CN104532691A - Ballastless track connected-block sleeper - Google Patents
Ballastless track connected-block sleeper Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104532691A CN104532691A CN201410777964.7A CN201410777964A CN104532691A CN 104532691 A CN104532691 A CN 104532691A CN 201410777964 A CN201410777964 A CN 201410777964A CN 104532691 A CN104532691 A CN 104532691A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- rest pad
- sleeper
- block type
- chord
- type sleeper
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
- E01B3/28—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone
- E01B3/40—Slabs; Blocks; Pot sleepers; Fastening tie-rods to them
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
- E01B3/28—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone
- E01B3/36—Composite sleepers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B1/00—Ballastway; Other means for supporting the sleepers or the track; Drainage of the ballastway
- E01B1/002—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Railway Tracks (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a ballastless track connected-block sleeper. The traditional concrete short sleeper is difficult to control in the construction because of crosswise mutual independence, and the concrete long sleeper is complicated in the construction process and the construction efficiency is low because its structure is longer and reinforcement holes are needed to be reserved. The ballastless track connected-block sleeper comprises two concrete support blocks, and a cross reinforcement net rack connected between both concrete support blocks; the reinforcement net rack comprises two crosswise parallel top chords and a lower chord; different types of connecting reinforcements are installed between the top chords and between the top chords and the lower chord according to the request; the lower part of the support block is protruded to form a T-shaped door-like reinforcement with the lower chord, so that the connected-block sleeper can be stably placed on the ground; and reinforcement meshes are pre-embedded in the support blocks and above the top chords. The ballastless track connected-block sleeper is capable of using the reinforcement net rack to connect the support blocks crossly, and effectively solving the problems of the long and short sleepers and the double-block sleeper in the using process, so that the rail system structure has better integrity, constructability and economy.
Description
Technical field
the invention belongs to technical field of rail traffic, be specifically related to a kind of non-fragment orbit and connect block type sleeper.
Background technology
At present, the sleeper that urban track traffic non-fragment orbit generally adopts comprises: the short sleeper of concrete and concrete long sleeper.There is the large problem of construction control difficulty because of laterally separate in the short sleeper of concrete, as enforcement low precisions such as rail cant, gauge are arranged, assembles the problems such as section of track hourly velocity is slow, speed of application is slow.Concrete long sleeper is because its structure is longer, need reserved steel bar hole, make construction sequence loaded down with trivial details, efficiency of construction is low, can not abundant fill concrete in reinforcing bar hole, sleeper is connected tight with road bed board concrete, cavity appears in the operation phase, sleeper loosens etc. affects the problem in railway roadbed application life.
Along with the raising of national economic development and people's living standard, the particularly spread overwide areas of urban rail traffic project construction, the problems such as track structure track geometry is wayward, working procedure is complicated, operation maintenance workload is large, operation cost is high are still needed and are solved further.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of non-fragment orbit and connect block type sleeper, solution track structure working procedure is loaded down with trivial details, Construction precision control difficulty large, affect the problems such as solid concrete roabed quality.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
Non-fragment orbit connects block type sleeper, comprises the left and right two pieces of rest pads for carrying rails and fastener for installing, is respectively left rest pad and right rest pad, it is characterized in that:
Be connected with horizontal bar frame between left rest pad and right rest pad, connect to form block type sleeper with rest pad.
The spiral bar that sleeve pipe and sleeve pipe exterior ring cap is embedded with in rest pad;
Sleeve pipe pre-embedding is in the horizontal left and right sides of rest pad.
Rest pad comprises non-shoulder type and has two kinds, shoulder block type, and bottom is provided with V-shape slope.
Bar frame comprises laterally two parallel upper chords and a lower chord, and lower chord is positioned at centre position below two upper chords;
Upper chord is straight-bar, and both side ends is also stretched out laterally through rest pad lower abdomen;
Lower chord end from rest pad middle and lower part upwards vertically bending stretch into rest pad lower abdomen, with upper chord same level face place to horizontal buckling outside rest pad, and outside Extension support block.
Be embedded with above rest pad inside, upper chord and intersect by reinforcing bar the reinforced mesh formed in length and breadth;
Be connected with upper chord by vertical stirrup inside reinforced mesh, reinforced mesh arranged outside has gate reinforcing bar, and gate reinforcing bar stretches out from rest pad bottom, and its bottom flushes with lower chord lower end.
Between two upper chords, between upper chord and lower chord, be provided with connecting reinforcement perpendicular to upper chord and lower chord, form triangle stirrup, in longitudinal perpendicular, form leg-of-mutton syndeton.
Oblique connecting reinforcement is provided with, end to end formation waveform abdomen muscle between upper chord and lower chord.
Rest pad lower abdomen is stretched in waveform abdomen muscle both lateral sides end.
The present invention has the following advantages:
1, connecting block type sleeper agent structure is rest pad and bar frame, and light structure, mould be simple, without prestress system, produce easily prefabricated;
2, connecting block type sleeper utilizes bar frame by rest pad lateral connection, and structure is convenient to the demoulding, stacking, lifting, transport and section of track assembling;
3, connect bottom block type sleeper rest pad and arrange V-shape slope, railway roadbed is built front without the need to hole-specifically mud jacking work, and concrete vibrating gravity flow just can realize the requirement of ballast bed structure compactness.
4, block type sleeper rest pad and bar frame reliable interconnect is connected, under operation reasonable terms, bar frame rigidity can resist the moment of flexure that in the demoulding, carrying, installation process, structure self produces, structural integrity is good, accurate adjustment workload is little, be convenient to gauge, rail cant and superelevation control, and then effectively can control operation Problem cost;
5, railway roadbed arrangement of reinforcement can the company's of making full use of block type sleeper bar frame space structures, and the company's of realization block type sleeper is connected with the firm of railway roadbed, contributes to structural stability, globality and durability Design;
6, structure is lightly short and small, can be applicable to different rail profile type and straight, curved line location;
7, connecting block type sleeper is meeting under track structure self arrangement of reinforcement prerequisite, and the adjustment space of sleeper buried depth, bar diameter and quantity is comparatively large, can meet the relevant speciality interface requirements such as stray electrical current dramatically;
8, connect simple, the prefabricated convenience of block type sleeper structure, construction technology is ripe, maintenance workload is little, has good economic performance.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that the present invention has shoulder block without connecting reinforcement elevation (embodiment 1).
Fig. 2 is that the present invention has shoulder block without connecting reinforcement plan view (embodiment 1).
Fig. 3 is that the present invention has shoulder block without connecting reinforcement side view (embodiment 1).
Fig. 4 is that non-shoulder of the present invention is without connecting reinforcement elevation (embodiment 2).
Fig. 5 is that non-shoulder of the present invention is without connecting reinforcement plan view (embodiment 2).
Fig. 6 is that non-shoulder of the present invention is without connecting reinforcement side view (embodiment 2).
Fig. 7 is that the present invention has shoulder block triangle stirrup elevation (embodiment 3).
Fig. 8 is that the present invention has shoulder block triangle stirrup plan view (embodiment 3).
Fig. 9 is that the present invention has shoulder block triangle stirrup side view (embodiment 3).
Figure 10 is non-shoulder triangle stirrup elevation (embodiment 4) of the present invention.
Figure 11 is non-shoulder triangle stirrup plan view (embodiment 4) of the present invention.
Figure 12 is non-shoulder triangle stirrup side view (embodiment 4) of the present invention.
Figure 13 is that the present invention has shoulder block waveform abdomen muscle elevation (embodiment 5).
Figure 14 is that the present invention has shoulder block waveform abdomen muscle plan view (embodiment 5).
Figure 15 is that the present invention has shoulder block waveform abdomen muscle side view (embodiment 5).
Figure 16 is non-shoulder waveform abdomen muscle elevation (embodiment 6) of the present invention.
Figure 17 is non-shoulder waveform abdomen muscle plan view (embodiment 6) of the present invention.
Figure 18 is non-shoulder waveform abdomen muscle side view (embodiment 6) of the present invention.
Figure 19 is that the present invention has shoulder block waveform abdomen muscle rail system to assemble elevation.
Figure 20 is non-shoulder waveform abdomen muscle rail system of the present invention assembling elevation.
In figure, 1-rest pad, 2-bar frame, the left rest pad of 3-, the right rest pad of 4-, 5-sleeve pipe, 6-spiral bar, 7-reinforced mesh, 8-gate reinforcing bar, 9-identifies, 10-upper chord, 11-lower chord, 12-triangle stirrup, 13-waveform abdomen muscle, 14-stirrup, 15-rail, 16-fastener.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with detailed description of the invention, the present invention will be described in detail.
A kind of non-fragment orbit that the present invention relates to connects block type sleeper, comprises the left and right two pieces of rest pads 1 for carrying rails 15 and fastener for installing 16, is respectively left rest pad 3 and right rest pad 4.The spiral bar 6 that sleeve pipe 5 and sleeve pipe 5 exterior ring cap is embedded with in rest pad 1; Sleeve pipe 5 is embedded in the horizontal left and right sides of rest pad 1 in advance, and longitudinally stagger in front and back.Rest pad 1 comprises non-shoulder type and has two kinds, shoulder block type, and bottom is provided with V-shape slope.Rest pad 1 is reinforced concrete structure, selects strength grade of concrete between C50 ~ C60.Rest pad 1 upper surface termination have clear and definite emblem mark, the date of manufacture, die number, batch etc. mark 9.
Be connected with horizontal bar frame 2 between left rest pad 3 and right rest pad 4, connect to form block type sleeper with rest pad.Bar frame 2 comprises laterally parallel two upper chords 10 and a lower chord 11, and lower chord 11 is positioned at centre position below two upper chords 10; Upper chord 10 is straight-bar, and both side ends is also stretched out laterally through rest pad 1 lower abdomen; Lower chord 11 end from rest pad 1 middle and lower part upwards vertically bending stretch into rest pad 1 lower abdomen, with upper chord 10 same level face place to horizontal buckling outside rest pad 1, and outside Extension support block 1.
Be embedded with above rest pad 1 inside, upper chord 10 and intersect by reinforcing bar the reinforced mesh 7 formed in length and breadth; Be connected with upper chord 10 colligation by vertical stirrup 14 inside reinforced mesh 7, reinforced mesh 7 arranged outside has gate reinforcing bar 8, gate reinforcing bar 8(opening upwards) to stretch out from rest pad 1 bottom, its bottom flushes with lower chord lower end.
Connecting reinforcement perpendicular to upper chord 10 and lower chord 11 can be set between two upper chords 10, between upper chord 10 and lower chord 11, form triangle stirrup 12, in longitudinal perpendicular, form leg-of-mutton syndeton.Also can arrange oblique connecting reinforcement between upper chord 10 and lower chord 11, end to end formation waveform abdomen muscle 13, rest pad 1 lower abdomen is stretched in waveform abdomen muscle 13 both lateral sides end.Connecting reinforcement is connected with bar frame 2 spot welding.
After sleeper is prefabricated and railway roadbed build and be integrated, shared also transmits train load.Reinforced concrete structure structure and the Material selec-tion such as performance and concrete, reinforcing bar, sleeve pipe all meet existing related specifications requirement.
According to construction needs, the present invention can adopt different rest pad profiles and connecting reinforcement type, and concrete scheme is as follows:
See Fig. 1-3, for rest pad of the present invention have shoulder block, between upper chord and lower chord without the embodiment of connecting reinforcement.
See Fig. 4-6, for rest pad non-shoulder of the present invention, between upper chord and lower chord without the embodiment of connecting reinforcement.
Above-described embodiment is that I type connects block type sleeper, and bar frame top-bottom chord relies on rest pad concrete to bond maintenance relative position and the rigidity of structure.
See Fig. 7-9, for rest pad of the present invention has shoulder block, arranges the embodiment of triangle stirrup between upper chord and lower chord.
See Figure 10-12, be rest pad non-shoulder of the present invention, the embodiment that triangle stirrup is set between upper chord and lower chord.
Above-described embodiment is that II type connects block type sleeper, and bar frame top-bottom chord is except dependence rest pad concrete bonds, and arrange triangle stirrup with reinforcing steel bar space truss structure rigidity, triangle stirrup is connected by spot welding with between top-bottom chord.
See Figure 13-15, for rest pad of the present invention has shoulder block, arranges the embodiment of waveform abdomen muscle between upper chord and lower chord.
See Figure 16-18, be rest pad non-shoulder of the present invention, the embodiment that waveform abdomen muscle is set between upper chord and lower chord.
Above-described embodiment is that type III connects block type sleeper, and bar frame top-bottom chord is except dependence rest pad concrete bonds, and arrange waveform abdomen muscle with reinforcing steel bar space truss structure rigidity, waveform abdomen muscle is connected by spot welding with between top-bottom chord.
Connecting block type sleeper form of structure selects fastener and sleeper rigidity requirement feature to carry out Selecting Complete Set by project, and package assembly is see Figure 19-20.
Connecting block type sleeper is that the track component of rail transportation projects is served in design, and invention structure technology performance is embodied in the links such as structure is produced, deposits, transports, constructed, operation.
1, connect block type sleeper to produce:
Connect block type sleeper to be made up of rest pad and bar frame, left and right rest pad is connected by bar frame.
(1) bar frame makes: bar frame is at produce in factory, and lower chord adopts anglebender to bend, and top-bottom chord adopts die frame to control profile, and the triangle dowel between top-bottom chord or waveform abdomen muscle adopt spot welder to weld with it.
(2) mould of sleeper and prefabricated: connect block type sleeper and adopt the exact position fixing bar frame, reinforced mesh, gate reinforcing bar and service sleeve at steel mould groove at side surface, afterwards concreting should abundant vibration compacting again.Punching block should have enough strength and stiffness, and punching block processing adopts retrofit, and mismachining tolerance is less than 1/2 of finished product.
(3) demoulding of sleeper and maintenance: the demoulding strength of sleeper is not less than 0.5 times of design strength, when adopting stream curing, temperature and elevating control thereof all should keep ripe empirical value.
2, connect block type sleeper to stack:
Even block type sleeper bar frame and gate reinforcing bar form three-point support system jointly, rest pad upper surface is smooth, sleeper can mounted on top, pile up at most 5 layers, thickness should be adopted between levels sleeper to be greater than plank or the separation of hard polyethylene cystosepiment of 20mm, need guarantee during stacking structure stress rationally, put neat, firm, there is not the phenomenons such as inclination, slump, with guarantee sleeper self structure not hurt, do not weaken.
3, block type sleeper lifting is connected:
Connect block type sleeper lifting and need adopt 2 lifting programs, position, Heave Here clear span is not less than 800mm.
4, section of track assembling:
Rail, fastener, sleeper jointly form rail system and build front section of track framework.Should check the distortionless distortion of sleeper bar frame, no-sundries in bolt hole before section of track assembling, section of track assembly precision meets related specifications requirement.Connect that the assembling of block type sleeper section of track structure is convenient, to pile up easy, required aid few, in section of track assembling process, need the fully company's of carrying out block type sleeper bar frame and rest pad concrete structure protection work.
5, railway roadbed is built:
Connect block type sleeper prefabricated after and railway roadbed build and be integrated, shared also transmits train load.Solid concrete roabed is built and is implemented according to the order of " cleaning substrate-laying bottom layer of the reinforcing steel-erection section of track-colligation top reinforcement-coarse adjustment, accurate adjustment section of track geometry state-locking section of track-build railway roadbed concrete ", sleeper bar frame and railway roadbed reinforcing bar interlaced arrangement, sleeper termination railway roadbed reinforcement placement is convenient, and ditch arranges facility.
6, operation management:
Company's block type sleeper solid concrete roabed structural integrity is good, superior durability, and the diseases such as the railway roadbed can effectively avoiding existing project to occur is empty, sleeper gets loose, operation management workload significantly reduces.
Content of the present invention is not limited to cited by embodiment, and the conversion of those of ordinary skill in the art by reading manual of the present invention to any equivalence that technical solution of the present invention is taked, is claim of the present invention and contains.
Claims (8)
1. non-fragment orbit connects block type sleeper, comprises the left and right two pieces of rest pads (1) for carrying rails (15) and fastener for installing (16), is respectively left rest pad (3) and right rest pad (4), it is characterized in that:
Be connected with horizontal bar frame (2) between left rest pad (3) and right rest pad (4), connect to form block type sleeper with rest pad.
2. non-fragment orbit according to claim 1 connects block type sleeper, it is characterized in that:
The spiral bar (6) that sleeve pipe (5) and sleeve pipe (5) exterior ring cap is embedded with in rest pad (1);
Sleeve pipe (5) is embedded in the horizontal left and right sides of rest pad (1) in advance.
3. non-fragment orbit according to claim 2 connects block type sleeper, it is characterized in that:
Rest pad (1) comprises non-shoulder type and has two kinds, shoulder block type, and bottom is provided with V-shape slope.
4. non-fragment orbit according to claim 3 connects block type sleeper, it is characterized in that:
Bar frame (2) comprises laterally two parallel upper chords (10) and a lower chord (11), and lower chord (11) is positioned at centre position, two upper chord (10) belows;
Upper chord (10) is straight-bar, and both side ends is also stretched out laterally through rest pad (1) lower abdomen;
Lower chord (11) end from rest pad (1) middle and lower part upwards vertically bending stretch into rest pad (1) lower abdomen, with upper chord (10) same level face place to rest pad (1) outside horizontal buckling, and Extension support block (1) outside.
5. non-fragment orbit according to claim 4 connects block type sleeper, it is characterized in that:
Rest pad (1) is inner, upper chord (10) top is embedded with and intersects by reinforcing bar the reinforced mesh (7) formed in length and breadth;
Reinforced mesh (7) inner side is connected with upper chord (10) by vertical stirrup (14), and reinforced mesh (7) arranged outside has gate reinforcing bar (8), and gate reinforcing bar (8) stretches out from rest pad (1) bottom, and its bottom flushes with lower chord (11) lower end.
6. non-fragment orbit according to claim 5 connects block type sleeper, it is characterized in that:
Be provided with the connecting reinforcement perpendicular to upper chord (10) and lower chord (11) between two upper chords (10), between upper chord (10) and lower chord (11), form triangle stirrup (12), in longitudinal perpendicular, form leg-of-mutton syndeton.
7. non-fragment orbit according to claim 5 connects block type sleeper, it is characterized in that:
Oblique connecting reinforcement is provided with, end to end formation waveform abdomen muscle (13) between upper chord (10) and lower chord (11).
8. non-fragment orbit according to claim 7 connects block type sleeper, it is characterized in that:
Rest pad (1) lower abdomen is stretched in waveform abdomen muscle (13) both lateral sides end.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410777964.7A CN104532691A (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2014-12-17 | Ballastless track connected-block sleeper |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410777964.7A CN104532691A (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2014-12-17 | Ballastless track connected-block sleeper |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104532691A true CN104532691A (en) | 2015-04-22 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410777964.7A Pending CN104532691A (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2014-12-17 | Ballastless track connected-block sleeper |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN104532691A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109457551A (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2019-03-12 | 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Group frame type connection reinforcing structure and construction method between sleeper block and railway roadbed |
| CN111560797A (en) * | 2020-04-29 | 2020-08-21 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | Ballastless track sleeper and track bed beneficial to adjustment |
| CN111923218A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-11-13 | 光明铁道控股有限公司 | Elastic supporting block sleeper integrated production line and framework fixing device |
| CN113338083A (en) * | 2021-05-24 | 2021-09-03 | 中国国家铁路集团有限公司 | Improved double-block sleeper, track plate with improved double-block sleeper and track system |
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| US1460115A (en) * | 1923-01-12 | 1923-06-26 | Stent Dudley Hepburn | Reenforced-concrete railway and the like sleeper |
| CN1344835A (en) * | 2000-09-20 | 2002-04-17 | 普夫莱德雷尔基础结构技术两合公司 | Double-block concrete railway sleeper of fixed-orbit travelway |
| CN201459526U (en) * | 2009-07-09 | 2010-05-12 | 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Non-shoulder dual-block concrete sleeper with rail cant |
| CN101784726A (en) * | 2007-05-29 | 2010-07-21 | 沃斯特阿尔派因Bwg有限责任两合公司 | Concrete sleeper |
| CN102162209A (en) * | 2010-12-31 | 2011-08-24 | 北京中铁房山桥梁有限公司 | High-speed turnout switch tie for speed of 350km per hour and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN204370248U (en) * | 2014-12-17 | 2015-06-03 | 中铁第一勘察设计院集团有限公司 | A kind of non-fragment orbit connects block type sleeper |
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2014
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Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US1460115A (en) * | 1923-01-12 | 1923-06-26 | Stent Dudley Hepburn | Reenforced-concrete railway and the like sleeper |
| CN1344835A (en) * | 2000-09-20 | 2002-04-17 | 普夫莱德雷尔基础结构技术两合公司 | Double-block concrete railway sleeper of fixed-orbit travelway |
| CN101784726A (en) * | 2007-05-29 | 2010-07-21 | 沃斯特阿尔派因Bwg有限责任两合公司 | Concrete sleeper |
| CN201459526U (en) * | 2009-07-09 | 2010-05-12 | 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Non-shoulder dual-block concrete sleeper with rail cant |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109457551A (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2019-03-12 | 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Group frame type connection reinforcing structure and construction method between sleeper block and railway roadbed |
| CN111923218A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-11-13 | 光明铁道控股有限公司 | Elastic supporting block sleeper integrated production line and framework fixing device |
| CN111560797A (en) * | 2020-04-29 | 2020-08-21 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | Ballastless track sleeper and track bed beneficial to adjustment |
| CN113338083A (en) * | 2021-05-24 | 2021-09-03 | 中国国家铁路集团有限公司 | Improved double-block sleeper, track plate with improved double-block sleeper and track system |
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| PB01 | Publication | ||
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Application publication date: 20150422 |