CN104413257A - 一种水生植物干粉及制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种水生植物干粉及制备方法。水生植物干粉及制备方法包括如下步骤:1)将采集的新鲜水生植物切碎,在抗氧化剂质量百分比浓度为1~5%,温度为45~100℃的水溶液中烫漂杀青5~10分钟;2)在质量百分比浓度为1~20%的无机或有机盐中加入抗氧化剂和防腐剂配置成抗氧化剂的质量百分比浓度为1~5%和防腐剂的质量百分比浓度为1~3%的高渗透压溶液,将上述经热水烫漂杀青后的水生植物投入到高渗透压溶液中,冷却、渗透脱水5~10小时,再用高压均质机或高剪切乳化机制成浆料;3)将步骤2)所得浆料过滤或离心分离,滤饼经烘干、计量、包装得水生植物干粉,滤液回步骤2)循环使用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水生植物资源化利用领域,尤其涉及一种水生植物干粉及制备方法。
背景技术
利用水生植物如水葫芦、水浮莲和浮萍等治理河流、湖泊、池塘和水 库的富营养化是一种很有成效的方法:(1)水葫芦、水浮莲和浮萍等高等水生 植物可快速大量吸收水体中的营养物质为自身生长所需,它们的根系分泌物对 藻类、病菌有抑制或杀灭作用,能有效抑制有害藻类、病菌的滋生,迅速改善 水质;(2)一些高等水生植物本身是具有观赏价值的水上植物,为江河湖泊增 添秀色,美化水域景观。与传统的污水处理方法相比,具有投资少、能耗低的 优点,是一种非常有潜力的“绿色”处理技术,然而,正是由于水葫芦、水浮莲和浮萍等水生植物适应性强、生长速度快, 使得生物量形成巨大的堆积,侵占水库、湖泊,堵塞河道、灌渠,导致生物多 样性丧失,对生态系统造成严重破坏,危害农业生产、水上运输和人类健康。 特别是水葫芦在我国南方泛滥成灾,给部分地区造成了严重的经济损失和社会 危害。近年来,我国滇池、太湖等水域持续受到水葫芦的威胁,对社会经济、 人民生活造成重大影响,治理水葫芦已迫在眉睫,如何充分发挥水葫芦、水浮莲和浮萍等高等水生植物的治污能力,杜绝其 弊端,关键是将其进行有效的资源化处理利用。目前常用的方法是打捞后作为 垃圾填埋,但该处理方案存在很大的隐患,因为水葫芦、水浮莲和浮萍等高等 水生植物含有大量的水分和有机质,填埋后不仅会发酵产生大量的可燃性气体, 而且还产生大量的垃圾渗滤液而成为二次污染。
另一方面,随着我国人口增长及畜牧业的快速发展,人畜争粮的矛盾日益 突出,当前乃至今后较长时期,我国畜牧业的发展将受饲粮严重不足的制约, 积极开发利用节粮型饲料资源,是解决当前饲粮紧张,加速畜牧业发展的重要 方向。
水葫芦、水浮莲和浮萍等高等水生植物营养成分丰富,是植物性高蛋白质 饲料资源。如水葫芦的根、茎、叶及叶柄所含的蛋白质(干重)分别达到19.6%、 26.3%、17.0%和19.1%,水葫芦蛋白质所含的的必需氨基酸总量超过稻谷、燕 麦、小麦、高梁和棉籽粉,可与大豆和玉米媲美,接近牛乳和浓缩叶蛋白的水 平;脂肪含量分别可达0.8%、1.9%、3.5%和2.6%;每公斤(干重)水葫芦中含 维生素B1、B2、B6和B12分别达5.91mg、30.7mg、15.2mg和0.012mg。因 此,水葫芦、水浮莲和浮萍等高等水生植物作为动物饲料资源开发有着很高的 利用价值,不仅可以缓解当前饲料资源短缺,也为治理水体污染,变害为宝提 供切实可行的措施。
新鲜水葫芦、水浮莲和浮萍等高等水生植物的利用存在储运困难、易于腐 烂变质等技术难点,现有水葫芦干粉制备技术还不同程度地存在资源利用不充 分、工艺烦琐、处理能力低,经济效益不明显,难以实现大规模工业化处理等 问题。因此,提供一种适合大规模工业化处理水生植物资源的高效脱水干燥方 法,在降低生产成本的同时确保水生植物资源较高的营养价值,成为本发明的 主要目的。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种水生植物干粉及制备方法。
水生植物干粉及制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)将采集的新鲜水生植物切碎,在抗氧化剂质量百分比浓度为1~5%, 温度为45~100℃的水溶液中烫漂杀青5~10分钟;
2)在质量百分比浓度为1~20%的无机或有机盐中加入抗氧化剂和防腐剂 配置成抗氧化剂的质量百分比浓度为1~5%和防腐剂的质量百分比浓度为1~3%的高渗透压溶液,将上述经热水烫漂杀青后的水生植物投入到高渗透 压溶液中,冷却、渗透脱水5~10小时,再用高压均质机或高剪切乳化机制成 浆料;
3)将步骤2)所得浆料过滤或离心分离,滤饼经烘干、计量、包装得水生 植物干粉,滤液回步骤2)循环使用。
所述的水生植物为水葫芦、水浮莲、浮萍、西洋菜或菹草。
本发明的优点是操作条件温和、能耗小,与现有的水生植物干粉制备技术相比,制得的产品质量稳定,易于实现大规模工业化生产,具有良好的经济和社会效益。
具体实施方式
水生植物的干燥是热现象、生物和化学现象的综合过程,为保证产品的质地,必须考虑水生植物的水分状态、水热传递机理及影响因素以及水生植物干燥过程中的品质变化等问题。
水生植物在干燥过程或产品贮藏期间,会发生变黄、变褐或变黑的褐变现 象,可分为酶褐变和非酶褐变两种情况。本发明的水生植物干粉的制备方法, 其特征在于在抗氧化剂的保护下,通过烫漂杀青改变水生植物细膜壁的性质, 缩短烘干的时间,并破坏其氧化酶活性,减少营养成分特别是维生素的损失, 保持水生植物原有的风味、色泽、营养品质;烫漂还兼有清洁和杀灭微生物和 寄生虫卵的作用。本发明的一种水生植物干粉的制备方法,其特征在于在抗氧 化剂的保护下,将烫漂杀青处理过的水生植物浸入高渗透压的溶液,利用细胞 膜的半渗透性使细胞内的水分转移到溶液中,有利于后续工序缩短干燥时间, 降低干燥温度。本发明的一种水生植物干粉的制备方法,其特征在于将高渗溶 液处理过的水生植物用高压均质机或高剪切乳化机粉碎制浆,一方面增大其表面积,可提高续工序的烘干速率,另一方面避免干物料干法粉碎的高能耗。过 滤和烘干的方法是众所周知的,过滤可以采用普通压滤机、离心机或卧螺离心 机,烘干可以用人工干燥或自然干燥。
本发明结合以下实例作进一步的说明。
实施例1:
1)将采集的新鲜水葫芦切碎,在乙氧基喹质量百分比浓度为1%,温度为100℃的水溶液中烫漂杀青5分钟;
2)在质量百分比浓度为1%的氯化钠溶液中,加入乙氧基喹和丙酸,使抗氧化剂的质量百分比浓度为1%和防腐剂的质量百分比浓度3%,将经热 水烫漂杀青后的水葫芦投入其中,冷却、渗透脱水10小时;再用高压均质机均 质10分钟制浆;
3)将步骤2)所得压滤机过滤,滤饼用带式干燥机烘干至含水量小于15%, 经计量、包装得水生植物干粉,滤液回步骤2)循环使用。
实施例2:
1)将采集的新鲜菹草切碎,在二叔丁基羟基甲苯质量百分比浓度为5%, 温度为45℃的水溶液中烫漂杀青10分钟;
2)在质量百分比浓度浓度为20%的醋酸钠溶液中,加入二叔丁基羟基甲苯和山梨酸,使抗氧化剂质量百分比浓度为5%和防腐剂质量百分比浓度为 0.001%,将经热水烫漂杀青后的水葫芦投入其中,冷却、渗透脱水10小时;再 用高剪切乳化机均质2分钟制浆;
3)将步骤2)所得压滤机过滤,滤饼用隧道式干燥机烘干至含水量小于10%, 经计量、包装得菹草干粉,滤液回步骤2)循环使用。
实施例3:
1)将采集的新鲜浮萍切碎,在亚硫酸氢钠浓度为2%,温度为55℃的水溶 液中烫漂杀青9分钟;
2)在质量百分比浓度浓度为10%的氯化铜水溶液中,加入亚硫酸氢钠和双乙酸钠,使抗氧化剂质量百分比浓度为4%和防腐剂质量百分比浓度为 2%,将经热水烫漂杀青后的水浮莲投入其中,冷却、渗透脱水5小时;再用 高压均质机均质5分钟制浆;
3)将步骤2)所得过滤或离心分离,滤饼用滚筒干燥机干燥至含水量小于 10%,计量、包装得浮萍干粉,滤液回步骤2)循环使用。
Claims (2)
1.一种水生植物干粉及制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤: 1)将采集的新鲜水生植物切碎,在抗氧化剂质量百分比浓度为1~5%, 温度为45~100℃的水溶液中烫漂杀青5~10分钟; 2)在质量百分比浓度为1~20%的无机或有机盐溶液中,加入抗氧化剂和 防腐剂,配置成抗氧化剂的质量百分比浓度为1~5%和防腐剂的质量百分比 浓度为1~3%的高渗透压溶液,将上述经热水烫漂杀青后的水生植物投入到 高渗透压溶液中,冷却、渗透脱水5~10小时,再用高压均质机或高剪切乳化 机制成浆料; 3)将步骤2)所得浆料过滤或离心分离,滤饼经烘干、计量、包装得水生 植物干粉,滤液回步骤2)循环使用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种水生植物干粉及制备方法,其特征在于所述 的水生植物为水葫芦、水浮莲、浮萍、西洋菜或菹草。
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