CN1046990A

CN1046990A - Arabic numerals abacus

Info

Publication number: CN1046990A
Application number: CN 90105654
Authority: CN
Inventors: 罗宣
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1990-05-04
Filing date: 1990-05-04
Publication date: 1990-11-14

Abstract

The major technique feature is:

Make the digital pearl of 12 faceted pebbles, and the locking reed, string is placed on two secured in parallel on two crossbeams on the plate rail, it is not touched and the rotational transform numeral is arranged, and is aided with cover cap gauge point utilization written calculation rule and computing spoken language and calculates.

Purposes is: providing a kind of new computing tools to make itself and computing machine is human productive life service on different levels simultaneously, develops national culture.

Description

Arabic numerals abacus

The abacus of Shi Yonging (rechoning by the abacus) ties up to before about more than 3,000 years on the basis of calculating of invention now, in the Eastern Han Dynasty's (before more than 1,000 year) invention before year.The computational tool of this group of pearl counting has equal status with four inventions, is described as " the fifth-largest invention " abroad.In the very long years, to produce and in lifely bringing into play huge effect, historical achievement is indelible.Real is that national culture one is big proud.

But with invention, the successor and universal of written calculation, with the development of producing, the inadaptability of rechoning by the abacus has exposed.As: 1, five of rechoning by the abacus liters of decimal systems, five liters (they may be the vestiges of calculating) seem unnecessary.2, rechoning by the abacus perpendicular reads to hold the calculating of the following plural form of 16 systems and the calculating of the numerous plural form of incompatibility.3, the calculating of the ratio of using always in the incompatibility productive life, percentage, mark.4, dial pearl and calculate pithy formula loaded down with trivial details (more than 100) and find it difficult to learn.With pupil is example, and written calculation four fundamental rules and rechoning by the abacus are all learned in primary school, but student's written calculation four fundamental rules on top of, but can grasp the very few of rechoning by the abacus four fundamental rules.5, do not calculate fusion mutually quickly with written calculation.

The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of and the new computing tools few of similarity of rechoning by the abacus.Make it: 1, the use of reading, zero-sum decimal and written calculation and practical consistent.The needs that 2, can adapt to percentage, fractional computation.3, perpendicularly read to hold of the calculating of 100 systems with interior plural form.4, particularly computing makes written calculation spoken language and multiplication table replace the pithy formula of former rechoning by the abacus, is convenient to study, uses and promotes.5, can be with written calculation, calculate quickly, mental arithmetic merges mutually.Can promote mutually with written calculation on the mathematics.

Realize major technique measure of the present invention:

Rectangular at one

The shape dish adds two crossbeams of parallel tandem.Put the pearl that is carved with arabic numeral and ". " and empty face of each 11-17 12 faceted pebbles of two rows in order to string.Below every pearl, place the locking reed in the groove on plate rail, must not touch in order to the numeral that locking pearl (claiming digital pearl) makes it to show.

Establish cover cap on the shape plate rail.But two gauge points of move left and right are housed in the cover cap.

Cover cap shows that with digital pearl the reading place is the space up and down, covers all the other to appear numeral.

The left and right sides length of cover cap is being fixed on the plate rail.Width exceeds not hinder from rotating digital pearl up and down up and down.

The order of scribing of arabic numeral etc. is on numeral pearl 12 faceted pebbles:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0, (sky)

Using method:

The using method of Arabic numerals abacus is to use the arithmetic rule and the method for written calculation: 1, general four fundamental rules topic, use row-by-row reading (reading), 2, plural form uses perpendicular reading.3, mark, percentage are molecule with the upper beam number, and the underbeam number is a denominator, and the integer of mixed number is placed on underbeam and denominator every one, and is producing " " every the position to show differentiation.4, the people who begins to learn can show addend, the summand of addition in order to Liang Liangpai number up and down respectively, the subtrahend of subtraction, minuend, computing then, 5, multiplication but is multiplier, multiplicand, divide to be listed in upper beam, product below the underbeam multiplicand, 6, the divisor of division, dividend be listed in underbeam, the merchant then be listed in the upper beam dividend above, from dividend, deduct by turn with merchant's multiplication and division number.7, different with written calculation to be in written calculation be after multiplier takes advantage of multiplicand to take advantage of to multiplication, no matter multiplier is that how many positions all are additions, the present invention then be the units of multiplier take advantage of long-pending, take advantage of ten, hundred more successively ... when taking advantage of each, all be while taking advantage of toward draw long-pending on add, taken advantage of to add, just draw having amassed of requirement.Also difference and written calculation on the oral expression said when taking advantage of multiplicand position as multiplier position, several take advantage of several several or several tens, just ten say when taking advantage of tens take advantage of several get tens or hundreds of tens the rest may be inferred, get the seat when purpose is over-and-over addition wrong.8, the decimal usage of decimal four fundamental rules is identical with written calculation.Be exemplified below respectively:

1, addition: 126+35=161

Computing: (1) 126/35 (2) 121/3 (gauge point represent into one)

（3） 161/()

2, subtraction: 126-35=91

Computing: (1) 126/35 (2) 121/3

(3) 91/ () (can change 1 with upper as borrow, make 7 into) as 8

3, multiplication: 126 * 35=4410 formula: 35/ () ... 126/ ()

Computing: (1) 126/630 ... 30/ ()

(2) 126/4410 ...=(individual position long-pending 630 adds ten long-pending 3780)

4, division: 126 ÷ 35=3.6 formulas: ()/35 ... ()/126

Computing:

（1） ()/35 …… 3/126 ＝ 3/21

(the same with written calculation discuss write on 6 above) (126-105)

(2) 3/210 (add 0, make radix point) 36/210 (second merchant is 0.6) with gauge point

36/0 (21.0 deduct

35×0.6）

5, the decimal four fundamental rules are identical with written calculation

6, mark and percentage numerical representation and computing:

(1) proper fraction 7/15 (7/15ths) (2) improper fraction 13/12 (13/12nds)

(3) mixed number 1/1.2 (one and 1/2nd) (4) percentage 35/100 (35 percent)

7, tautonomy numerical representation and computing:

The tautonomy numerical representation must be used perpendicular reading, and computing is by system is identical with written calculation separately.

So-called perpendicular reading promptly is not reading from left to right on same beam, but is ten with upper beam, and underbeam be to aim at corresponding numerical digit reading.As: 9/9 pronounces 99, and the quantity of expression is 99.

For example: (1) time: 14 hours 56 minutes 47 seconds, expression: (154)/(467)

(2) length is 58 meters 79 centimeters: (57)/(89)

During computing, dot and carry, to enterprising, move back first from last under move back.

The Figure of description explanation:

1,

The shape plate rail.

2, cover cap.

3, gauge point (two)

4,12 faceted pebbles are carved with arabic numeral: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and the pearl (right cylinder) of " " and an empty face.

5, a slice below the locking reed, every pearl.

6, two of parallel tandem crossbeams up and down.

7, cover cap fixed screw (both sides have).

Claims

A kind of novel abacus, comprise: Qian shape plate rail, the plate rail kerve is established the parallel locking reed of two rows, and string is put the digital pearl that 11-17 two rows are carved with arabic numeral (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) and " " and an empty face on two crossbeams corresponding with reed.Adorn a centre above and cover all the other to appear reading with the cover cap of two punctuates.

It is characterized in that:

1, rotates arabic numeral pearl changed digital, replace rechoning by the abacus to dial the pearl changed digital, and make it reading and written calculation and practical consistent.Save the loaded down with trivial details pithy formula of rechoning by the abacus.

2, perpendicular reading increases to 99 with the calculating of centesimal system with interior plural form from 15.

3, can carry out the calculating of percentage and mark.

4, can be with written calculation, mental arithmetic, calculate quickly consistently, and in teaching, promote mutually.

5, Du Te using method is simple and convenient and easy to study, and meeting written calculation arithmetic can be used the present invention substantially.