CN104718013A - 用来容纳活性材料的罐 - Google Patents

用来容纳活性材料的罐 Download PDF

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CN104718013A
CN104718013A CN201280075773.5A CN201280075773A CN104718013A CN 104718013 A CN104718013 A CN 104718013A CN 201280075773 A CN201280075773 A CN 201280075773A CN 104718013 A CN104718013 A CN 104718013A
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tank
sidewall
closing element
diapire
roof
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CN104718013B (zh
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J·勒邦
V·洛热尔
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El Novo SA
Health Packaging International Co ltd
Avient Switzerland GmbH
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Clariant Production France SAS
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Abstract

一种用来容纳活性材料(如干燥剂或其他功能材料)的罐,包括:包括底壁(14)和具有内侧壁表面(20)和外侧壁表面(18)以及上边缘(34)的至少一个侧壁(16)的罐主体(12),其中所述至少一个侧壁(16)从所述底壁(14)延伸;包括具有外表面(54)和内表面(56)的顶壁(52),以及包围所述顶壁(52)的固定部(58)的关闭元件(50)。所述顶壁(52)和/或所述底壁(14)或所述至少一个所述侧壁(16)的至少一个包括至少一个具有对确定气态物质的预定渗透率的膜区域(62;30),所述膜区域(62;30)为实质上无孔的且所述固定部(58)包括围绕其外圆周的升起的或凹陷的卡扣部(60),所述扣部对应围绕所述圆柱形罐主体(12)的所述侧壁的所述内侧壁表面(20)的配合几何形状(32)成形,以便与所述罐主体(12)形成卡扣连接。所述关闭元件(50)以一种方式被如此固定至所述罐主体(12),以致所述顶壁(52)的所述外表面(54)不延伸超出所述罐主体(12)的所述侧壁(16)的所述上边缘(43)。

Description

用来容纳活性材料的罐
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用来容纳活性材料(如干燥剂或另一种功能材料)的罐。
背景技术
从其上固定有一个或更多有孔端帽的由不可渗透气体和液体的主体部分形成的若干干燥剂小罐已被公开。这些罐通常容纳干燥剂材料,当空气流过设在干燥剂罐的端帽中的穿孔时,所述干燥剂材料从空气吸收湿气。
这样的罐的常见的结构为包括圆柱形外壁和圆形底壁的一件式塑料主体,包括圆柱形外壁和圆形顶壁的帽固定至所述一件式塑料主体上。公开于US 5,759,241的干燥剂罐在罐主体的外圆周壁上使用锁定肋,所述锁定肋与帽相互作用形成机械连接。
机械组装的罐有时是有问题的,所述问题在于罐主体和帽之间的机械连接可能不够强到在负载条件下阻止罐的变形。这样的负载条件可能在使用期间发生在填充有颗粒物的罐中或发生在特殊情况下(例如在罐被不小心掉落到硬表面上时)。导致罐变形的负载条件可能还在罐的配送期间发生在自动调节装置中。作为结果的不希望发生的当变形时罐的打开有这样的后果,即罐的内容物,例如脱水剂或氧吸附剂,可能被引入容器内部并可能污染其中容纳的物品,如药物。
为了解决这个问题,建议加强帽的刚度(例如通过设置肋)。然而,这样的解决方案可能使得在一个特殊定向上(以帽的确定一侧指向封闭的罐的外侧)将帽安装至罐主体是必要的,或者至少是明智的。
另一种制造罐的方法是通过施加热进行组装。在使用热处理时,之前已建议过焊接技术。这种罐的一个例子被公开于US5,824,140,其中描述了具有带有两个帽的细长中空塑料主体的罐,所述两个帽被熔合到这个塑料主体的端部。特别地,建议使用包括对帽施加压力和振动焊接能量来形成熔融结合的步骤的制造方法。然而,因为多孔膜可能比罐主体对热更敏感,所以对多孔膜的焊接或任意其他类似的热处理可能是有问题的。相应地,由于在过度的热负荷下多孔膜的材料的退化,多孔膜的热处理可能消极地影响它的密度(即它的渗透性)以及它在焊缝处的性能。
另外的缺点是,罐内的功能材料可能也被高温消极影响,所以热处理在某些情况下是不可行的。例如,化学吸附剂的气体吸收运动可能被热量催化。另外,吸附剂的热暴露通常导致吸收力的损失。
在罐主体和帽之间的接触区的焊接之前的机械组装包括另外的制造步骤并增加生产成本。
最后,使用穿孔或多微孔的膜导致气体交换运动与周围没有罐的活性材料的性质几乎一样。然而,在某些情况下,期望调整气体交换运动。
穿孔膜的另一个缺点是粉状活性材料可能包含足够小到能穿过穿孔的颗粒或颗粒块,导致罐被引入的容器的内容物的污染。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提出一种可被简单制造及组装并对于其功能性提供高灵活性的罐。这个目的由具有权利要求1的特征的用来容纳活性材料的罐解决。优选实施例由从属权利要求来了解。
用来容纳活性材料(如去氧剂、干燥剂或另一种功能材料)的本发明的罐包括优选为圆柱形的罐主体,所述罐主体包括底壁以及具有内侧壁表面、外侧壁表面和上边缘的至少一个侧壁,其中所述至少一个侧壁从底壁延伸。罐还包括关闭元件,所述关闭元件包括具有外表面和内表面的顶壁以及包围顶壁的固定部。顶壁和/或底壁和/或所述至少一个侧壁的至少一个包括至少一个具有对确定的气态物质的预定渗透率的膜区域,膜区域实质上无孔。固定部包括围绕其外周缘的升起的或凹陷的卡扣部,所述卡扣部对应围绕罐主体的侧壁的内侧壁表面的配合几何形状而成形,以便与罐主体形成卡扣连接。关闭元件以如下方式被固定至罐主体以致顶壁的外表面不延伸超出侧壁的上边缘。词语“升起的”或“凹陷的”意在包括卡扣部的所有可能形状,包括凸出和隆起以及任意适当形状的凹陷。预定渗透率对例如顶壁和底壁可差别地选择,以便产生特定的气体交换运动。
在组装状态下,因为关闭元件不延伸超出侧壁的上边缘并优选地与罐主体的侧壁的上边缘基本上齐平,所以没有能经受机械负荷的突出部。这使得一旦组装完成,罐将不再打开或能形成泄露,从而增加安全性。事实上,由于关闭元件没有突出部,罐仅能用特定工具再次打开。
根据本发明的罐的另一个优点是使用至少一个实质上无孔的膜区域。这允许将气体交换运动调整(特别是在需要时减缓)至如此程度,以致足够慢到能够在罐的处理步骤中避免损失容纳在罐里的吸收剂的吸收力。也就是说,在罐的制造之后,它不得不被存储、供应至以及插入在最终关闭前被特定产品填充的容器。这样的过程的一个典型的例子是常见的药品灌装线。在这段时间内,罐经受周围的气氛并可能已经吸收并捕获特定成分,如氧气或湿气。这导致一旦容器在其中的产品填满之后被关闭,罐的剩余吸收力会损失。
同时,膜区域的使用允许将气体交换运动定制至足够快,以致通过吸附或解吸的气体交换达到出于药品保护目的而有效管理密闭容器内顶部空间所要求的速率。罐内部中的气体交换运动可通过适当选择罐的材料特别是膜区域的材料、以及所述至少一个膜区域的表面积和厚度来调整,以便达到预定渗透率,所述渗透率连同气体交换表面的表面积是气体交换运动的主要因素。
所有上述特征增加了本发明的罐的灵活性水平,所述罐可被容易地生产。
圆柱形罐主体的优选设置产生了旋转对称形状。这具有的优点在于,不需要罐主体相对于关闭元件的特殊定向,这简化了罐的组装。相反地,在需要特殊定向的情况下,因为在关闭元件可被放在罐主体上之前,各个零部件需要在特殊的相互定向上对齐,这增加了过程的复杂性。
根据优选实施例,关闭元件的卡扣部包括升起部,优选为在倾斜侧面之间的升起边缘。在倾斜侧面之间设置升起边缘导致梢端延伸到形成在罐主体的内侧壁表面中的周缘槽的壁部段并紧靠该壁部段的几何形状。这样的紧靠产生了罐主体和关闭元件之间的防泄漏密封。
根据优选实施例,内侧壁表面靠近上边缘设有周缘槽。这建立了协作与配合的表面几何形状,以便与在关闭元件的固定部的外周圆的升起部相互作用。
优选地,罐主体为圆柱形,且顶壁包括沿径向延伸的加强肋,所述加强肋优选地具有十字几何形状。加强肋的设置用来为关闭元件提供足够刚度并最大化在加强肋之间的膜区域的表面积。十字形加强肋的设置提供了对于有效地加强关闭元件而言的肋的最小数量。
优选地,加强肋的厚度在0.8毫米和1.5毫米之间。厚度在罐以它的底壁在水平表面上站立时在竖直方向上测量。与此相比,膜的厚度优选地在0.1毫米和0.6毫米之间并且更优选地为大约0.25毫米。根据选定的渗透性材料,这样的厚度提供所述至少一个膜区域的期望的渗透率。
根据一个优选实施例,罐主体为圆柱形,并且底壁设有多个径向布置的辐条,优选地布置在底壁的内侧。在底壁的内侧的辐条的布置具有以下优点,即他们可被连接到罐主体的侧壁的内侧壁表面。优选地,辐条将中心毂部连接到侧壁的内侧壁表面。在底壁的辐条的提供用来加强底壁并使得也有可能为底壁提供薄壁膜区域。
优选地,辐条的厚度在0.6毫米和1.5毫米之间。所述厚度在罐以它的底壁在水平表面上站立时在竖直方向上测量。
优选地,所述罐被能够捕获和/或释放期望物质的活性材料填充,所述期望物质优选地是湿气、氧气或香气。这种材料的例子是颗粒状的或非颗粒状的气体处理材料,例如活性炭、分子筛、活性膨润土、硫化钙或晶体金属铝硅酸盐。另外,罐也能容纳任意其他合适的传统的氧气吸收成分或传统的二氧化碳吸收成分。所述罐也可被活性材料的混合物填充,例如湿气吸收材料和氧气吸收材料的混合物。另一方面,罐也可能容纳产生蒸汽的活性物质,所述蒸汽进入罐所位于其中的容器内的环境。这样的蒸汽可为香气、二氧化碳或为了控制容器里的相对湿度的湿气。
优选地,用于关闭元件的材料与罐主体的材料不同。与在说明书的引言部分中讨论的使用焊接技术把闭合元件结合到罐主体的现有技术不同,根据本发明的机械连接允许使用可针对期望的气体交换运动而定制的和/或可鉴于闭合元件和罐主体之间的期望的紧密密封而选择的不同材料。在关闭元件和罐主体使用不同材料时,获得结合不同捕获和/或释放性质的罐变得可能。例如,用同时吸收湿气和氧气的活性材料,或用吸收湿气和氧气的活性材料的混合物,闭合元件可由具有特定氧气渗透率的材料制成,然而罐主体由具有特定湿气渗透率的材料制成。
优选地,罐主体的材料具有比闭合元件的材料高的弹性。这样,可在沿着其内侧壁表面具有周缘槽的容器主体和在其固定部具有周缘肋的闭合元件之间建立非常有效的卡扣连接。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例,闭合元件关于所述至少一个膜区域的正中面轴对称。这样的对称具有优点,即不管哪个主表面面对罐外面,所述闭合元件可被组装到罐主体上。因为闭合元件既是旋转对称同时又是轴对称,所以不需要提供闭合元件的特殊定向。这简化了罐的组装并减少了它的生产工作和成本。
根据另一个实施例,根据本发明的罐被一体化到容器的盖或帽中。
罐主体和关闭元件可通过任意制造方法生产,例如通过注射成型或材料压缩。
根据另一个实施例,罐主体的底壁与盖或帽的顶壁一体形成。
附图说明
本发明的一个具体实施例将在以下的附图中更详细地描述。在所述附图中,
图1示出了罐主体内部的视图;
图2为沿着图1中线A-A的截面图;
图3为罐主体的底壁的外表面的视图;
图4为本发明的罐的横截面视图;
图5为关闭元件的顶表面上的视图;
图6为关闭元件的内表面上的视图,所述关闭元件在组装状态下面对罐的内部;
图7为沿着图5中线A-A的横截面视图;
图8为根据本发明的另一个实施例的罐的三维视图;
图9为根据图8的罐的三维截面图;
图10为根据图8的罐的截面图;
图11为具有根据本发明的一体化的罐的容器的盖的另一个实施例的三维视图;
图12为根据图11的盖的三维截面图;
图13为根据图11的盖的截面图;
图14为包含本发明的罐的容器的盖的另一个实施例的三维视图;
图15为根据图14的盖的三维截面图;
图16为根据图14的盖的截面图;
图17为包含本发明的罐的容器的盖的另一个实施例的三维视图;
图18为根据图18的盖的三维截面图;以及
图19为根据图17的盖的截面图。
具体实施方式
在以下描述中,在全部附图中,相同元件将用相同的附图标记表示。
图1示出了圆柱形罐主体12。具有底壁14和从罐主体12的底壁14向上延伸的圆柱形侧壁16。在这点上,还参考示出了罐主体的沿着图1中剖面线A-A的横截面视图的图2。
侧壁16具有外侧壁表面18和内侧壁表面20。底壁14设有毂部22,如最好在图2中所见,所述毂部被升至在底表面26的平面24之上。
底壁14设有多个辐条28,所述辐条沿径向定向并从毂部22延伸直至侧壁16并与侧壁16成为一体。辐条28用作加强肋并具有比相邻对辐条28之间的膜区域30高得多的厚度。作为非限制例子,所述辐条可具有0.7毫米的高度H,而膜区域30的高度h为0.25毫米。
从底壁向上延伸的侧壁16设有包括靠近侧壁16的上边缘34并从内侧壁表面20开始沿圆周方向延伸的槽32的卡扣几何形状。
作为另外的可选特征,如根据图5至图7所描述的,罐主体12可设有在向上方向上延伸直至槽32并形成确定关闭元件的正确插入位置的阶梯部38的加强段36。
图3为罐主体12的底表面26的视图。除了毂部22,所述罐主体12可为本质上平的,以便增加可选择地设在罐的底上的凹印40的可视性。这样的凹印40也可指定罐的特定类型、它内部的活性材料或如示于图3中的例子所示,包括给用户的警告。
罐的关闭元件50被描绘在图5至图7中。它包括具有外表面54和内表面56的顶壁52。所述顶壁52被为圆环的固定部58包围,所述固定部围绕其外周缘设有下面将更详细地描述的卡扣几何形状60。
顶壁52包括膜部分62和在示于图5至图7的例子中被布置为十字形状的加强肋64。在示于图6的顶壁52的内表面56中,加强肋64可能通过用来确保从固定部58的力均匀传入加强肋64内的加强区域66被连接到环形固定部58。在给出于图5至图7的实施例中的例子中,加强肋64的厚度可被选择为T=1mm,而膜的厚度t是0.25毫米左右。这从示于图7的沿着图5中的线A-A的横截面视图可见。关闭元件50的整体高度H可为H=2mm,并且如从图7中的横截面视图可见,膜62在关闭元件50的厚度H的方向上在正中面内延伸。
如图7所示的卡扣几何形状包括两个相互倾斜并在关闭元件的正中面中形成圆周梢端70的倾斜表面68。在梢端70的两个相邻倾斜表面68之间的角α可为大约140°。
可以在图7中看到,围绕关闭元件50的外圆周的卡扣几何形状60关于关闭元件的正中面对称。因此,外表面54和内表面56可被任意地选择,这简化了容器的组装。不需要圆形的关闭元件50相对于罐主体12的特殊定向。
组装罐10示于图4。它形成填充有活性材料80的内部空间72。可以进一步看到,在关闭元件50的外圆周的卡扣几何形状60容纳于罐主体12的槽32中。这样,卡扣连接被形成在罐主体12和关闭元件50之间。
图8至图10以完整视图(图8)、罐的一半的三维视图(图9)以及横截面视图(图10)示出了本发明的罐的进一步的实施例。
根据图8至图10的罐设有在其关闭元件中的膜部分62,以及在其底壁14中的膜区域30。另外,在侧壁16中的膜部分42也允许改善与被容纳在罐主体12中的活性材料80的气体交换。
为此,侧壁设有与膜部分42交替的纵向的支撑部分44。在图10的横截面视图中,可见膜部分42和纵向支撑部分44的相对厚度。从图10的横截面视图,可见在侧壁16的膜部分42与在底表面的膜区域30一体形成。为了提供罐的适当的机械稳定性,如之前实施例中所描述的,底表面设有毂部22和辐条29。比较图10和图2中的横截面视图,也可看到罐主体12的尺寸和将填充活性材料的容积可根据特定需求广泛变化。与上述在先实施例相比,示于图8至图10的本发明的罐主体的实施例不仅具有用来容纳活性材料80的增大的内部容积,也具有设有薄壁膜的增大的表面以提供快速气体交换运动。
图11至图13、图14至图16、以及图17至图19分别示出了与本发明的罐一体的容器的三个盖。
在示于图11至图13的实施例中,示出了容器的盖10,然而图11是三维视图,图12是三维截面图,而图13是横截面视图。可以在图11至图13中看到,填充有活性材料80的罐主体12与容器的盖的顶壁92一体形成。因为在制造包括罐主体12的壁结构的盖10之后,活性材料80被填充进罐主体的内部空间,接着关闭元件50附连,所以这样的整体结构可被容易地实现。
在示于图11至图19的实施例中,描述了仅在关闭元件50中具有膜部分的罐主体的几何形状。然而,如图8所示,也可能为侧壁提供膜部分。
从一方面来说,容器的盖10可以现有技术中公知的任意合适的方式提供。在示于图11至图19全部的例子中,盖设有擅启指示环94以及与容器主体上的配合外圆周螺纹相协作的内螺纹96(图11至图19中未示出)。
如图14至图16所示的实施例是与包括罐主体12的整体提供的容器的盖10不同的实施例,即容器的底壁14与容器的盖10的顶壁92一体形成。示于图14至图16的盖与示于图11至13的是一样的。示于图14至16的盖10不同之处在于它设有用来阻挡容纳在容器里的产品(如药片)的柔性补偿元件98。另外,所述盖与示于图11至图13的不同之处在于它不是被旋到容器主体的顶上,而是被夹到容器主体的上边缘上。为此,接收槽100被形成以用来接收并牢固地保持容器主体的上边缘,以致容器的盖将不会不小心地离开容器。
补偿元件98限制接近罐主体。因此,如图14至图16所示的盖10的特定形状可连同本发明的罐有利地使用,因为在具有罐的一体的底和侧壁的盖的制造之后以及在活性材料的填充之后,关闭元件50可被容易地安装到罐主体12。
除了没有补偿元件,图17至图19的实施例与示于图14至图16的实施例非常相似。还是在这个实施例里,罐主体12的底壁14与容器的盖10的顶壁92一体形成。根据图14至图16的实施例之间的不同之处主要在于没有在根据图14至图17的实施例中的用附图标记98表示的补偿元件。
膜区域是无孔的,这导致气体交换速率更慢。相反,在没有任何周围的障碍时,有孔膜几乎与活性材料自身有相同气体交换。因此,通过提供无孔膜,在需要时可调整并减慢气体交换运动。无孔膜区域的另一个优点是罐对填充粉末的适用性,避免能够穿过穿孔的极细的颗粒的泄露。
除了膜区域的表面积和厚度,膜的材料可被选择以便影响对特定气体组分的期望渗透率以及它的交换运动。由于罐主体和关闭元件被注塑成型并形成各单一件,罐主体和关闭元件的材料可根据膜区域的性质而选择。
合适的材料是渗透性的聚合物,例如:基于聚烯烃的聚合物,例如聚乙烯、HDPE、LDPE、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVOH)、环烯烃共聚物(COC);基于聚酯的聚合物,例如聚已酸内酯(PCL)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)等等;聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚甲醛(POM)、聚酰胺、聚乙烯硫化物(PPS)、BOPP或纤维素。
在活性材料吸收氧气时,优选的材料在23℃下具有至少100cm3.100μm/m2.天.bar的透氧率(ASTM D3985),优选地为至少500cm3.100μm/m2.天.bar。
在活性材料吸收或释放湿气时,优选的材料在23℃以及85%的相对湿度下具有至少1g.100μm/m2.天.bar的渗水率,优选地为至少4g.100μm/m2.天.bar,更优选地为至少10g.100μm/m2.天.bar。
用于关闭元件的材料可与用于罐主体的不同。例如,用于罐主体的材料可比用于关闭元件的更有弹性,这便于通过关闭元件和罐主体之间的卡扣连接的两部分的组装。
从图4可以看出,关闭元件50被整体地包括在罐主体中并具有比罐主体的外径小的外径。这样,可能如此定位关闭元件以致它的顶壁52与罐主体12的上边缘34齐平。这样,罐10的整体高度可非常小。包括关闭元件50的罐的全高可小于2.5mm。另一个优点是一旦被关闭,从罐移除关闭元件50是困难的。

Claims (15)

1.一种用来容纳活性材料的罐,所述活性材料如去氧剂、干燥剂或另一种功能材料,所述罐包括:
-罐主体(12),优选地为圆柱形,包括底壁(14)和具有内侧壁表面(20)和外侧壁表面(18)以及上边缘(34)的至少一个侧壁(16),其中所述至少一个侧壁(16)从所述底壁(14)延伸;以及
-关闭元件(50),包括具有外表面(54)和内表面(56)的顶壁(52)以及包围所述顶壁(52)的固定部(58);其中
-所述顶壁(52),和/或所述底壁(14)和/或所述至少一个侧壁(16)的至少一个包括具有对确定的气态物质的预定渗透率的至少一个膜区域(62;30),所述膜区域(62;30)是实质上无孔的;以及
-所述固定部(58)包括围绕其外周缘的升起的或凹陷的卡扣部(60),所述卡扣部对应于围绕所述罐主体(12)的侧壁的所述内侧壁表面(20)的配合几何形状(32)而成形,以便与所述罐主体(12)形成卡扣连接;其中
-所述关闭元件(50)以如下方式被固定至所述罐主体(12):使得所述顶壁(52)的所述外表面(54)不延伸超出所述罐主体(12)的所述侧壁(16)的所述上边缘(43)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的罐,其中所述关闭元件(50)的所述卡扣部(60)包括在倾斜侧面(68)之间的升起部,优选为升起边缘(70)。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的罐,
其特征在于
所述罐主体(12)的所述侧壁(16)的内侧壁表面设有靠近所述上边缘(34)的周缘槽(32)。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的罐,所述罐主体为圆柱形;且所述关闭元件(50)的所述顶壁(52)包括沿径向延伸的加强肋(64),所述加强肋优选地具有十字几何形状。
5.根据权利要求4所述的罐,所述罐主体为圆柱形;且所述加强肋的厚度(T)在0.8毫米和1.5毫米之间。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的罐,所述膜的厚度(t)在0.1毫米和0.6毫米之间,优选地为大约0.25毫米。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的罐,所述罐主体为圆柱形;且所述罐主体(12)的所述底壁(14)设有多个径向布置的辐条(28),所述幅条优选地布置在所述底壁(14)的内侧。
8.根据权利要求7所述的罐,所述辐条(28)将中心毂部(22)连接至所述侧壁(16)的所述内侧壁表面(18)。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的罐,所述罐(10)被填充能够捕获和/或释放期望物质的活性材料,所述期望物质优选地为湿气、氧气或香气。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的罐,所述关闭元件(50)的材料与所述罐主体(12)的材料不同。
11.根据权利要求10所述的罐,其中所述罐主体(12)的材料具有比所述闭合元件(50)的材料高的弹性。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的罐,所述闭合元件(50)的所述固定部(58)关于所述闭合元件(50)的正中面轴对称。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的罐,所述罐主体(12)和所述关闭元件(50)都通过注射成型工艺生产。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的罐,所述罐主体(12)被一体化到容器的盖或帽(10)中。
15.根据权利要求14所述的罐,其中所述罐主体(12)的所述底壁(14)与所述盖或帽(10)的顶壁(92)一体形成。
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US20150321142A1 (en) 2015-11-12
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