CN104520531B - 用于远场增产处理的微支撑剂 - Google Patents
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Abstract
借助压裂流体来压裂井筒周围的地下区域。将200目或更小的微支撑剂泵入地下区域的远场裂隙并将这些远场裂隙撑开。
Description
背景技术
在某些低渗透性地层(如页岩)中，对于从地层中有效地产出流体而言，液力压裂增产处理(hydraulic fracturing stimulation)是必要的。在页岩和类似的地层中实施的液力压裂增产处理不仅在井筒周围的近场中形成初级裂隙，而且还在远场中形成从初级裂隙延伸成的诱发型树枝状裂隙。这些诱发型树枝状裂隙通常形成在初级裂隙的尖端和边缘，且以类似分叉的树的方式从初级裂隙向外延伸。
附图说明
图1是用于井的压裂系统的示意图。
图2是在压裂处理期间井系统的示意性侧视图。
不同附图中相同的附图标记指代相同的元件。
具体实施方式
如上文所述，在某些低渗透性地层中，液力压裂增产处理在井筒周围的近场中形成初级裂隙，在远场形成诱发型树枝状裂隙。这些树枝状裂隙通常形成在初级裂隙的尖端和边缘，且以类似分叉的树木的方式向外延伸。由于这些次级的树枝状裂隙能够相对于初级裂隙的轨迹(trajectory)横向延伸，因此它们到达并连接于这些初级裂隙的轨迹中的天然裂隙和邻近该轨迹的天然裂隙。如此，这些次级的树枝状裂隙到达天然产生的裂隙网的较大部分，并将这些天然裂隙连回到初级裂隙和井。已知的是，页岩、炭和很多其它低渗透性地层，例如具有近似为1毫达西(mD)或更小的渗透率的地层均以这种方式断裂。
本文的设计思想包括支撑诱发型的树枝状裂隙和(在某些情况下)所连接的天然裂隙，以潜在地提高来自地层的采收率。诱发型的树枝状裂隙较小。在液力压裂增产处理中使用的典型的支撑剂(介于100到12目 (149-1680μm)的范围内)不能浸入到这些树枝状裂隙，因此当来自裂隙处理的液压撤回时将不会支撑或保持树枝状裂隙的打开。由此，使用小于100目(149μm)、某些情况下等于或小于200目(74μm)、230目(63μm)或者甚至325目(44μm)的微支撑剂(micro proppant)来撑开这些诱发型的树枝状裂隙。在某些情况下，可根据待支撑的树枝状裂隙的尺寸来选择微支撑剂的尺寸(粒度)，使颗粒尺寸小于当树枝状裂隙在压裂压力下保持打开时该树枝状裂隙的横向尺寸。
图1是根据本文的设计思想的压裂增产处理系统10的一个示例。在某些情况下，系统10包括压裂凝胶生产设备20、流体源30、支撑剂源40以及泵和搅拌器系统50，该系统设于地面井60的位置。在某些情况下，凝胶生产设备20将凝胶前体(gel pre-cursor)与来自流体源30的流体(例如液体或近似于液体)结合，来生产用作压裂流体的水合压裂凝胶。这种水合压裂凝胶可以是一种准备用于井60的压裂增产处理的凝胶，或一种在用于井60的压裂增产处理之前需在其中添加附加流体的凝胶浓缩物。在其它情况下，可省略压裂凝胶生产设备20，而直接从流体源30获得压裂流体。在某些情况下，压裂流体可包括水、烃流体、聚合物凝胶、泡沫、空气、潮湿气体和/或其它流体。
支撑剂源40可包括用以与压裂流体结合的预制支撑剂，并且/或者如下文中将更详细论述的，支撑剂源40可包括支撑剂前体的源。支撑剂前体是在与压裂流体结合之后并且/或者在井下时(例如，在井筒中和/或在地下区域的裂隙中)能生成支撑剂的一种组分。在某些情况下，支撑剂源40可另外包括用于支撑剂前体的活化剂的源，该活化剂激活支撑剂前体以生成支撑剂。
该系统还可包括其它多种添加剂70以改变混合物的性质。例如，可(在混合物中)包括其它添加剂70以减少泵送摩擦、减少或消除混合物对形成该井的地质构造的反应、用作表面活性剂和/或服务于其它功能。
泵和搅拌器系统50接纳压裂流体并将其与其它组分结合，上述其它组分包括来自支撑剂源40的支撑剂或支撑剂前体(以及在一些情况下，活化剂)和/或来自添加剂70的附加流体。所得到的混合物可在压力下被向下泵送到井60以对地下区域进行压裂增产处理(例如产生裂隙)，例如提高该 区域中的资源产量。在使用活化剂的情况下，活化剂可在泵和搅拌器系统50处与支撑剂前体结合以及/或者在其它时间注入井60。特别地，在某些情况下，多个不同源的流体通过阀连接到泵和搅拌器系统50，从而泵和搅拌器系统50可在给定时间从一个、某些或所有不同的流体源供给流体。因此，例如泵和搅拌器系统50在某些时间可仅向井提供压裂流体，在另一些时间仅提供支撑剂前体和/或活化剂，而在又一些时间提供这些流体的组合。
图2示出了在围绕井筒104的目标地下区域102的压裂处理期间的井60。地下区域102可包括一个或多个地层或者一个地层的一部分。
井筒104从地面(terranean surface)106延伸，压裂流体108被施加于井筒的水平部分周围的地下区域102。尽管(在图中)被示出为偏离水平面的竖直型，但井筒104可包括水平、垂直、倾斜、弯曲和其它类型的井筒几何形状和取向，并且可将压裂处理施加到井筒周围的任何部分的地下区域。井筒104可包括套管110，该套管被粘合到、或以其它方式固定到井筒壁。井筒104可以无套管或者包括无套管节段。在套管110中可形成有穿孔以使压裂流体和/或其它材料能够流入地下区域102。在套管井中，可使用射孔弹(shape charge)、射孔枪、水力喷射和/或其它工具来形成穿孔。
该井被示出为具有工作管柱112，该工作管柱从地面106下垂入井筒104中。泵和搅拌器系统60联接工作管柱112以将压裂流体108连通到井筒104。工作管柱112可包括连续油管(coiled tubing，挠性管)、接合管和/或其它连通穿过井筒104的流体的结构。工作管柱112可包括流量控制装置223(例如旁通阀、端口和/或其它的工具或井装置)，用以控制从工作管柱112的内部进入地下区域102的流体的流量。例如，工作管柱112可包括邻近井筒壁的端口以将压裂流体108直接连通到地下区域102中，并且/或者工作管柱112可包括与井筒壁相隔开的端口，以将压裂流体108连通到井筒内的工作管柱112与井筒壁之间的环空(annulus)中。
工作管柱112和/或井筒104包括一套或多套封隔器114，这些封隔器将工作管柱112与井筒104之间的环空密封以限定井筒104(压裂流体108将被泵送入该井筒内)的间隔。图2示出了两个封隔器114，其中一个限定该间隔的井口边界，一个限定该间隔的井底端部。
地下区域102的岩石基体是下述类型的岩石基体：当被压裂时，在近场产生初级裂隙116，且在远场产生次级的诱发型的树枝状裂隙118。次级裂隙118从初级裂隙116的端部和边缘传播或者靠近初级裂隙116的端部和边缘传播。在某些情况下，地下区域102是具有1mD或更小的渗透率的低渗透性区域。例如，地下区域102可为页岩。在某些情况下，地下区域102的岩石基体可包括压紧裂缝或天然裂隙(例如先前存在而不是由压裂处理引起的那些)。天然裂隙趋于沿平行于初级裂隙116的方向延伸。次级裂隙118沿许多方向(包括非平行于初级裂隙116并且在某些情况下垂直于初级裂隙116的方向)扩展。因此，次级裂隙118可能与初级裂隙116交叉，从而将天然裂隙连接到初级裂隙116。
压裂处理可通过一个或多个阶段执行，其中将不同数量、尺寸和/或浓度的支撑剂(包括微支撑剂和较大支撑剂)提供到裂隙116、118，或者在一些阶段并不将支撑剂提供到裂隙116、118。例如，在某些情况下，可利用含有很少的支撑剂或者不含支撑剂的压裂流体来开始裂隙116、118的形成，然后在后续阶段可通过填充和撑开次级裂隙118和初级裂隙116的方式来向裂隙116、118提供支撑剂。考虑到树枝状的次级裂隙118的尺寸较小，在一个或多个阶段可引入微支撑剂，使其颗粒尺寸比裂隙在压裂压力下保持打开的横向尺寸小。在某些情况下，微支撑剂小于100目(149μm)、某些情况下等于或小于200目(74μm)、230目(63μm)或者甚至325目(44μm)。上述阶段提供支撑剂以使次级裂隙118被微支撑剂支撑。特别地，以小于或等于地下区域102中的微支撑剂的临界桥接浓度(bridgingconcentration)的浓度，将支撑剂提供到地下区域102。在某些情况下，上述阶段可额外提供比微支撑剂大的支撑剂来支撑初级裂隙116。上述阶段可被布置成提供支撑剂和微支撑剂的混合，并且/或者一些阶段可基本上仅提供微支撑剂，而其它阶段可仅提供较大的支撑剂。
支撑剂源可向压裂流体提供支撑剂和/或支撑剂前体。在支撑剂前体的情况下，可随后在压裂流体中生成支撑剂。例如，可在地面和/或在井筒104内，在压裂流体中生成支撑剂，而在某些情况下，在地下区域102的初级裂隙116和/或次级裂隙118中生成支撑剂。如下文所述，支撑剂可采用多种形式。特别地，尽管下文所论述的微支撑剂的很多示例能够在井下形 成，但本文的设计思想还包括在地面预形成这些微支撑剂，并将它们作为支撑剂提供到压裂流体，或在将压裂流体泵入井筒104之前在地面上，在压裂流体中形成这些微支撑剂。
在某些情况下，可通过将中性pH值的有机硅酸盐的支撑剂前体与压裂流体一起提供到井筒104中，在井下(即，在井筒104和/或地下区域102的裂隙中)生成硅酸盐颗粒形式的微支撑剂。在某些情况下，上述有机硅酸盐可以是正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和/或其它有机硅酸盐。一旦进入井筒104中，则将压裂液的pH值改变为碱性或酸性而将有机硅酸盐水解。可通过引入活化剂来改变pH值，例如通过向井筒104中注射酸液或碱液、通过与压裂流体一起注射缓慢溶解的用以改变pH值的材料和/或利用其它方法。一旦发生水解，则有机硅酸盐将形成凝胶，该凝胶将最终变成小颗粒。压裂流体中的有机硅酸盐的浓度决定着(drive)颗粒尺寸，可选择多种浓度以产生微支撑剂。特别地，可在使用油作为压裂流体的环境(例如，气井和/或其它类型的井)中，以这种方式生成微支撑剂。例如，有机硅酸盐可被乳化以在油压裂流体中形成微乳液。一旦与地层水接触并改变pH值，则有机硅酸盐将水解并将生成微支撑剂。
在某些情况下，可通过将有机酸铝氧烷的支撑剂前体与压裂流体一起提供到井筒104中，而在井下生成氧化铝颗粒形式的微支撑剂。有机酸铝氧烷会缓慢水解而生成作为微支撑剂的氧化铝颗粒。根据压裂处理的需求，可将铝氧烷定制(tailor)为快速水解或缓慢水解，且可将其定制为能够促进次级裂隙118中微支撑剂的形成。
在某些情况下，可在井下生成碳酸钙(CaCO3)和硫酸钡(BaSO4)形式的微支撑剂。例如，通过将极低浓度的氧化钙(CaO)的支撑剂前体与压裂流体一起提供到井筒104中，而后另外和/或随后向井筒104中提供含有二氧化碳(CO2)的水流体(aqueous fluid，水基流体)的活化剂，可生成CaCO3。CaO将与水反应形成Ca(OH)2，该Ca(OH)2则与CO2反应而形成CaCO3并沉淀为微支撑剂。为防止颗粒聚集，可将表面活性剂加入压裂流体或与活化剂关联。在另一示例中，通过在压裂流体中提供极低浓度的碳酸钡(BaCO3)支撑剂前体，并且另外和/或随后将硫酸(H2SO4)水溶液组成的活化剂提供到井筒104，可生成BaSO4。所造成的反应将形成BaSO4， 其将析出为微支撑剂而悬浮在溶液中。
在某些情况下，可在井下生成聚合物形式的微支撑剂。该微支撑剂可通过交联剂单体的自由基聚合来生成。例如，交联剂的单体在水中乳化并作为支撑剂前体连同压裂流体被提供到井筒104，并且/或者直接在压裂流体中乳化。可利用表面活性剂来实现乳化。借助地下区域102的热量和/或借助被包括在微乳液中的活化剂，在井下引发单体的聚合，以形成微支撑剂。
在一个示例中，苯乙烯可与少量(1-3％)的4-乙烯基苯乙烯一起在水中乳化，以及/或者借助于表面活性剂在压裂流体中乳化而形成微乳液。在该乳液中包括油溶性偶氮引发剂(azo-initiator)，以随着温度的升高(例如由于地下区域102的热量)而开始苯乙烯的聚合以生成微支撑剂。乳液中的交联剂的量决定着硬度，因此可针对不同的压力范围来定制微支撑剂的硬度。
形成微支撑剂的另一种方法是通过在井下形成热固性颗粒。在一个示例中，使糠醛在水中乳化并作为支撑剂前体连同压裂流体一起被提供到井筒104中，以及/或者直接在压裂流体中乳化。可利用表面活性剂来实现乳化。可通过将酸液注射到井筒104、与压裂流体一起或者分开地注射缓慢溶解的酸生成材料、以及/或以其它方式。将酸作为活化剂引入井下。酸会引发作为微支撑剂的呋喃树脂颗粒的形成。酸液的引入可以被延迟，或者溶解的材料形成酸的速率可被选择成使该反应延迟，以利于在次级裂隙118中生成微支撑剂。
在另一个示例中，可使环氧树脂在水中乳化并作为支撑剂前体与压裂流体一起被提供到井筒104，以及/或者直接在压裂流体中乳化。还可使硬化剂(例如胺和/或其它硬化剂)在水或压裂流体中乳化。环氧基树脂因来自地下区域102的热量而将在井下硬化，并形成微支撑剂。可基于反应的速率选择硬化剂来延迟该反应，以利于在次级裂隙118中生成微支撑剂。
在某些情况下，可预先形成微支撑剂(例如在制造设施中形成)并作为支撑剂被提供给压裂流体。微支撑剂在其性质上可以是有机或无机的，且可利用已知的方法合成。在某些情况下，可通过喷雾干燥聚合物材料来生成有机支撑剂。在某些情况下，可在溶液中通过沉淀和/或其它方法来生成无机支撑剂。在一个示例中，可使用飞灰作为微支撑剂。特别地，飞灰对井 下环境的成分而言可以是非反应性的或近似非反应性的。在另一个示例中，微支撑剂可以是预先制造的泡沫或微球体，例如由玻璃、陶瓷、聚合物和/或其它材料制成。
在某些情况下，压裂流体可包括水和天然聚合物及合成的聚合物，其中聚合物被选择成作为微支撑剂沉积在次级裂隙118中而硬化且表现出类似于颗粒的作用。聚合物可被定制为在形成裂隙后在裂隙中起到微支撑剂的作用，且基本上不因热量或湿气的作用而降解。在一个示例中，压裂流体可含有纤维素晶须(cellulose whiskers)。
以上描述了多个实施例。然而，应理解的是可以(对这些实施例)进行多种修改。因此，其它的实施例也包涵于随附的权利要求书的范围之内。
Claims (26)
1.一种压裂井筒周围的地下区域的方法，包括：
利用压裂流体压裂所述地下区域以形成近场初级裂隙和远场次级裂隙；
将支撑剂与所述压裂流体混合；
将所述支撑剂与所述压裂流体一起泵送入所述地下区域的所述近场初级裂隙；
利用所述支撑剂来支撑所述近场初级裂隙；
将在所述压裂流体中生成的微支撑剂与所述压裂流体一起泵送入所述地下区域的所述远场次级裂隙，所述微支撑剂比所述支撑剂小；以及
利用所述微支撑剂来支撑所述远场次级裂隙。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述微支撑剂包括200目或更小的微支撑剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，利用压裂流体压裂所述地下区域包括：利用压裂流体压裂具有1mD或更低的渗透率的低渗透性区域。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，利用压裂流体压裂所述地下区域包括：利用压裂流体压裂页岩区域。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中，利用所述微支撑剂来支撑所述远场次级裂隙包括：利用所述微支撑剂来支撑树枝状裂隙。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：以等于或小于所述地下区域中所述微支撑剂的临界桥接浓度的浓度，将包括所述微支撑剂的所述压裂流体泵送入所述井筒。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂包括：在所述井筒内的压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂包括：在所述远场次级裂隙内的压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂包括：通过改变所述压裂流体的pH值，在所述压裂流体中水解有机硅酸盐。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂包括：在所述压裂流体中水解铝氧烷。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂包括以下至少其一：在水溶液中使CaO和CO2结合以形成CaCO3，或者使BaCO3与H2SO4水溶液结合以形成BaSO4。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂包括：加热所述压裂流体中的单体的乳液和交联剂以生成聚合物颗粒。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂包括：使水溶液中的糠醛乳液与酸结合以形成呋喃树脂颗粒。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂包括：使水溶液中的环氧树脂乳液与硬化剂结合，并加热所述结合物以形成颗粒。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，将所述微支撑剂泵送入所述地下区域的所述远场次级裂隙包括：将以下至少一者与所述压裂流体一起泵送入所述地下区域的所述远场次级裂隙：喷雾干燥聚合物材料、飞灰、纤维素晶须或所制造的玻璃、聚合物或陶瓷微球体。
16.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中，所述支撑剂包括100目或更大的支撑剂。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在单阶段压裂处理中，在所述压裂液中将所述支撑剂和所述微支撑剂泵送入所述井筒。
18.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在多阶段压裂处理中，在所述压裂液中将所述支撑剂和所述微支撑剂泵送入所述井筒。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法，其中，在所述多阶段压裂处理中的第一阶段中，在所述压裂液中将所述支撑剂泵送入所述井筒，而在所述多阶段压裂处理中的第二阶段中，在所述压裂液中将所述微支撑剂泵送入所述井筒。
20.一种井压裂系统，包括：
泵送系统；
压裂流体源，联接到所述泵送系统；
支撑剂源，联接到所述泵送系统，以与所述压裂流体源结合；以及
微支撑剂源，联接到所述泵送系统，以与所述压裂流体源结合并在所述压裂流体中形成微支撑剂，以产生压裂流体混合物，所述压裂流体混合物包括支撑剂和微支撑剂，所述微支撑剂比所述支撑剂小。
21.根据权利要求20所述的井压裂系统，其中，所述微支撑剂源包括微支撑剂前体源，该微支撑剂前体源包括在与所述压裂流体源结合后能生成200目或更小的微支撑剂的组分。
22.根据权利要求21所述的井压裂系统，其中，所述微支撑剂源还包括活化剂源，该活化剂源包括用以激活所述微支撑剂前体以生成所述微支撑剂的活化剂。
23.一种井压裂方法，包括：
利用压裂流体压裂井筒周围的低渗透性地下区域，以生成从所述井筒延伸的初级裂缝和从所述初级裂缝延伸的树枝状裂缝；
使微支撑剂前体和活化剂结合以在所述压裂流体中生成200目或更小的微支撑剂；
利用100目或更大的支撑剂支撑所述初级裂隙，所述支撑剂在地面被混合到所述压裂流体中；以及
利用所述微支撑剂支撑所述树枝状裂隙。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中，所述低渗透性地下区域具有1mD或更小的渗透率。
25.根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中，使支撑剂前体与活化剂结合以生成200目或更小的微支撑剂包括：使所述支撑剂前体与所述活化剂结合，以在所述井筒中生成所述微支撑剂。
26.一种压裂井筒周围的地下区域的方法，包括：
利用压裂流体压裂所述地下区域，以形成近场初级裂缝和远场次级裂缝；
将支撑剂泵送入所述地下区域的远场裂隙，所述支撑剂包括作为微支撑剂的支撑剂；
利用所述压裂流体中的水解铝氧烷在所述压裂流体中生成所述微支撑剂；以及
利用所述微支撑剂来支撑所述远场裂隙。
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| WO2014022587A2 (en) | 2014-02-06 |
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| AU2013296430A1 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
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