CN104504360A - Automatic authentication method for ancient ceramics - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to an automatic authentication method for ancient ceramics. The method comprises two stages including registration and authentication, wherein the registration stage comprises the following steps: a) for an ancient ceramic to be registered, selecting image collection point positions from the surface of the ancient ceramic; b) collecting the images of the selected point positions one by one; c) storing the collected images into a system background to serve as a basis used for forming an identity card of the ceramic; and d) generating a unique number of the electronic identity card for the ancient ceramic. The authentication stage comprises the following steps: e) for the ancient ceramic to be authenticated, inquiring the image collection point positions on the basis of unique number of the identity, wherein the unique number of the identity is obtained by the registration of the ancient ceramic; f) collecting the images of the inquired point positions one by one, and matching the images with the images collected during registration; and g) checking whether all of the images obtained from the point positions on the surface of the ancient ceramic to be authenticated can be matched with the collected images of the point positions when the ancient ceramic is registered or not. The automatic authentication method can quickly, precisely and nondestructively realize the authentication and identification of the ancient ceramics with low cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ceramic identification, in particular to an automatic ceramic authentication method based on biological characteristic identification.
Background
The ancient ceramic is a product left by ancient human activities, is a material for researching human historical activities, and has important collection value and archaeological value. At present, ancient ceramic market counterfeits are full and difficult to distinguish true from false for various reasons. How to rapidly identify the truth of the ancient ceramics without damage and with low cost is a problem which needs to be solved urgently in the field of ancient ceramics identification.
The ancient ceramic identification mainly has four major tasks, namely identifying authenticity, breaking a kiln mouth, determining time and evaluating value. The method is characterized in that the authenticity identification is the primary task of ancient ceramic identification and is the basis of the following three tasks. Generally, there are two main categories of methods for identifying ancient ceramics. One is the traditional identification method based on expert experience, which is the behavior process that an identifier identifies objects through the sense organs such as eyes, hands, ears, noses and the like according to the accumulated experience of individuals in the long-term ancient game identification practice. The traditional experience identification has prominent advantages in the aspect of identifying the cultural background of the ancient ceramics, and is mainly shown in the following steps: firstly, the method is convenient and quick; secondly, the humanistic social attributes of the ancient ceramics can be accurately judged, such as the production age, kiln opening, ware shape, glaze color, pattern and historical culture value, artistic aesthetic value, technological value and market economic value of the certified ware. However, because the human sense organs have inherent limitations, the direct experience and the indirect experience are inevitable to have inaccurate, incomplete and even completely wrong conditions, and the traditional experience identification method is easy to have subjective errors.
The other is a scientific and technological identification method for identifying ancient ceramics by modern scientific and technological means. The method obtains an identification result by analyzing the chemical components of the identified object. The identification conclusion of the method is not interfered by human factors, is objective and accurate, and represents the direction of future research and development. Specifically, the ancient ceramic science and technology identification method has the advantages that: firstly, objective and accurate quantitative analysis and judgment can be made on the natural attributes of the object to be identified; secondly, the application range is relatively comprehensive and wide; thirdly, the establishment of a uniform industry standard is facilitated. However, long-term identification practices have demonstrated that the scientific and technological identification method has limitations, which are particularly shown in: first, the assay devices are bulky and expensive; secondly, a huge database which needs to be established accurately, reliably and completely and is a system is supported; thirdly, the humanistic social attributes of the ancient ceramics cannot be judged; fourth, some lossy test patterns can destroy the integrity of the ancient ceramics; fifthly, the identification cost is high, and most collectors cannot bear the identification cost; sixth, it cannot be widely used in the social market and is not very popular.
Therefore, no matter the traditional empirical identification method or the scientific and technological identification method based on chemical component analysis, a set of rapid, accurate, lossless and low-cost ancient ceramic authenticity identification system cannot be constructed. In order to quickly and efficiently master the basic properties of ceramics, such as authenticity, kilneye, era and the like, the ancient ceramic identification field adopts a lifelong effective policy of once identification, makes an identification certificate for the ceramics and records the ceramic identification result. The ceramic identification book can be named as ceramic 'ID card', and is generally issued by a ceramic professional identification organization. At present, the method based on the certificate of identification can easily judge the authenticity of ancient ceramics, and is widely applied to the field of ancient ceramic identification. However, this type of method also has fatal disadvantages. First, ceramic certificate of authenticity management is confusing. Second, ceramic certificates are easily forged. These disadvantages result in a relatively limited degree of public ceramic certificates of authenticity.
Aiming at the defect that the ceramic identification certificate is easy to forge, the electronic identity card with strong safety is constructed for the ancient ceramic by adopting biological characteristic identification, so that the automatic authentication and identification of the ancient ceramic are realized. Biometric identification is the identification of an individual by using the physiological or behavioral characteristics of the individual. Similarly, the ancient ceramics themselves have unique and irreproducible characteristics, such as bubbles, due to the influence of raw materials, processes, storage environments and other factors. Therefore, the electronic identity card is generated by using the unique characteristics of the ancient ceramics by means of biological characteristic identification, and has the advantages of difficult forgetting, good anti-counterfeiting performance, difficult counterfeiting or theft, portability, availability at any time and any place and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide an automatic ancient ceramic authentication method.
In order to solve the above technical problems and achieve the object of the present invention, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
an automatic authentication method for ancient ceramics is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises two stages of registration and authentication; wherein,
the registration phase comprises the following steps: a) selecting a plurality of image acquisition point positions on the surface of the ancient ceramics to be registered; b) adopting images of selected point positions on the surface of the ancient ceramic one by using an electron microscope; c) storing the acquired image in a system background to be used as a basis for forming the ceramic identity card; d) generating a unique number of the electronic identity card for the ancient ceramics;
the authentication phase comprises the following steps: e) for the ancient ceramics to be authenticated, inquiring image acquisition point positions according to the unique identity numbers obtained by registration; f) using an electron microscope to take the images of the point positions obtained by inquiry one by one and matching the images with the images acquired during registration; g) and checking whether all images acquired from the surface point positions of the ancient ceramics to be authenticated can be matched with the point image acquired during registration. If so, indicating that the ancient ceramic to be authenticated is the same as the registered ancient ceramic; otherwise, they are not identical.
The registration stage is a process of generating an electronic 'identity card' for the given ancient ceramic, and the ancient ceramic to be registered is a genuine product identified by an authority or an expert.
The authentication stage is a process of verifying the identity of the ancient ceramic to be authenticated, and the ancient ceramic to be authenticated is required to be provided with an electronic identity card.
The image acquisition point locations are dispersed in an area with rich surface textures of the ancient ceramics, and the number of the image acquisition point locations is not less than 5.
In the step b, the magnification of the electron microscope is 100-500.
In the step b, the image acquisition point position image is clear and uniform in illumination.
In step e, the image acquisition point location is the point location determined by the ancient ceramics to be authenticated in the registration stage step a).
Preferably, the step of calculating the matching of the two images in the step f is as follows:
f1) for two images collected from the same point location, a matching point set is searched by adopting Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF);
f2) performing image alignment operation on the two images by adopting an affine transformation principle according to the matching point set between the two images;
f3) cutting the two aligned images, reserving the overlapping area of the two images, and deleting the non-overlapping part;
f4) extracting Local Binary Pattern (LBP) characteristics of the two cut images;
f5) calculating the distance between the two image features by adopting a chi-square distance for the local binary pattern features of the two images;
f6) and judging whether the two images are matched or not according to the value d of the chi-square distance obtained by calculation.
Further preferably, in step f2, the image alignment operation calculates an affine transformation matrix by using the three pairs of matching points with the highest matching scores between the two images;
further preferably, in step f3, the deleting the non-overlapping portion refers to setting the pixel value of the pixel point of the non-overlapping area portion to 0;
further preferably, in step f6, the criterion for determining whether the two images match is to determine whether the chi-square distance d is smaller than a threshold T, that is, if d is less than or equal to T, the matching is successful; otherwise, the matching is unsuccessful.
Preferably, the value of the threshold T is statistically determined to be 10.
Compared with the prior art, the automatic authentication method for the ancient ceramics has the following beneficial effects:
the automatic authentication method can generate the electronic identity card with extremely strong safety for the ancient ceramics, and has the characteristics of easy use and difficult counterfeiting.
Drawings
Figure 1 schematically shows two images of an ancient ceramic surface taken by electron microscopy at a magnification of 100.
Fig. 2 schematically shows an overall flow chart of the ancient ceramic automatic authentication method of the invention.
Fig. 3 schematically shows a flow chart of the ancient ceramic detailed information graph matching algorithm of the present invention.
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the present invention using accelerated robust features to find a set of matching points between two images.
Fig. 5 schematically shows two ancient ceramic detail information diagrams after alignment cutting according to the invention.
FIG. 6 schematically shows local binary pattern features of the two clipped ancient ceramic detail information graphs shown in FIG. 5.
Detailed Description
The objects and functions of the present invention and methods for accomplishing the objects and functions will be elucidated below by reference to exemplary embodiments. However, the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments disclosed below; it can be implemented in different forms. The nature of the description is merely to assist those skilled in the relevant art in a comprehensive understanding of the specific details of the invention.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, the same reference numerals denote the same or similar parts, or the same or similar steps.
Example 1
The automatic authentication method for the ancient ceramics in the embodiment is based on biological feature recognition as a theoretical basis, and generates an electronic identity card which is not easy to forge for the ancient ceramics by taking unique information of the ancient ceramics as characteristics. The method can be used for constructing a rapid, efficient, accurate and low-cost ceramic authentication system. The core idea is as follows: the computer utilizes the detail information of the ancient ceramic to authenticate and identify the authenticity of the ancient ceramic. The composition of the detailed information of the surface of the ancient ceramic is highly random under the influence of factors such as materials, processes, firing environment, storage environment and the like. Figure 1 schematically shows two images of an ancient ceramic surface taken by electron microscopy at a magnification of 100. As can be seen from the figure, the randomness of the detailed information of the ceramic surface mainly embodies the following two aspects: one is the randomness of the pattern detail variation. The painted patterns on the surface of the ancient ceramic are drawn manually, and even if the same pattern drawn by the same person has certain detail difference; secondly, the randomness of the form and distribution of bubbles, spots and the like. The formation of bubbles, spots and the like is closely related to the firing environment or the preservation environment of the ceramic, and the firing environment or the preservation environment is difficult to accurately reproduce. Therefore, the detail information on the ceramic surface is like the biological characteristic information of fingerprints, irises and the like of people, and has stronger uniqueness. In addition, the detailed information of the ceramic surface has universality, durability and easy acquisition. According to the biological feature recognition theory, any human body features meeting the requirements of uniqueness, universality, persistence and easy acquisition can be used for identifying the identity of a person. Likewise, ancient ceramic surface detail information can be used to identify ancient ceramics.
Fig. 2 schematically shows an overall flow chart of the ancient ceramic automatic authentication method of the invention. As shown in fig. 2, the implementation of the present invention mainly includes two parts, registration and authentication. The registration stage is mainly used for completing the task of generating the electronic identity card for the ancient ceramics, and the authentication stage is used for verifying the authenticity of the ancient ceramics according to the electronic identity card of the ancient ceramics and the characteristics of the ancient ceramics. Compared with the traditional ancient ceramic certificate of identification, the electronic identity card generated by the method has the following characteristics: first, it is not easy to forge. Second, it is portable.
The registration stage mainly comprises the following four steps:
step 210, selecting a plurality of image acquisition point positions for the ancient ceramics to be registered;
the image acquisition point location refers to an ancient ceramic detail information acquisition area. According to the method, the ceramic detail information is collected according to the selected image collection point position and is used as a basis for generating the ancient ceramic electronic identity card. Therefore, the selection of the image acquisition point is directly related to the authentication precision of the method. In order to fully ensure the uniqueness of the ancient ceramic detail information, the selection of the image acquisition point positions follows the principle of obvious characteristics and rich textures. "distinctive" means that more detailed information such as bubbles and spots in the spot site area is captured. "texture rich" means that texture information such as drawing in the acquisition point region is rich;
every point location is selected, the image matching method described in the authentication stage step 260 needs to test the rationality of the selected point location. The specific test method comprises the following steps: different operators are allowed to collect detailed information maps from selected points at different points in time and then verify that they match each other using the image matching method described in step 260. If the image acquisition points are matched, the selected image acquisition points are reasonable; otherwise, it is not reasonable;
the number of image acquisition point locations on each ancient ceramic is determined according to the security level of the ancient ceramic, and the higher the security level is, the more image acquisition point locations are needed. Generally, the number of image acquisition points should not be less than 5;
step 220, adopting the images of the selected point positions one by using an electron microscope;
the electron microscope is the only hardware used in the method of the invention, with the exception of a computer. By means of an electron microscope, detailed information such as bubbles, spots and the like on the surface of the ancient ceramic can be clearly collected. Generally, the larger the magnification of the electron microscope, the finer the detail information obtained. However, the problem that the image acquisition point is difficult to locate is caused by the overlarge magnification. Therefore, the magnification of the electron microscope should be preferably 100 to 500;
step 230, storing the acquired image to a system background as a basis for forming the ceramic identity card;
the method judges the authenticity of the ancient ceramic identity according to the matching condition among the ancient ceramic detail images. Therefore, a plurality of detailed images are collected as comparison templates in the registration stage to form the ancient ceramic electronic identity card. The ancient ceramic detail information graph collected in step 220 is the original data state of the electronic identity card. The system needs to be stored in an encrypted manner from the security of the system.
Step 240, inputting relevant attribute information for the given ancient ceramic, and generating a unique number of the electronic identity card;
for the convenience of use, the electronic identity card of ancient ceramics should also have a unique number like a human identity card. The method adopts a character string consisting of numbers or letters as the unique number of the ceramic identity, and the length of the number is not less than 6.
The authentication stage mainly comprises the following three steps:
step 250, inquiring an image acquisition point location for the ancient ceramics to be authenticated according to the unique identity number obtained by registration;
in the registration stage, detail information on designated points on the ancient ceramics is collected for generating electronic identity cards thereof. In the authentication stage, detail information on the same point position on the ancient ceramic is collected again and used for verifying the identity of the ancient ceramic;
and step 260, adopting the point location images obtained by inquiry one by using an electron microscope, and matching the point location images with the point location images collected during registration.
And (4) using the electron microscopes of the same brand and the same model in the step 220 to acquire the ancient ceramic detail information maps on the acquired image acquisition point positions one by one in the step 250. And after acquiring an ancient ceramic detail information image, calculating a matching score between the acquired detail information image and the registered detail information image by using an image matching algorithm. Fig. 3 schematically shows a flow chart of the ancient ceramic detailed information graph matching algorithm of the present invention. Taking the matching process of the image A acquired in the authentication stage and the image B acquired in the registration stage as an example, the following steps of calculating the matching score of the ancient ceramic detail information graph are explained:
in step 310, for two images a and B taken from the same point location, a matching point set is found by using a Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF). The accelerated robust feature is the article Surf published by Herbert Bay in 2006 at european Conference of Computer Vision on Computer Vision: the scale and rotation invariant image detectors and descriptors proposed by Speeded up robust features are widely applied to target recognition and three-dimensional reconstruction. The search of the matching point set between the two images can be realized by using the accelerated robust feature. FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the present invention using accelerated robust features to find a set of matching points between two images.
And 320, performing image alignment operation on the two images according to the matching point set between the two images by adopting an affine transformation principle. After the matching point set between the two images is obtained, the three pairs of matching points with the highest matching scores between the two images can be used for calculating an affine transformation matrix so as to realize the alignment of the two images.
And step 330, cutting the two aligned images, reserving the overlapping area of the two images, and deleting the non-overlapping part. Due to the influence of factors such as scaling and rotation, the shape of the image is generally irregular after the affine transformation. But digital images must be stored and displayed in rectangles. In order to store and display irregular images in a regular rectangle, the invention adopts a strategy of reserving overlapped areas and deleting non-overlapped parts (namely setting the pixel values of the non-overlapped parts to be 0) to realize uniform expression and storage of the aligned images. Fig. 5 schematically shows two ancient ceramic detail information diagrams after alignment cutting according to the invention.
Step 340, extracting Local Binary Pattern (LBP) features from the two clipped images.
The local binary pattern is the descriptor of the local texture feature of the image proposed by "Performance evaluation of texture sources with classification based on the background characterization of distributions" in 1994 by T.Oilia. At present, LBP local texture extraction operators are successfully applied to the fields of fingerprint identification, character identification, face identification, license plate identification and the like. The method applies the local binary pattern to the feature expression of the ancient ceramic detail image. FIG. 6 schematically shows local binary pattern features of the two clipped ancient ceramic detail information graphs shown in FIG. 5.
And 350, calculating the distance between the two image features by using the chi-square distance for the local binary pattern features of the two images.
After local binary pattern characteristics of the ancient ceramic detail image A to be authenticated and the registration ancient ceramic detail image B are obtained through calculation respectively, the distance between the ancient ceramic detail image A and the registration ancient ceramic detail image B is calculated by adopting a chi-square coefficient as follows:
where H _ a represents a local binary pattern feature of image a, and H _ B represents a local binary pattern feature of image B.
And step 360, judging whether the two images are matched or not according to the value d of the chi-square distance obtained by calculation.
In the invention, the chi-square distance between two images is the only basis for judging whether the two images are matched. Therefore, a threshold T is set, and whether the two images match or not is determined according to the relationship between the chi-squared distance d and the threshold T. If d is less than or equal to T, the matching is successful; otherwise, the matching is unsuccessful.
And 270, checking whether the images collected at all point positions on the ancient ceramics are successfully matched with the registered images. If so, the ancient ceramic to be authenticated is the same as the registered ancient ceramic; otherwise, they are not identical.
In conclusion, the automatic ancient ceramic authentication method provided by the invention can be used for rapidly, accurately and nondestructively authenticating and identifying the ancient ceramics at low cost.
It is obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and it is within the scope of the present invention to adopt various insubstantial modifications of the method concept and technical scheme of the present invention, or to directly apply the concept and technical scheme of the present invention to other occasions without modification.
Claims (10)
1. An automatic authentication method for ancient ceramics is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises two stages of registration and authentication; wherein, the registration phase comprises the following steps:
a) selecting a plurality of image acquisition point positions on the surface of the ancient ceramics to be registered;
b) adopting images of selected point positions on the surface of the ancient ceramic one by using an electron microscope;
c) storing the acquired image in a system background to be used as a basis for forming the ceramic identity card;
d) generating a unique number of the electronic identity card for the given ancient ceramic;
the authentication phase comprises the following steps:
e) for the ancient ceramics to be authenticated, inquiring image acquisition point positions according to the unique identity numbers obtained by registration;
f) using an electron microscope to take the images of the point positions obtained by inquiry one by one and matching the images with the images acquired during registration;
g) and checking whether all images acquired from the surface point positions of the ancient ceramics to be authenticated can be matched with the point image acquired during registration. If so, indicating that the ancient ceramic to be authenticated is the same as the registered ancient ceramic; otherwise, they are not identical.
2. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 1, wherein the automatic ancient ceramic authentication method comprises the following steps: and the automatic authentication of the ancient ceramic identity is realized by adopting a biological characteristic identification method.
3. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 1, wherein the automatic ancient ceramic authentication method comprises the following steps: in the step a, the image acquisition points are scattered in an area with rich surface textures of the ancient ceramics, and the number of the points is not less than 5.
4. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 1, wherein the automatic ancient ceramic authentication method comprises the following steps: in step b, the magnification of the electron microscope is 100-500.
5. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 1, wherein the automatic ancient ceramic authentication method comprises the following steps: in step d, the ceramic identity unique number is a character string consisting of numbers or letters, and the length is not less than 6.
6. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 1, wherein the automatic ancient ceramic authentication method comprises the following steps: in step e, the image collection point location is the point location determined by the ancient ceramics to be authenticated in the registration stage step a).
7. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 1, wherein the automatic ancient ceramic authentication method comprises the following steps: the step of calculating the matching of the two images in the step f is as follows:
f1) for two images collected from the same point location, finding a matching point set by adopting an accelerated stable characteristic;
f2) performing image alignment operation on the two images by adopting an affine transformation principle according to the matching point set between the two images;
f3) cutting the two aligned images, reserving the overlapping area of the two images, and deleting the non-overlapping part;
f4) extracting local binary pattern characteristics of the two cut images;
f5) calculating the distance between the two image features by adopting a chi-square distance for the local binary pattern features of the two images;
f6) judging whether the value of the chi-square distance d is smaller than a threshold value T, namely if d is less than or equal to T, the matching is successful; otherwise, the matching is unsuccessful.
8. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 7, wherein: in step f2, the image alignment operation is to calculate an affine transformation matrix using the 3 pairs of matching points with the highest matching score between the two images.
9. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 7, wherein: in step f3, the deleting of the non-overlapping portion means setting the pixel value of the pixel point of the non-overlapping area portion to 0.
10. The automatic ancient ceramic authentication method according to claim 7, wherein: the threshold value T in step f6 has a value of 10.
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| CN107944365A (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2018-04-20 | 中科智文（北京）科技有限公司 | A kind of system and method for Ceramic Cultural Relics intelligent recognition |
| CN105023163B (en) * | 2015-06-23 | 2018-08-21 | 杭州沃朴物联科技有限公司 | A kind of anti-counterfeiting system and method based on chaos graph label |
| CN110942076A (en) * | 2019-11-27 | 2020-03-31 | 清华大学 | Method and system for generating anti-counterfeiting mark of ceramic product |
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