CN104409852B - Fixed frequency scanning leaky-wave antenna based on liquid crystal material - Google Patents
Fixed frequency scanning leaky-wave antenna based on liquid crystal material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种定频扫描漏波天线。The invention relates to a fixed frequency scanning leaky wave antenna.
背景技术Background technique
漏波天线作为一种传统的电控扫描天线由于具有很高的辐射效率而受到广泛青睐。在微波以及毫米波波段，漏波天线都能发挥良好的作用。但是漏波天线只能通过改变工作频率来实现方向图扫描，无法实现在某个固定频率下的方向图扫描，从而限制了漏波天线的应用范围。Leaky wave antenna, as a traditional electrically controlled scanning antenna, is widely favored because of its high radiation efficiency. In the microwave and millimeter wave bands, the leaky wave antenna can play a good role. However, the leaky-wave antenna can only realize pattern scanning by changing the operating frequency, and cannot realize pattern scanning at a certain fixed frequency, thus limiting the application range of the leaky-wave antenna.
在现代通信系统中，天线方向图的定频扫描能力非常重要，可以使系统构成得到大大简化。因此，近年来，人们热衷于使漏波天线具备定频扫描能力，从而使现有电控扫描天线的辐射效率水平得以提高。目前有两类方法可以实现漏波天线的定频扫描。In modern communication systems, the fixed-frequency scanning capability of the antenna pattern is very important, which can greatly simplify the system configuration. Therefore, in recent years, people are keen to make the leaky-wave antenna have a fixed-frequency scanning capability, so that the radiation efficiency level of the existing electronically controlled scanning antenna can be improved. Currently, there are two types of methods to realize the fixed-frequency scanning of the leaky-wave antenna.
第一类方法是在漏波天线中周期性加载电控元件(比如PIN二极管或者变容二极管)来实现漏波天线的定频扫描。PIN二极管在厘米波段具有良好的隔离度以及导通特性，因此在可重构天线领域成为最为常用的器件之一。对于只需要开关两种状态的环境，PIN二极管具有很高的性价比。变容二极管作为压控电器元件，具有连续调节的能力，从而能够实现物理参数的连续调节。但是基于上述电控元件的定频扫描漏波天线会受元件封装参数的影响而只能工作在较低频率上，随着频率漏波天线的特性急剧恶化。另外，MEMS射频电容也曾被引入到定频扫描漏波天线的设计中。这种基于MEMS射频电容的漏波天线虽然可以工作在较高频率，但是由于其本质为机械结构，因此机械疲劳成为阻碍其广泛应用的障碍。The first type of method is to periodically load electronic control elements (such as PIN diodes or varactor diodes) in the leaky wave antenna to realize the constant frequency scanning of the leaky wave antenna. PIN diodes have good isolation and conduction characteristics in the centimeter wave band, so they have become one of the most commonly used devices in the field of reconfigurable antennas. For environments that only need to switch two states, PIN diodes are very cost-effective. As a voltage-controlled electrical component, the varactor diode has the ability of continuous adjustment, so that the continuous adjustment of physical parameters can be realized. However, the fixed-frequency scanning leaky-wave antenna based on the above-mentioned electronically controlled components can only work at lower frequencies due to the influence of component packaging parameters, and the characteristics of the leaky-wave antenna deteriorate sharply with the frequency. In addition, MEMS radio frequency capacitors have also been introduced into the design of fixed-frequency scanning leaky-wave antennas. Although this leaky-wave antenna based on MEMS RF capacitors can work at higher frequencies, due to its nature as a mechanical structure, mechanical fatigue has become an obstacle hindering its wide application.
液晶材料这种电控材料在微波段的引入解决了这些问题，其电控特性原理源自材料本身的分子指向偏移，因此其在微波，太赫兹甚至光频都具有良好的物理特性。但是液晶材料由于其特殊的物质状态而不易加工，因此良好的电控机构成为可调天线设计中至关重要的部分，但是在这一方面理论与技术的成熟度不高，相应的设计方法也十分欠缺。The introduction of electronically controlled materials such as liquid crystal materials in the microwave segment solves these problems. The principle of its electronically controlled properties comes from the molecular pointing shift of the material itself, so it has good physical properties in microwave, terahertz and even optical frequencies. However, liquid crystal materials are not easy to process due to their special material state, so a good electronic control mechanism becomes a crucial part in the design of adjustable antennas, but the maturity of theory and technology in this respect is not high, and the corresponding design methods are also Very lacking.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明是为了适应对兼具出色电调谐性能和简单电控机构的漏波天线的需求，从而提供一种基于液晶材料的定频扫描漏波天线。The invention aims to meet the demand for a leaky-wave antenna with excellent electrical tuning performance and a simple electric control mechanism, thereby providing a fixed-frequency scanning leaky-wave antenna based on liquid crystal material.
基于液晶材料的定频扫描漏波天线，它包括介质盖板1-1、传输及漏波结构1-2、介质基板1-3和金属地板1-4；A fixed-frequency scanning leaky-wave antenna based on liquid crystal materials, which includes a dielectric cover 1-1, a transmission and leaky-wave structure 1-2, a dielectric substrate 1-3, and a metal floor 1-4;
所述介质盖板1-1、传输及漏波结构1-2、介质基板1-3和金属地板1-4由上至下组成四层结构；介质盖板1-1和传输及漏波结构1-2之间封装有液晶；The dielectric cover 1-1, the transmission and leaky wave structure 1-2, the dielectric substrate 1-3 and the metal floor 1-4 form a four-layer structure from top to bottom; the dielectric cover 1-1 and the transmission and leaky wave structure Liquid crystal is encapsulated between 1-2;
传输及漏波结构1-2包括两个50欧姆微带1、两个梯形匹配电路2、与天线主体同宽度的微带线3、单元间的导带9和2N个插指电容单元，N为正整数；The transmission and leaky wave structure 1-2 includes two 50-ohm microstrips 1, two trapezoidal matching circuits 2, a microstrip line 3 with the same width as the antenna main body, a conduction band 9 between units, and 2N finger capacitor units, N is a positive integer;
两个梯形匹配电路2的宽端分别与微带线3的两端连接；两个50欧姆微带1分别与两个梯形匹配电路2的窄端连接；The wide ends of the two ladder matching circuits 2 are respectively connected to the two ends of the microstrip line 3; the two 50 ohm microstrips 1 are respectively connected to the narrow ends of the two ladder matching circuits 2;
2N个插指电容单元均设置在微带线3上，且每两个插指电容单元均沿微带线3的横向中心线对称；该对称的两个插指电容单元之间通过导带4连接，所述导带4将两侧插指电容构成天线两端通路；The 2N finger capacitor units are all arranged on the microstrip line 3, and every two finger capacitor units are symmetrical along the transverse center line of the microstrip line 3; connected, the conduction band 4 forms a path at both ends of the antenna with the insertion finger capacitors on both sides;
相邻两个插指电容单元通过单元间的导带9连接；相邻两个插指电容单元间的导带9上均匀开有M个金属接地通孔；M为正整数；Two adjacent finger capacitor units are connected through the conduction band 9 between the units; M metal grounding through holes are evenly opened on the conduction band 9 between adjacent two finger capacitor units; M is a positive integer;
每个插指电容单元包括插指的第一部分5、用于馈电的金属孤岛6、插指的第二部分7和插指间的液晶8；Each finger capacitor unit includes a first part 5 of the finger, a metal island 6 for power feeding, a second part 7 of the finger and a liquid crystal 8 between the fingers;
插指间的液晶8开有插指口，所述开口朝向导带4的部分为内插指口，开口朝向微带线3边缘的部分为外插指口；插指的第一部分5对应插入在内插指口中；插指的第二部分7对应插入在外插指口中；The liquid crystal 8 between the fingers has an insertion finger opening, the part of the opening facing the guiding tape 4 is an insertion finger opening, and the part of the opening facing the edge of the microstrip line 3 is an outer insertion finger opening; the first part 5 of the insertion finger corresponds to the insertion In the inner insertion finger opening; the second part 7 of the insertion finger is correspondingly inserted into the outer insertion finger opening;
所述插指的第一部分5的末端与导带4连接；所述插指的第二部分7的末端与用于馈电的金属孤岛6连接；所述用于馈电的金属孤岛6用于连接传输及漏波结构1-2和金属地板1-4，使传输及漏波结构1-2上的2N个插指电容单元与金属地板1-4等电位。The end of the first part 5 of the insertion finger is connected to the conductive strip 4; the end of the second part 7 of the insertion finger is connected to the metal island 6 for power feeding; the metal island 6 for power feeding is used for Connect the transmission and leaky wave structure 1-2 and the metal floor 1-4, so that the 2N finger capacitor units on the transmission and leaky wave structure 1-2 have the same potential as the metal floor 1-4.
介质盖板1-1的相对介电常数为2.2，厚度1mm。The dielectric cover plate 1-1 has a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 1 mm.
介质基板1-3的相对介电常数为4.4，厚度2.5mm。The dielectric substrate 1-3 has a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a thickness of 2.5mm.
金属地板1-4的覆铜厚度0.035mm。The copper clad thickness of metal floor 1-4 is 0.035mm.
本发明基于液晶材料自身的性质，结合周期结构的设计方法，提出一种兼具出色电调谐性能和简单电控机构的漏波天线。该漏波天线将周期结构设计与电控机构设计融为一体，具有扫描角度大，偏置电压小，响应时间快的特点。Based on the properties of the liquid crystal material itself, combined with the design method of the periodic structure, the invention proposes a leaky-wave antenna with excellent electrical tuning performance and simple electrical control mechanism. The leaky wave antenna integrates periodic structure design and electric control mechanism design, and has the characteristics of large scanning angle, small bias voltage and fast response time.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1周期结构等效电路模型；Figure 1 Periodic Structure Equivalent Circuit Model;
图2是本发明的结构示意图；Fig. 2 is a structural representation of the present invention;
图3是本发明的前视结构示意图；Fig. 3 is the front view structure schematic diagram of the present invention;
图4是本发明的左视结构示意图；Fig. 4 is a left view structural representation of the present invention;
图5是第二层的俯视结构示意图；Fig. 5 is a top view structural schematic diagram of the second layer;
具体实施方式detailed description
具体实施方式一、结合图1至5说明本具体实施方式，基于液晶材料的定频扫描漏波天线，它包括介质盖板1-1、传输及漏波结构1-2、介质基板1-3和金属地板1-4；Specific Embodiments 1. This specific embodiment is described in conjunction with FIGS. 1 to 5. The fixed-frequency scanning leaky-wave antenna based on liquid crystal materials includes a dielectric cover plate 1-1, a transmission and leaky-wave structure 1-2, and a dielectric substrate 1-3. and metal floors 1-4;
所述介质盖板1-1、传输及漏波结构1-2、介质基板1-3和金属地板1-4由上至下组成四层结构；介质盖板1-1和传输及漏波结构1-2之间封装有液晶；The dielectric cover 1-1, the transmission and leaky wave structure 1-2, the dielectric substrate 1-3 and the metal floor 1-4 form a four-layer structure from top to bottom; the dielectric cover 1-1 and the transmission and leaky wave structure Liquid crystal is encapsulated between 1-2;
传输及漏波结构1-2包括两个50欧姆微带1、两个梯形匹配电路2、与天线主体同宽度的微带线3、单元间的导带9和2N个插指电容单元，N为正整数；The transmission and leaky wave structure 1-2 includes two 50-ohm microstrips 1, two trapezoidal matching circuits 2, a microstrip line 3 with the same width as the antenna main body, a conduction band 9 between units, and 2N finger capacitor units, N is a positive integer;
两个梯形匹配电路2的宽端分别与微带线3的两端连接；两个50欧姆微带1分别与两个梯形匹配电路2的窄端连接；The wide ends of the two ladder matching circuits 2 are respectively connected to the two ends of the microstrip line 3; the two 50 ohm microstrips 1 are respectively connected to the narrow ends of the two ladder matching circuits 2;
2N个插指电容单元均设置在微带线3上，且每两个插指电容单元均沿微带线3的横向中心线对称；该对称的两个插指电容单元之间通过导带4连接，所述导带4将两侧插指电容构成天线两端通路；The 2N finger capacitor units are all arranged on the microstrip line 3, and every two finger capacitor units are symmetrical along the transverse centerline of the microstrip line 3; connected, the conduction band 4 forms a path at both ends of the antenna with the insertion finger capacitors on both sides;
相邻两个插指电容单元通过单元间的导带9连接；相邻两个插指电容单元间的导带9上均匀开有M个金属接地通孔；M为正整数；Two adjacent finger capacitor units are connected through the conduction band 9 between the units; M metal grounding through holes are evenly opened on the conduction band 9 between adjacent two finger capacitor units; M is a positive integer;
每个插指电容单元包括插指的第一部分5、用于馈电的金属孤岛6、插指的第二部分7和插指间的液晶8；Each finger capacitor unit includes a first part 5 of the finger, a metal island 6 for power feeding, a second part 7 of the finger and a liquid crystal 8 between the fingers;
插指间的液晶8开有插指口，所述开口朝向导带4的部分为内插指口，开口朝向微带线3边缘的部分为外插指口；插指的第一部分5对应插入在内插指口中；插指的第二部分7对应插入在外插指口中；The liquid crystal 8 between the fingers has an insertion finger opening, the part of the opening facing the guiding tape 4 is an insertion finger opening, and the part of the opening facing the edge of the microstrip line 3 is an outer insertion finger opening; the first part 5 of the insertion finger corresponds to the insertion In the inner insertion finger opening; the second part 7 of the insertion finger is correspondingly inserted into the outer insertion finger opening;
所述插指的第一部分5的末端与导带4连接；所述插指的第二部分7的末端与用于馈电的金属孤岛6连接；所述用于馈电的金属孤岛6用于连接传输及漏波结构1-2和金属地板1-4，使传输及漏波结构1-2上的2N个插指电容单元与金属地板1-4等电位。The end of the first part 5 of the insertion finger is connected to the conductive strip 4; the end of the second part 7 of the insertion finger is connected to the metal island 6 for power feeding; the metal island 6 for power feeding is used for Connect the transmission and leaky wave structure 1-2 and the metal floor 1-4, so that the 2N finger capacitor units on the transmission and leaky wave structure 1-2 have the same potential as the metal floor 1-4.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：漏波天线主体采用类微带线结构，两端是渐变线匹配电路，实现从50欧姆同轴线到天线辐射主体之间的良好匹配。辐射主体采用插指结构和接地金属过孔分别实现需要的串联电容和并联电感，液晶填充于插指结构之间的缝隙中。The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is: the main body of the leaky wave antenna adopts a microstrip-like structure, and the two ends are gradient line matching circuits, so as to realize a good match from the 50 ohm coaxial line to the antenna radiation main body. The radiating body adopts the finger structure and the ground metal via to realize the required series capacitance and parallel inductance respectively, and the liquid crystal is filled in the gap between the finger structures.
每个辐射单元的插指结构分为两部分。位于外侧的插指部分通过缝隙与内侧部分隔开，这个缝隙隔绝直流偏压的同时也是插指电容的一部分。偏压加在外侧插指形成的孤岛上，它与内侧插指形成的电势差调节位于插指结构之间的液晶分子的偏转，从而控制液晶材料的相对介电常数，最终控制漏波天线的波束扫描角度。The interfinger structure of each radiating unit is divided into two parts. The outer finger part is separated from the inner part by a gap, which isolates the DC bias voltage and is also part of the finger capacitance. The bias voltage is applied to the isolated island formed by the outer fingers, and the potential difference formed between it and the inner fingers adjusts the deflection of the liquid crystal molecules located between the finger structures, thereby controlling the relative permittivity of the liquid crystal material, and finally controlling the beam of the leaky wave antenna scan angle.
在辐射主体上部加一块厚度适中介电常数相对小的介质盖板来实现对液晶的封装。A dielectric cover plate with a moderate thickness and a relatively small dielectric constant is added to the upper part of the radiation body to realize the encapsulation of the liquid crystal.
参照图2，天线从上之下由四层构成。第一层是介质盖板，它和第三层介质基板共同将液晶封装于第二层插指电容指间的缝隙中。第一层介质盖板相对介电常数2.2，厚度1mm，确保有足够的刚性。第三层介质基板相对介电常数4.4，厚度2.5mm，第四层是金属地板，覆铜厚度0.035mm。Referring to Figure 2, the antenna consists of four layers from top to bottom. The first layer is a dielectric cover plate, which together with the third layer of dielectric substrate encapsulates the liquid crystal in the gap between the fingers of the second layer of interpolated capacitors. The relative dielectric constant of the first layer of dielectric cover plate is 2.2, and the thickness is 1mm to ensure sufficient rigidity. The third layer of dielectric substrate has a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 2.5mm. The fourth layer is a metal floor with a copper clad thickness of 0.035mm.
参照图5，1为50欧姆微带，它与50欧姆同轴线连接，为天线馈电；2为梯形匹配电路，它在1的阻抗匹配到3；3是与天线主体同宽度的微带线，抑制高次模，减少高次模的干扰；4是连接两侧插指并构成天线两端通路的导带，它起到一定的电感的作用，为天线表面电流提供一条通路，同时也为了馈电；5是连接到4上的插指的一部分；6是用作馈电的金属孤岛，其上连接着插指结构的另一部分7，与连接到4上的插指之间形成电势差，控制插指之间液晶的介电常数；8是插指间的液晶；9是每个单元之间的导带，保证每个单元之间电气连接的完整性；10是金属接地通孔，它在第三层介质中，连接第二层和第四层金属，使第二层上模块1-5与地等电位。正电位加在与模块6相同的孤岛上，与其相连的插指7带正电，7和5之间形成电势差，控制其间液晶8的介电常数，进而改变插指电容值，主辐射方向随之改变，达到定频电扫的效果。Referring to Figure 5, 1 is a 50-ohm microstrip, which is connected to a 50-ohm coaxial line to feed the antenna; 2 is a trapezoidal matching circuit, and its impedance at 1 is matched to 3; 3 is a microstrip with the same width as the antenna body line to suppress the high-order mode and reduce the interference of the high-order mode; 4 is the conduction band that connects the fingers on both sides and forms the path at both ends of the antenna. It acts as a certain inductance and provides a path for the surface current of the antenna. For feeding; 5 is a part of the finger connected to 4; 6 is a metal island used for feeding, on which another part 7 of the finger structure is connected, forming a potential difference with the finger connected to 4 , to control the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal between the fingers; 8 is the liquid crystal between the fingers; 9 is the conduction band between each unit to ensure the integrity of the electrical connection between each unit; 10 is the metal grounding via, It connects the second layer and the fourth layer metal in the third layer medium, so that the modules 1-5 on the second layer have the same potential as the ground. Positive potential is applied to the same isolated island as module 6, and the insertion finger 7 connected to it is positively charged, and a potential difference is formed between 7 and 5 to control the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal 8 in between, thereby changing the capacitance value of the insertion finger, and the main radiation direction changes with The change can achieve the effect of fixed-frequency electric sweep.
参照图1，传统的传输线等效电路只含有有串联电感LRS和并联电容CRP，周期结构则引入了等效串联电容CRS和并联电感LRP。在微波技术中，插指结构可以等效为电容，接地的金属通孔可以等效为电感。参照图5，本设计中采用插指结构和接地通孔来实现等效电容和电感。而电磁波则可以从插指间缝隙辐射到外界环境中。Referring to Figure 1, the traditional transmission line equivalent circuit only contains series inductance L RS and parallel capacitance C RP , while the periodic structure introduces equivalent series capacitance C RS and parallel inductance L RP . In microwave technology, the finger structure can be equivalent to a capacitor, and the grounded metal via can be equivalent to an inductor. Referring to Figure 5, the design uses the finger structure and ground vias to achieve equivalent capacitance and inductance. Electromagnetic waves can radiate from the gap between the fingers to the external environment.
参照图5，液晶填充于插指间缝隙中，事先通过配向使液晶分子有序排列，此时液晶的相对介电常数为2.5；当在插指结构间加偏压，液晶分子排列方向改变，此时液晶的相对介电常数变为3.3，插指电容的值改变，进而天线的主辐射方向也随之改变。Referring to Figure 5, the liquid crystal is filled in the gap between the fingers, and the liquid crystal molecules are arranged in an orderly manner through alignment in advance. At this time, the relative dielectric constant of the liquid crystal is 2.5; when a bias is applied between the finger structures, the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules changes. At this time, the relative permittivity of the liquid crystal becomes 3.3, the value of the interpolation capacitance changes, and the main radiation direction of the antenna changes accordingly.
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