下应该如何调节金属网与曲面底壁的距离以得到稳定的液态金属膜流流动，以指导实验段的设计，计算结果如图6所示。图7给出了相关的实验结果，结果表明由于实验中磁场强度最大仅为1.9T，而且液态金属为镓铟锡合金，其沿流动方向重力的分力比锂大的多，故没有发生膜流堆积等严重的磁流体不稳定性。但是如果没有金属网的控制，出现了液态金属不能够紧贴曲面底壁流动及不能够完全覆盖底壁的现象，如图7中左面三幅图所示，但是加上金属网后，可以使液态金属紧贴曲面底壁流动而且保证液态金属可以完全覆盖底壁，同时在金属网上形成了稳定的金属膜流，如图7中最右面图所示，金属网上面液态金属膜流的表面比较光滑，而且流动稳定。(3) In order to verify the effectiveness of the method, the applicant carried out relevant experimental research on the new liquid metal circuit of the Southwest Institute of Physics of the Nuclear Industry. Figure 5 shows the experimental section of the curved film flow with a metal mesh. The film flow flows in a gradient magnetic field. The metal mesh is fixed at a certain distance from the bottom wall of the curved surface to test its effectiveness in controlling the flow of the magnetic fluid in the film flow. Through relevant theoretical calculations, it is predicted how to adjust the distance between the metal mesh and the curved bottom wall under the corresponding experimental conditions to obtain a stable liquid metal film flow, so as to guide the design of the experimental section. The calculation results are shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows the relevant experimental results. The results show that the maximum magnetic field strength in the experiment is only 1.9T, and the liquid metal is a gallium indium tin alloy, and its gravity component along the flow direction is much larger than that of lithium, so there is no film formation. Severe magnetic fluid instability such as flow stacking. However, if there is no control of the metal mesh, there will be a phenomenon that the liquid metal cannot flow close to the bottom wall of the curved surface and cannot completely cover the bottom wall, as shown in the three pictures on the left in Figure 7, but after adding the metal mesh, it can be used The liquid metal flows close to the bottom wall of the curved surface and ensures that the liquid metal can completely cover the bottom wall. At the same time, a stable metal film flow is formed on the metal mesh. As shown in the rightmost figure in Figure 7, the surface comparison of the liquid metal film flow on the metal mesh Smooth and steady flow.
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